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Long-term stable solid concentrated graphene dispersion assisted by a highly aromatic ionic liquid. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 636:668-676. [PMID: 36680957 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS The sonochemical exfoliation of graphite in solution has been demonstrated as a promising and easy technique for producing graphene dispersions. This is usually done in organic solvents and leads to unstable dispersions with very low graphene concentration. Ionic liquids (ILs) represent a versatile and safe alternative to traditional organic solvents. A few recent studies reported the use of commercial ILs with bulky anions, such as bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, and aromatic cations, such as imidazolium, which favour the exfoliation of graphite through π-π and cation-π interactions. Although recently investigated, the role of aromatic groups on imidazolium cations is still controversial and systematic studies are still necessary. Besides, these studies were limited to liquid dispersions at room temperature. EXPERIMENTS Herein, we prepared four highly aromatic imidazolium-based ILs, including the newly reported 1-(naphthylmethyl)-3-benzylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, [(Np)(Bn)im][NTf2]. These ILs were used for the sonochemical exfoliation of graphite and compared with a commercial benchmark, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [Bmim][NTf2]. FINDINGS Interestingly, [(Np)(Bn)im][NTf2] allowed reaching solid dispersions at room temperature containing thin few layer graphene sheets with long-term stability (up to 2 years) and high concentration (3.6 mg/mL). Such graphene dispersion combines long-term stability in the solid-state and high processability in the liquid state, by a simple heating above 60 °C.
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The Influence of Ionic Liquids Adsorption on the Electronic and Optical Properties of Phosphorene and Arsenene with Different Phases: A Computational Study. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27082518. [PMID: 35458716 PMCID: PMC9027769 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27082518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been performed to investigate the interfacial interactions of ionic liquids (ILs) on the α- and β-phases of phosphorene (P) and arsenene (As). Nine representative ILs based on the combinations of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ([EMIM]+), N-methylpyridinium ([MPI]+), and trimethylamine ([TMA]+) cations paired to tetrafluoroborate ([BF4]−), trifluoromethanesulfonate ([TFO]−), and chloridion (Cl−) anions were used as adsorbates on the 2D P and As nanosheets with different phases to explore the effect of IL adsorption on the electronic and optical properties of 2D materials. The calculated structure, adsorption energy, and charge transfer suggest that the interaction between ILs and P and As nanosheets is dominated by noncovalent forces, and the most stable adsorption structures are characterized by the simultaneous interaction of the cation and anion with the surface, irrespective of the types of ILs and surfaces. Furthermore, the IL adsorption leads to the larger change in the electronic properties of β-phase P and As than those of their α-phase counterparts, which demonstrates that the adsorption properties are not only related to the chemical elements, but also closely related to the phase structures. The present results provide insight into the further applications of ILs and phosphorene (arsenene) hybrid materials.
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Zhu H, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Yin J. Supercritical CO2 microemulsion containing [Emim][Tf2N] coupled jet impact exfoliation of graphene and its application to supercapacitors. J Supercrit Fluids 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2022.105559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Khan P, Jamshaid M, Tabassum S, Perveen S, Mahmood T, Ayub K, Yang J, Gilani MA. Exploring the interaction of ionic liquids with Al12N12 and Al12P12 nanocages for better electrode-electrolyte materials in super capacitors. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.117828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Ionic liquid-assisted ultrasonic exfoliation of phosphorene nanocomposite with single walled carbon nanohorn as nanozyme sensor for derivative voltammetric smart analysis of 5-hydroxytryptamine. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Özmen EN, Kartal E, Turan MB, Yazıcıoğlu A, Niazi JH, Qureshi A. Graphene and carbon nanotubes interfaced electrochemical nanobiosensors for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) and other respiratory viral infections: A review. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 129:112356. [PMID: 34579878 PMCID: PMC8339589 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent COVID-19 pandemic has claimed millions of lives due to lack of a rapid diagnostic tool. Global scientific community is now making joint efforts on developing rapid and accurate diagnostic tools for early detection of viral infections to preventing future outbreaks. Conventional diagnostic methods for virus detection are expensive and time consuming. There is an immediate requirement for a sensitive, reliable, rapid and easy-to-use Point-of-Care (PoC) diagnostic technology. Electrochemical biosensors have the potential to fulfill these requirements, but they are less sensitive for sensing viruses/viral infections. However, sensitivity and performance of these electrochemical platforms can be improved by integrating carbon nanostructure, such as graphene and carbon nanotubes (CNTs). These nanostructures offer excellent electrical property, biocompatibility, chemical stability, mechanical strength and, large surface area that are most desired in developing PoC diagnostic tools for detecting viral infections with speed, sensitivity, and cost-effectiveness. This review summarizes recent advancements made toward integrating graphene/CNTs nanostructures and their surface modifications useful for developing new generation of electrochemical nanobiosensors for detecting viral infections. The review also provides prospects and considerations for extending the graphene/CNTs based electrochemical transducers into portable and wearable PoC tools that can be useful in preventing future outbreaks and pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emine Nur Özmen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Boğaziçi University, Bebek, 34342 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Enise Kartal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Bora Turan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Alperen Yazıcıoğlu
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Orta Mahalle 34956, Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Javed H Niazi
- Sabanci University, SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Tuzla 34956, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Anjum Qureshi
- Sabanci University, SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Tuzla 34956, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Shyama M, Lakshmipathi S. Adsorption properties of amino acid-based ionic liquids (AAILs) on edge fluorinated graphene surface – a DFT study. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2021.1948544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Jordan-Sinisterra M, Lanças FM. Microextraction by packed sorbent of selected pesticides in coffee samples employing ionic liquids supported on graphene nanosheets as extraction phase. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 414:413-423. [PMID: 33763748 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03245-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the synthesis, characterization, and use of ionic liquids supported on silica, functionalized with graphene oxide through covalent bonding (ILz/Si@GO), as sorbents for microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS). Seven selected pesticides (diazinon, heptachlor, aldrin, endrin, dieldrin, endosulfan, and methoxychlor), used for the prevention of pests in coffee crops, and endosulfan sulfate-an endosulfan metabolite-were selected for this study as model compounds for evaluating the sorbent performance of the synthesized materials in the MEPS device. The cycles of each of the stages were previously optimized through univariate experiments to carry out the extraction. The ILz/Si@GO phase was compared to other sorbents used in MEPS (GO, DVB-MMA, C4/SiO2, C8/SiO2, ILz/SiO2, and bare silica) and also with graphene functionalized through other methodologies, where ILz/Si@GO showed the best results. The material was characterized using a range of techniques. The selectivity of the sorbent material and its adsorption capacity were evaluated by gas chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The precision and accuracy of the method showed a relative standard deviation lower than 10% and recoveries from 35 to 97%. Finally, the proposed method was employed for the determination of pesticide residues in coffee samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Jordan-Sinisterra
- Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador Saocarlense 400, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Fernando Mauro Lanças
- Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador Saocarlense 400, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil.
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Aldroubi S, Brun N, Bou Malham I, Mehdi A. When graphene meets ionic liquids: a good match for the design of functional materials. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:2750-2779. [PMID: 33533392 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr06871c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Graphene is an attractive material that is characterized by its exceptional properties (i.e. electrical, mechanical, thermal, optical, etc.), which have pushed researchers to attach high interest to its production and functionalization processes to meet applications in different fields (electronics, electromagnetics, composites, sensors, energy storage, etc.). The synthesis (bottom-up) of graphene remains long and laborious, at the same time expensive, and it is limited to the development of this material in low yield. Hence, the use of graphite as a starting material (top-down through exfoliation or oxidation) seems a promising and easy technique for producing a large quantity of graphene or graphene oxide (GO). On the one hand, GO has been extensively studied due to its ease of synthesis, processing and chemical post-functionalization. One the other hand, "pristine" graphene sheets, obtained through exfoliation, are limited in processability but present enhanced electronic properties. Both types of materials have been of great interest to design functional nanomaterials. Ionic liquids (ILs) are task-specific solvents that exhibit tunable physico-chemical properties. ILs have many advantages as compared with conventional solvents, such as high thermal and chemical stability, low volatility, excellent conductivity and inherent polarity. In the last decade, ILs have been widely employed for the preparation and stabilization of various nanomaterials. In particular, the combination of ILs and graphene, including GO and pristine graphene sheets, has been of growing interest for the preparation, processing and functionalization of hybrid nanomaterials. Understanding the structure and properties of the graphene/IL interface has been of considerable interest for a large panel of applications ranging from tribology to energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soha Aldroubi
- ICGM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France.
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Trusova EA, Klimenko IV, Afzal AM, Shchegolikhin AN, Jurina LV. Comparison of oxygen-free graphene sheets obtained in DMF and DMF-aqua media. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj01015h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In pure DMF, the graphene layering is mainly limited to 5 layers; in the aqua presence, partial association of the lightest graphene sheets with the highest surface energy occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A. Trusova
- Institution of Russian Academy of Sciences
- A. A. Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science of RAS
- Moscow 119334
- Russia
| | - Inna V. Klimenko
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow 119334
- Russia
| | - Asya M. Afzal
- Institution of Russian Academy of Sciences
- A. A. Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science of RAS
- Moscow 119334
- Russia
| | | | - Lyubov V. Jurina
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow 119334
- Russia
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Mukhopadhyay TK, Datta A. Disentangling the liquid phase exfoliation of two-dimensional materials: an " in silico" perspective. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:22157-22179. [PMID: 33016978 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03128c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Liquid Phase Exfoliation (LPE) is one of the most successful synthetic roots for the preparation of two-dimensional (2D) materials from their bulk counterparts. In recent years, significant progress has been accomplished for the development and modification of LPE techniques. However, precise identification of the hierarchical steps of the molecular mechanism of LPE remains to some extent elusive. Additionally, the a priori choice of suitable solvents for successful exfoliation and dispersion of various layered materials poses a challenge for both academia and industry. Computational methods, particularly Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations with classical force-fields have contributed a great deal towards the understanding of the underlying mechanism of LPE, providing remarkable insights into the molecular-level details of the solvent-material interactions at the nanoscale and predicting "good" and "bad" solvents for exfoliation as well as stabilization of the dispersed state. With an intention to build up a unified understanding, in this perspective article, we summarize the recent advancements of molecular simulation techniques employed to decipher the mechanism of LPE, pointing out the key features of molecular interactions and identifying several thermodynamic parameters governing the phenomena. In addition, we outline the necessary characteristics of solvent molecules, essential for their use as "good" solvents towards LPE. Also, we highlight the limitations of simulation methods for the modelling of LPE. We believe that this article will be beneficial for the selection of solvents for the synthesis of novel 2D materials via LPE and will also provide a comprehensive view to computational material scientists towards the development of novel simulation protocols for investigating and analysing such complex molecular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Titas Kumar Mukhopadhyay
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, West Bengal, India.
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Godoy AP, Ecorchard P, Beneš H, Tolasz J, Smržová D, Seixas L, Pedrotti JJ, de Souza EAT, El Seoud OA, Donato RK. Ultrasound exfoliation of graphite in biphasic liquid systems containing ionic liquids: A study on the conditions for obtaining large few-layers graphene. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2019; 55:279-288. [PMID: 30712861 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Herein we describe a successful protocol for graphite exfoliation using a biphasic liquid system (water/dichloromethane, DCM) containing ionic liquids (ILs; 1,3-dibenzylimidazolium benzoate- and 1-naphthoate). The use of (surface active) IL and sonication led to stable DCM/water (O/W) emulsion, which enhanced graphene formation, suppressed its re-aggregation and decreased shear/cavitation damage. The O/W emulsion stabilization by the ILs was studied by dynamic light scattering (DLS), whereas their interaction with the graphene sheets were described by Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. Moreover, a comprehensive investigation on cavitation-based exfoliation in the O/W systems was performed to assess the importance of operational parameters, including, the type of ultrasound processor, ultrasound power and insonation, and the influence of the exfoliation medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna P Godoy
- MackGraphe (Graphene and Nanomaterials Research Center), Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Rua da Consolação, 930, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Petra Ecorchard
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the CAS, v.v.i., 25068 Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Hynek Beneš
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the CAS, v.v.i., Heyrovsky Sq. 2, 16206 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Tolasz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the CAS, v.v.i., 25068 Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Darina Smržová
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the CAS, v.v.i., 25068 Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Leandro Seixas
- MackGraphe (Graphene and Nanomaterials Research Center), Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Rua da Consolação, 930, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jairo J Pedrotti
- MackGraphe (Graphene and Nanomaterials Research Center), Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Rua da Consolação, 930, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Eunezio A T de Souza
- MackGraphe (Graphene and Nanomaterials Research Center), Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Rua da Consolação, 930, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Omar A El Seoud
- Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo K Donato
- MackGraphe (Graphene and Nanomaterials Research Center), Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Rua da Consolação, 930, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Surfactants with aromatic headgroups for optimizing properties of graphene/natural rubber latex composites (NRL): Surfactants with aromatic amine polar heads. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 545:184-194. [PMID: 30878784 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS The compatibility of surfactants and graphene surfaces can be improved by increasing the number of aromatic groups in the surfactants. Including aniline in the structure may improve the compatibility between surfactant and graphene further still. Surfactants can be modified by incorporating aromatic groups in the hydrophobic chains or hydrophilic headgroups. Therefore, it is of interest to investigate the effects of employing anilinium based surfactants to disperse graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) in natural rubber latex (NRL) for the fabrication of electrically conductive nanocomposites. EXPERIMENTS New graphene-philic surfactants carrying aromatic moieties in the hydrophilic headgroups and hydrophobic tails were synthesized by swapping the traditional sodium counterion with anilinium. 1H NMR spectroscopy was used to characterize the surfactants. These custom-made surfactants were used to assist the dispersion of GNPs in natural rubber latex matrices for the preparation of conductive nanocomposites. The properties of nanocomposites with the new anilinium surfactants were compared with commercial sodium surfactant sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS), and the previously synthesized aromatic tri-chain sodium surfactant TC3Ph3 (sodium 1,5-dioxo-1,5-bis(3-phenylpropoxy)-3-((3phenylpropoxy)carbonyl) pentane-2-sulfonate). Structural properties of the nanocomposites were studied using Raman spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Electrical conductivity measurements and Zeta potential measurements were used to assess the relationships between total number of aromatic groups in the surfactant molecular structure and nanocomposite properties. The self-assembly structure of surfactants in aqueous systems and GNP dispersions was assessed using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). FINDINGS Among these different surfactants, the anilinium version of TC3Ph3 namely TC3Ph3-AN (anilinium 1,5-dioxo-1,5-bis(3-phenylpropoxy)-3-((3phenylpropoxy)carbonyl) pentane-2-sulfonate) was shown to be highly efficient for dispersing GNPs in the NRL matrices, increasing electrical conductivity eleven orders of magnitude higher than the neat rubber latex. Comparisons between the sodium and anilinium surfactants show significant differences in the final properties of the nanocomposites. In general, the strategy of increasing the number of surfactant-borne aromatic groups by incorporating anilinium ions in surfactant headgroups appears to be effective.
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Bordes E, Morcos B, Bourgogne D, Andanson JM, Bussière PO, Santini CC, Benayad A, Costa Gomes M, Pádua AAH. Dispersion and Stabilization of Exfoliated Graphene in Ionic Liquids. Front Chem 2019; 7:223. [PMID: 31058129 PMCID: PMC6477887 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The liquid-phase exfoliation of graphite is one of the most promising methods to increase production and commercial availability of graphene. Because ionic liquids can be easily obtained with chosen molecular structures and tuneable physicochemical properties, they can be use as media to optimize the exfoliation of graphite. The understanding of the interactions involved between graphite and various chemical functions in the solvent ions will be helpful to find liquids capable of dissociating and stabilizing important quantities of large graphene layers. After a step of sonication, as a mechanical precursor, samples of suspended exfoliated graphene in different ionic liquids have been characterized experimentally in terms of flake size, number of layers, total concentration and purity of the exfoliated material. Nine different ionic liquids based on imidazolium, pyrrolidinium and ammonium cations and on bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, triflate, dicyanamide, tricyanomethanide, and methyl sulfate anions have been tested. UV-vis, Raman and X-ray photoelectron in addition to high resolution transmission electron and atomic force microscopy have been selected to characterize suspended exfoliated graphene in ionic liquids. The number of layers in the flakes exfoliated, the size and concentration depend of the structure of the ionic liquid selected. In order to obtain large flake sizes, ionic liquids with bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide anions and a cation with an alkyl chain of medium length should be selected. Smaller cation and anion favors the exfoliation of graphene. The exfoliation caused the formation of C-H bonds and the oxidation of the graphitic surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Bordes
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Bishoy Morcos
- UMR 5265 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - David Bourgogne
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jean-Michel Andanson
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Pierre-Olivier Bussière
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Catherine C Santini
- UMR 5265 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Anass Benayad
- Université Grenoble Alpes and CEA, LITEN, Grenoble, France
| | - Margarida Costa Gomes
- École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Chimie, Lyon, France
| | - Agílio A H Pádua
- École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Chimie, Lyon, France
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Mohamed A, Ardyani T, Bakar SA, Sagisaka M, Umetsu Y, Hussin MRM, Ahmad MK, Mamat MH, King S, Czajka A, Hill C, Eastoe J. Preparation of conductive cellulose paper through electrochemical exfoliation of graphite: The role of anionic surfactant ionic liquids as exfoliating and stabilizing agents. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 201:48-59. [PMID: 30241844 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A facile electrochemical exfoliation method was established to efficiently prepare conductive paper containing reduced graphene oxide (RGO) with the help of single chain anionic surfactant ionic liquids (SAILs). The surfactant ionic liquids are synthesized from conventional organic surfactant anions and a 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium cation. For the first time the combination of SAILs and cellulose was used to directly exfoliate graphite. The ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (BMIM-DBS) was shown to have notable affinity for graphene, demonstrating improved electrical properties of the conductive cellulose paper. The presence of BMIM-DBS in the system promotes five orders of magnitude enhancement of the paper electrical conductivity (2.71 × 10-5 S cm-1) compared to the native cellulose (1.97 × 10-10 S cm-1). A thorough investigation using electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy highlights the presence of uniform graphene incorporated inside the matrices. Studies into aqueous aggregation behavior using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) point to the ability of this compound to act as a bridge between graphene and cellulose, and is responsible for the enhanced exfoliation level and stabilization of the resulting dispersion. The simple and feasible process for producing conductive paper described here is attractive for the possibility of scaling-up this technique for mass production of conductive composites containing graphene or other layered materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azmi Mohamed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, 35900 Tanjong Malim, Perak, Malaysia; Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, 35900 Tanjong Malim, Perak, Malaysia.
| | - Tretya Ardyani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, 35900 Tanjong Malim, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Suriani Abu Bakar
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, 35900 Tanjong Malim, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Masanobu Sagisaka
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, Bunkyo-cho 3, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8561, Japan
| | - Yasushi Umetsu
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, Bunkyo-cho 3, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8561, Japan
| | - Mohd Rofei Mat Hussin
- MIMOS Semiconductor Sdn Bhd (MSSB), Technology Park Malaysia, 57000 Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Khairul Ahmad
- Microelectronic and Nanotechnology - Shamsuddin Research Centre (MiNT-SRC), Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Hafiz Mamat
- NANO-SciTech Centre (NST), Institute of Science (IOS), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Stephen King
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, ISIS Spallation Source, Chilton, Oxfordshire, OX110QT, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Czajka
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Hill
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Julian Eastoe
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
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Bordes E, Douce L, Quitevis EL, Pádua AAH, Costa Gomes M. Ionic liquids at the surface of graphite: Wettability and structure. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:193840. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5010604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Bordes
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont Auvergne and CNRS, 63178 Aubière, France
| | - Laurent Douce
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg and CNRS, 67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - Edward L. Quitevis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA
| | - Agílio A. H. Pádua
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont Auvergne and CNRS, 63178 Aubière, France
| | - Margarida Costa Gomes
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont Auvergne and CNRS, 63178 Aubière, France
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17
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Tao H, Zhang Y, Gao Y, Sun Z, Yan C, Texter J. Scalable exfoliation and dispersion of two-dimensional materials - an update. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:921-960. [PMID: 27976772 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp06813h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The preparation of dispersions of single- and few-sheet 2D materials in various solvents, as well as the characterization methods applied to such dispersions, is critically reviewed. Motivating factors for producing single- and few-sheet dispersions of 2D materials in liquids are briefly discussed. Many practical applications are expected for such materials that do not require high purity formulations and tight control of donor and acceptor concentrations, as required in conventional Fab processing of semiconductor chips. Approaches and challenges encountered in exfoliating 2D materials in liquids are reviewed. Ultrasonication, mechanical shearing, and electrochemical processing approaches are discussed, and their respective limitations and promising features are critiqued. Supercritical and more conventional liquid and solvent processing are then discussed in detail. The effects of various types of stabilizers, including surfactants and other amphiphiles, as well as polymers, including homopolymeric electrolytes, nonionic polymers, and nanolatexes, are discussed. Consideration of apparent successes of stabilizer-free dispersions indicates that extensive exfoliation in the absence of dispersing aids results from processing-induced surface modifications that promote stabilization of 2D material/solvent interactions. Also apparent paradoxes in "pristineness" and optical extinctions in dispersions suggest that there is much we do not yet quantitatively understand about the surface chemistry of these materials. Another paradox, emanating from modeling dilute solvent-only exfoliation by sonication using polar components of solubility parameters and surface tension for pristine graphene with no polar structural component, is addressed. This apparent paradox appears to be resolved by realizing that the reactivity of graphene to addition reactions of solvent radicals produced by sonolysis is accompanied by unintended polar surface modifications that promote attractive interactions with solvent. This hypothesis serves to define important theoretical and experimental studies that are needed. We conclude that the greatest promise for high volume and high concentration processing lies in applying methods that have not yet been extensively reported, particularly wet comminution processing using small grinding media of various types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengcong Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Yuqin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Yunnan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Zhenyu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Chao Yan
- School of Material Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China
| | - John Texter
- School of Engineering Technology, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI 48197, USA.
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18
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Bordes É, Szala-Bilnik J, Pádua AAH. Exfoliation of graphene and fluorographene in molecular and ionic liquids. Faraday Discuss 2018; 206:61-75. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fd00169j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We use molecular dynamics simulations to study the exfoliation of graphene and fluorographene in molecular and ionic liquids using computer experiments in which one layer of the 2D nanomaterial is peeled, in vacuum or with solvent present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Émilie Bordes
- Institute of Chemistry of Clermont-Ferrand
- Université Clermont Auvergne
- CNRS
- 63000 Clermont-Ferrand
- France
| | - Joanna Szala-Bilnik
- Institute of Chemistry of Clermont-Ferrand
- Université Clermont Auvergne
- CNRS
- 63000 Clermont-Ferrand
- France
| | - Agílio A. H. Pádua
- Institute of Chemistry of Clermont-Ferrand
- Université Clermont Auvergne
- CNRS
- 63000 Clermont-Ferrand
- France
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19
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Lalitha M, Lakshmipathi S. Interface energetics of [Emim] + [X] − and [Bmim] + [X] − (X = BF 4 , Cl, PF 6 , TfO, Tf 2 N) based ionic liquids on graphene, defective graphene, and graphyne surfaces. J Mol Liq 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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20
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Bottari G, Herranz MÁ, Wibmer L, Volland M, Rodríguez-Pérez L, Guldi DM, Hirsch A, Martín N, D'Souza F, Torres T. Chemical functionalization and characterization of graphene-based materials. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:4464-4500. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00229g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This review offers an overview on the chemical functionalization, characterization and applications of graphene-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Bottari
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- 28049 Madrid
- Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences
| | - Ma Ángeles Herranz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid
- 28040 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Leonie Wibmer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Michel Volland
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Laura Rodríguez-Pérez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid
- 28040 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- University Erlangen-Nürnberg
- 91054 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Nazario Martín
- IMDEA-Nanociencia
- Campus de Cantoblanco
- 28049 Madrid
- Spain
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I
| | | | - Tomás Torres
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- 28049 Madrid
- Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences
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21
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Bordes É, Costa AJL, Szala-Bilnik J, Andanson JM, Esperança JMSS, Gomes MFC, Lopes JNC, Pádua AAH. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as model solutes for carbon nanomaterials in ionic liquids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:27694-27703. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp04932c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work is to understand the details of the interactions of ionic liquids with carbon nanomaterials (graphene and nanotubes) using polyaromatic compounds as model solutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Émilie Bordes
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand
- CNRS and Université Clermont Auvergne
- 63177 Aubière
- France
| | - Anabela J. L. Costa
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier
- Universidade Nova de Lisboa
- 2780 – 157 Oeiras
- Portugal
- LAQV
| | - Joanna Szala-Bilnik
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand
- CNRS and Université Clermont Auvergne
- 63177 Aubière
- France
| | - Jean-Michel Andanson
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand
- CNRS and Université Clermont Auvergne
- 63177 Aubière
- France
| | - José M. S. S. Esperança
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier
- Universidade Nova de Lisboa
- 2780 – 157 Oeiras
- Portugal
- LAQV
| | | | - José N. Canongia Lopes
- Centro de Química Estrutural
- Instituto Superior Técnico
- Universidade de Lisboa
- 1049-001 Lisboa
- Portugal
| | - Agílio A. H. Pádua
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand
- CNRS and Université Clermont Auvergne
- 63177 Aubière
- France
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22
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Parviz D, Irin F, Shah SA, Das S, Sweeney CB, Green MJ. Challenges in Liquid-Phase Exfoliation, Processing, and Assembly of Pristine Graphene. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:8796-8818. [PMID: 27546380 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201601889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in the exfoliation, dispersion, and processing of pristine graphene (i.e., non-oxidized graphene) are described. General metrics are outlined that can be used to assess the quality and processability of various "graphene" products, as well as metrics that determine the potential for industrial scale-up. The pristine graphene production process is categorized from a chemical engineering point of view with three key steps: i) pretreatment, ii) exfoliation, and iii) separation. How pristine graphene colloidal stability is distinct from the exfoliation step and is dependent upon graphene interactions with solvents and dispersants are extensively reviewed. Finally, the challenges and opportunities of using pristine graphene as nanofillers in polymer composites, as well as as building blocks for macrostructure assemblies are summarized in the context of large-scale production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorsa Parviz
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Fahmida Irin
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Smit A Shah
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Sriya Das
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Charles B Sweeney
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Micah J Green
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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23
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Ciesielski A, Samorì P. Supramolecular Approaches to Graphene: From Self-Assembly to Molecule-Assisted Liquid-Phase Exfoliation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:6030-51. [PMID: 26928750 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201505371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Graphene, a one-atom thick two-dimensional (2D) material, is at the core of an ever-growing research effort due to its combination of unique mechanical, thermal, optical and electrical properties. Two strategies are being pursued for the graphene production: the bottom-up and the top-down. The former relies on the use of covalent chemistry approaches on properly designed molecular building blocks undergoing chemical reaction to form 2D covalent networks. The latter occurs via exfoliation of bulk graphite into individual graphene sheets. Amongst the various types of exfoliations exploited so far, ultrasound-induced liquid-phase exfoliation (UILPE) is an attractive strategy, being extremely versatile, up-scalable and applicable to a variety of environments. In this review, we highlight the recent developments that have led to successful non-covalent functionalization of graphene and how the latter can be exploited to promote the process of molecule-assisted UILPE of graphite. The functionalization of graphene with non-covalently interacting molecules, both in dispersions as well as in dry films, represents a promising and modular approach to tune various physical and chemical properties of graphene, eventually conferring to such a 2D system a multifunctional nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Ciesielski
- Nanochemistry Laboratory, ISIS & icFRC, Université de Strasbourg & CNRS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Paolo Samorì
- Nanochemistry Laboratory, ISIS & icFRC, Université de Strasbourg & CNRS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
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24
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Georgakilas V, Tiwari JN, Kemp KC, Perman JA, Bourlinos AB, Kim KS, Zboril R. Noncovalent Functionalization of Graphene and Graphene Oxide for Energy Materials, Biosensing, Catalytic, and Biomedical Applications. Chem Rev 2016; 116:5464-519. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1608] [Impact Index Per Article: 201.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jitendra N. Tiwari
- Center
for Superfunctional Materials, Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 689-798, Korea
| | - K. Christian Kemp
- Center
for Superfunctional Materials, Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 689-798, Korea
| | - Jason A. Perman
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical
Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University in Olomouc, 17 Listopadu
1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Athanasios B. Bourlinos
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical
Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University in Olomouc, 17 Listopadu
1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Kwang S. Kim
- Center
for Superfunctional Materials, Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 689-798, Korea
| | - Radek Zboril
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical
Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University in Olomouc, 17 Listopadu
1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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25
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García G, Atilhan M, Aparicio S. In silico rational design of ionic liquids for the exfoliation and dispersion of boron nitride nanosheets. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:1212-24. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp05376e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A requirement for exploiting most of the unique properties of boron-nitride (BN) nanosheets is their isolation from the bulk material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregorio García
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Burgos
- 09001 Burgos
- Spain
| | - Mert Atilhan
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Qatar University
- Doha
- Qatar
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26
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Wei Y, Sun Z. Liquid-phase exfoliation of graphite for mass production of pristine few-layer graphene. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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27
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Adsorption and removal of graphene dispersants. J Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 446:282-9. [PMID: 25681785 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2015.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate three different techniques (dialysis, vacuum filtration, and spray drying) for removal of dispersants from liquid-exfoliated graphene. We evaluate these techniques for elimination of dispersants from both the bulk liquid phase and from the graphene surface. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) confirms dispersant removal by these treatments. Vacuum filtration (driving by convective mass transfer) is the most effective method of dispersant removal, regardless of the type of dispersant, removing up to ∼95 wt.% of the polymeric dispersant with only ∼7.4 wt.% decrease in graphene content. Dialysis also removes a significant fraction (∼70 wt.% for polymeric dispersants) of un-adsorbed dispersants without disturbing the dispersion quality. Spray drying produces re-dispersible, crumpled powder samples and eliminates much of the unabsorbed dispersants. We also show that there is no rapid desorption of dispersants from the graphene surface. In addition, electrical conductivity measurements demonstrate conductivities one order of magnitude lower for graphene drop-cast films (where excess dispersants are present) than for vacuum filtered films, confirming poor inter-sheet connectivity when excess dispersants are present.
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28
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Shang J, Xue F, Ding E. The facile fabrication of few-layer graphene and graphite nanosheets by high pressure homogenization. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:15811-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc06151b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Few-layer graphene and graphite nanosheets were prepared by high pressure homogenization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqi Shang
- College of Material Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510641
- P. R. China
| | - Feng Xue
- College of Material Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510641
- P. R. China
| | - Enyong Ding
- College of Material Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510641
- P. R. China
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