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PAC-UF Process Improving Surface Water Treatment: PAC Effects and Membrane Fouling Mechanism. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12050487. [PMID: 35629813 PMCID: PMC9143739 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12050487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the water purification effect and membrane fouling mechanism of two powdered activated carbons (L carbon and S carbon) enhancing Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) ultrafiltration (UF) membranes for surface water treatment were investigated. The results indicated that PAC could effectively enhance membrane filtration performance. With PAC addition, organic removal was greatly enhanced compared with direct UF filtration, especially for small molecules, i.e., the S-UF had an additional 25% removal ratio of micro-molecule organics than the direct UF. The S carbon with the larger particle size and lower specific surface area exhibited superior performance to control membrane fouling, with an operation duration of S-UF double than the direct UF. Therefore, the particle size and pore structure of carbon are the two key parameters that are essential during the PAC-UF process. After filtration, acid and alkaline cleaning of UF was conducted, and it was found that irreversible fouling contributed the most to total filtration resistance, while the unrecoverable irreversible resistance ratio with acid cleaning was greater than that with alkaline cleaning. With PAC, irreversible UF fouling could be relieved, and thus, the running time could be extended. In addition, the membrane foulant elution was analyzed, and it was found to be mainly composed of small and medium molecular organic substances, with 12% to 21% more polysaccharides than proteins. Finally, the hydrophilicity of the elution was examined, and it was observed that alkaline cleaning mainly eluted large, medium, and small molecules of hydrophilic and hydrophobic organic matter, while acid cleaning mainly eluted small molecules of hydrophilic organic matter.
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Wang J, Liang H, Tang X, Gan Z, Li G. Chemicals-free approach control interface characteristics of nanofiltration membrane: Feasibility and mechanism insight into CEM electrolysis. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 206:117761. [PMID: 34678698 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The combined fouling effect prevalent in the nanofiltration (NF) process severely limits its use. In this study, cation exchange membrane (CEM) electrolysis was performed to alleviate NF membrane fouling by controlling interface characteristics. The results revealed that CEM electrolysis (hydraulic retention time with 0.24 or 0.36 h) effectively improved NF membrane permeability by 201%-211% and achieved a stability of > 8 LMH/bar. The divalent cations were removed through CEM electrolysis, with a decrease in Ca2+ and Mg2+ by approximately 68.8% and 30.9%, respectively, which was related to scaling potential reduction. This softening function reduced the possibility of bridging of organics with divalent cations, which contributed to the lower molecular weight of organic matter (mainly humic substances) distributed in 1.4-23 kDa. The improved organic indicators of the NF membrane permeate quality implied that the membrane interface characteristics improved. The foulant layer on the NF membrane dominated humic substances, and biopolymers exhibited hydrophobic, smooth, and porous characteristics. The self-aggregation of foulants on the NF membrane surface stimulated the interface characteristics with high water permeability. Energy consumption confirmed the feasibility of CEM electrolysis on NF application. Thus, CEM electrolysis as a chemical-free approach that can be combined with NF and can provide guidance for NF membrane fouling in urban water treatment and water reclamation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Heng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Xiaobin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Zhendong Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Guibai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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Piombini CR, Silva LLS, da Fonseca FV, Campos JC. Submerged microfiltration membrane and activated carbon processes for recalcitrant compounds removal in oil refinery effluent as electrodialysis pre-treatment. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2021; 84:1403-1416. [PMID: 34559075 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2021.318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The combination of suspended activated carbon (AC) and submerged microfiltration (SMF) processes was applied to polish a biotreated effluent generated in a refinery industry. Preliminary results indicated that Norit 1240 W AC was more suitable than Carbomafra AC brand for total organic carbon (TOC) removal due to the highest Freundlich adsorption constant value (1.97 ± 0.42 and 0.96 ± 0.23 (mg/g)(L/mg)1/n, respectively), thus the first one was used in the combined system. Among all particle sizes of AC tested (0.041-1.01 mm), AC/SMF system was better performed, according to permeation flux, when applying granular AC instead of the powder one. On the other hand, the best response regarding TOC removal and absorbance at 254 nm (ABS254 nm) reduction were observed when applying powder AC (89% and 97%, respectively). Statistical analysis with two-sample T-test (p-value <0.05) endorsed the need of both air purge (20 L/h) and backwash strategies (8 min of permeation and 10 seconds of backwash) to diminish fouling occurrence in the SMF system. Finally, it was found that 2 g/L of Norit 1240 W PAC (0.041 mm particle size) condition fitted the effluent to further electrodialysis reversal (EDR) process (3.4 mg/L TOC) with consistent normalized permeate flux after 5 h of permeation (0.76 ± 0.1 J/J0).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolinne Ragazzi Piombini
- Inorganic Process Department, School of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil E-mail:
| | | | - Fabiana Valéria da Fonseca
- Inorganic Process Department, School of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil E-mail:
| | - Juacyara Carbonelli Campos
- Inorganic Process Department, School of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil E-mail:
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Liu J, Chen K, Zou K, He L, Zhao D, Wang Z, Qiu Y, Chen Y. Insights into the roles of membrane pore size and feed foulant concentration in ultrafiltration membrane fouling based on collision-attachment theory. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2021; 93:516-523. [PMID: 32892420 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Membrane property and feed characteristics play critical roles in membrane fouling. This paper aims to clarify the roles of membrane pore size (φ) and feed foulant concentration (Cb ) in ultrafiltration fouling induced by polysaccharides. The fouling behaviors were expounded by collision-attachment theory, where the rate of membrane fouling is mainly determined by collision frequency (JCb ) and attachment efficiency (γ). At the initial fouling stage, rapid flux decline was observed at large φ or high Cb due to the great JCb and/or γ. At the later fouling stage, there existed a nearly identical maximum stable flux attributing to the same JCb and γ, which was independent of φ and Cb . Moreover, the smaller φ can lead to less foulants passed through the membrane and thus more foulants attaching on the membrane, while the higher Cb can give rise to more foulants on both the membrane surface and in the permeate. The results presented in current study provide fundamental basis in understanding membrane fouling. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Collision-attachment theory was employed to expound the UF fouling behavior. Rapid flux decline occurred at large membrane pore size or high feed foulant concentration in the initial fouling stage. Membranes with different pore size or feed foulant concentration had an identical flux at the latter fouling stage. Lowering membrane pore size or increasing feed foulant concentration can lead to more foulants attaching on the membrane surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxia Liu
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kang Chen
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kangbing Zou
- Guangzhou Water Affairs Engineering Co., LTD., Guangzhou, China
| | - Linjuan He
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongsheng Zhao
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
| | - Zhihong Wang
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongting Qiu
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiliang Chen
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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Liu J, Huang T, Ji R, Wang Z, Tang CY, Leckie JO. Stochastic Collision-Attachment-Based Monte Carlo Simulation of Colloidal Fouling: Transition from Foulant-Clean-Membrane Interaction to Foulant-Fouled-Membrane Interaction. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:12703-12712. [PMID: 32877173 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The initial behavior of colloidal fouling is governed by foulant-clean-membrane interaction (F-M), and its long-term behavior is determined by foulant-fouled-membrane interaction (F-F). Nevertheless, the transitional fouling behavior from F-M to F-F has not been fully understood. This study reports a novel collision attachment (CA)-Monte Carlo (MC) approach, with the stochastic colloid-membrane collision events modeled by MC and the probability of colloidal attachment to the membrane determined by the interplay of flux and the energy barrier arising from colloid-membrane interaction (Em for F-M and Ef for F-F). The long-term membrane flux remains stable for large Ef, whereas severe fouling occurs when both Em and Ef are small. Our study reveals the existence of a metastable flux behavior for the combination of large Em but small Ef. The time evolution of flux behavior and colloidal deposition patterns shows a nearly constant flux for an extended period, with the high energy barrier Em retarding initial colloidal deposition. However, accidental random deposition of a colloidal particle could reduce the local energy barrier (toward the smaller Ef), seeding for further colloidal deposition in its vicinity. This initiates an uneven patch-wise fouling and eventually leads to a complete transition to F-F-dominated behavior. The metastable period can be effectively extended by increasing the energy barrier (Em or Ef) or lowering flux, which provides important implications to membrane design and operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxia Liu
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Tianyi Huang
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ruibo Ji
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhihong Wang
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chuyang Y Tang
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - James O Leckie
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94305, United States
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Qadir D, Nasir R, Mukhtar HB, Keong LK. Synthesis, characterization, and performance analysis of carbon molecular sieve-embedded polyethersulfone mixed-matrix membranes for the removal of dissolved ions. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2020; 92:1306-1324. [PMID: 32170974 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The asymmetric polyethersulfone (PES-15 wt.%) mixed-matrix membranes were prepared by incorporation of carbon molecular sieve (CMS) with varying concentrations (1, 3, and 5 wt.%). Physicochemical characterization of synthesized membranes was carried out using field emission scanning electron microscope, atomic force microscopy, contact angle, thermogravimetric analysis, zeta potential analyzer, porosity, and mean pore sizes. Performance analysis of synthesized mixed-matrix membranes was carried out by varying the operating parameters such as pressure (2-10 bar), feed concentration (100-1,000 mg/L), and cations type (Na+ , Ca2+ , Mg2+ , and Sn2+ ). Effect of operating parameters and CMS concentration was investigated on pure water flux (PWF), permeate flux, and rejection of membranes. It was found that mixed-matrix membrane containing 15 wt.% PES with 1 wt.% CMS displayed the superior physicochemical characteristics in terms of hydrophilicity (37.9°), surface charge (-13.8 mV), mean pore diameter (6.04 nm), and thermal properties (Tg = 218.5°C), and overall performance. E5C1 membrane showed 1.5 times higher PWF (75.5 L m-2 hr-1 ) and incremented in rejection for all salts than the nascent membrane. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Carbon molecular sieve-embedded mixed-matrix membranes were synthesized by phase inversion method. The resultant membranes experienced improved hydrophilicity, roughness, surface charge, porosity, and mean pore diameter with 1 wt.% CMS loading. The pure water flux was improved from 55.77 to 75.05 L m-2 hr-1 when 1 wt.% CMS was added in pure PES. The observed rejection of a mixed-matrix membrane with 1 wt.% CMS was the maximum for all salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danial Qadir
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Rizwan Nasir
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hilmi B Mukhtar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Lau K Keong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
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Li T, Zhang Y, Gui B, Gao K, Zhao Q, Qu R, Liu T, Hoffmann M, Staaks C, Dong B. Application of coagulation-ultrafiltration-nanofiltration in a pilot study for Tai Lake water treatment. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2020; 92:579-587. [PMID: 31560133 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the inline coagulation was combined with ultrafiltration and nanofiltration (UF-NF) in a pilot study for Tai Lake water treatment. The results showed that the combination process was very effective for Tai Lake water treatment in terms of organic removal and membrane fouling control. With inline coagulation, no irreversible membrane fouling was observed for either UF or NF at fluxes of 65-90 and 22-26 L/(m2 hr), respectively. The membrane foulants were analyzed, and the results indicated that the low molecular weight fractions in the feed were main membrane fouling contributors for both UF and NF, where hydrophilic substances and proteins, as well as neutral substances and humic acids with polycarboxyl groups, contributed significantly to UF and NF membrane fouling, respectively. Compared with direct UF-NF filtration without coagulation, the coagulants could aggregate organic micromolecules for cake formation. With inline coagulation, the moving flocs could generate shear stress to scrub the membrane surface for fouling control of UF. Moreover, with inline coagulation, the organics removal efficiency could be further increased by 10%-20%. With NF, the permeate had a TOC concentration of less than 0.5 mg/L, satisfying the drinking water quality. Therefore, the coagulation-UF-NF is very useful for Tai Lake water treatment. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Inline coagulation-UF-NF for Tai Lake Water treatment is implemented. Inline coagulation can aggregate hydrophilic substances to reduce membrane fouling. Moving flocs produce shear stress for fouling control of UF-NF. Superior quality of permeate is achieved with the combined coagulation-UF-NF process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunlu Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Gui
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kuo Gao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingqing Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruixin Qu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tuodong Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | - Bingzhi Dong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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Bishoge OK, Zhang L, Suntu SL, Jin H, Zewde AA, Qi Z. Remediation of water and wastewater by using engineered nanomaterials: A review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2018; 53:537-554. [PMID: 29364029 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2018.1424991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is currently a fast-rising socioeconomic and political knowledge-based technology owing to the unique characteristics of its engineered nanomaterials. This branch of technology is useful for water and wastewater remediation. Many scientists and researchers have been conducting different studies and experiments on the applications of engineered nanomaterials at the local to international level. This review mainly aims to provide a current overview of existing knowledge on engineered nanomaterials and their applications in water and wastewater remediation. Furthermore, the present risks and challenges of nanotechnology are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obadia K Bishoge
- a Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants , Beijing , PR China
- b School of Energy and Environmental Engineering , University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing , PR China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- a Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants , Beijing , PR China
- b School of Energy and Environmental Engineering , University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing , PR China
| | - Shaldon L Suntu
- c Information Engineering, School of Computer and Communication Technology , University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing , PR China
| | - Hui Jin
- a Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants , Beijing , PR China
- b School of Energy and Environmental Engineering , University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing , PR China
| | - Abraham A Zewde
- a Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants , Beijing , PR China
- b School of Energy and Environmental Engineering , University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing , PR China
| | - Zhongwei Qi
- a Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants , Beijing , PR China
- b School of Energy and Environmental Engineering , University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing , PR China
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