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Kim S, Jeon H, Koo JM, Oh DX, Park J. Practical Applications of Self-Healing Polymers Beyond Mechanical and Electrical Recovery. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2302463. [PMID: 38361378 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202302463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Self-healing polymeric materials, which can repair physical damage, offer promising prospects for protective applications across various industries. Although prolonged durability and resource conservation are key advantages, focusing solely on mechanical recovery may limit the market potential of these materials. The unique physical properties of self-healing polymers, such as interfacial reduction, seamless connection lines, temperature/pressure responses, and phase transitions, enable a multitude of innovative applications. In this perspective, the diverse applications of self-healing polymers beyond their traditional mechanical strength are emphasized and their potential in various sectors such as food packaging, damage-reporting, radiation shielding, acoustic conservation, biomedical monitoring, and tissue regeneration is explored. With regards to the commercialization challenges, including scalability, robustness, and performance degradation under extreme conditions, strategies to overcome these limitations and promote successful industrialization are discussed. Furthermore, the potential impacts of self-healing materials on future research directions, encompassing environmental sustainability, advanced computational techniques, integration with emerging technologies, and tailoring materials for specific applications are examined. This perspective aims to inspire interdisciplinary approaches and foster the adoption of self-healing materials in various real-life settings, ultimately contributing to the development of next-generation materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semin Kim
- Research Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonyeol Jeon
- Research Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Mo Koo
- Department of Organic Materials Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongyeop X Oh
- Research Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and Program in Environmental and Polymer Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeyoung Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
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2
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Carrara AE, Rodrigues VHDES, Dutra RDECL, Dutra JCN. Impact assessment of synthesis parameter stirring speed in final physicochemical properties of PU microcapsules incorporated into epoxy matrixes. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2023; 95:e20201518. [PMID: 37531488 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202320201518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A considerable number of papers have been published to assess self-healing capacity of several materials, as well as several applications in different areas. However, the impact assessment of changing synthesis parameters of microcapsules, hollow fibers or microvascular systems in its final physicochemical properties are still an emerging research field. This current paper presents a synthesis process of PU microcapsules containing TDI as core agent and the characterization of microcapsules physicochemical properties. During the synthesis, the reaction parameter stirring speed was changed to assess the impact that this parameter has in the final microcapsules' physicochemical properties. Microcapsules were characterized by FT-IR, TGA and image analysis (OM and SEM). Additionally, microcapsules were incorporated to an epoxy matrix (5% weight/weight) to assess the impact in the final physicochemical and mechanical matrix properties. Epoxy-based test specimens were also obtained within aramid and silica, which are traditional reinforcing loads in rubber synthesis. Final mechanical properties of matrixes within aramid and silica were compared to the properties of matrixes within microcapsules to determine what kind of behavior the microcapsules have when incorporated to epoxy matrixes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Estêvão Carrara
- Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Aeroespacial, Praça Marechal Eduardo Gomes, 50, Vila das Acácias, 12228-900 São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Henrique DE S Rodrigues
- Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Aeroespacial, Praça Marechal Eduardo Gomes, 50, Vila das Acácias, 12228-900 São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Rita DE Cássia L Dutra
- Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Aeroespacial, Praça Marechal Eduardo Gomes, 50, Vila das Acácias, 12228-900 São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Jorge Carlos N Dutra
- Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Aeroespacial, Praça Marechal Eduardo Gomes, 50, Vila das Acácias, 12228-900 São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
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Slobodinyuk D, Slobodinyuk A, Strelnikov V, Kiselkov D. Simple and Efficient Synthesis of Oligoetherdiamines: Hardeners of Epoxyurethane Oligomers for Obtaining Coatings with Shape Memory Effect. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15112450. [PMID: 37299247 DOI: 10.3390/polym15112450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, new polymers with a shape memory effect for self-healing coatings based on oligomers with terminal epoxy groups, synthesized from oligotetramethylene oxide dioles of various molecular weights, were developed. For this purpose, a simple and efficient method for the synthesis of oligoetherdiamines with a high yield of the product, close to 94%, was developed. Oligodiol was treated with acrylic acid in the presence of a catalyst, followed by the reaction of the reaction product with aminoethylpiperazine. This synthetic route can easily be upscaled. The resulting products can be used as hardeners for oligomers with terminal epoxy groups synthesized from cyclic and cycloaliphatic diisocyanates. The effect of the molecular weight of newly synthesized diamines on the thermal and mechanical properties of urethane-containing polymers has been studied. Elastomers synthesized from isophorone diisocyanate showed excellent shape fixity and shape recovery ratios of >95% and >94%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Slobodinyuk
- Institute of Technical Chemistry Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Academic Korolev 3, 614130 Perm, Russia
| | - Alexey Slobodinyuk
- Institute of Technical Chemistry Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Academic Korolev 3, 614130 Perm, Russia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Komsomolsky Prospekt, 29, 614990 Perm, Russia
| | - Vladimir Strelnikov
- Institute of Technical Chemistry Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Academic Korolev 3, 614130 Perm, Russia
| | - Dmitriy Kiselkov
- Institute of Technical Chemistry Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Academic Korolev 3, 614130 Perm, Russia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Komsomolsky Prospekt, 29, 614990 Perm, Russia
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Utrera-Barrios S, Verdejo R, López-Manchado MÁ, Hernández Santana M. Self-Healing Elastomers: A sustainable solution for automotive applications. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.112023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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5
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Soleimani A, Sadeghi GMM. Synthesis, Characterization and Thermal Properties of Intrinsic Self‐Healing Polyurethane Nanocomposites. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202103978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adel Soleimani
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Color Technology Amir Kabir University of Technology P.O. Box 15875-4413 Tehran Iran
| | - Gity Mir Mohamad Sadeghi
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Color Technology Amir Kabir University of Technology P.O. Box 15875-4413 Tehran Iran
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Allahdini A, Jafari R, Momen G. Development of a dual capsule self‐healing silicone composite using silicone chemistry and poly(melamine‐urea‐formaldehyde) shells. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anahita Allahdini
- Department of Applied Sciences University of Quebec in Chicoutimi (UQAC) Chicoutimi Québec Canada
| | - Reza Jafari
- Department of Applied Sciences University of Quebec in Chicoutimi (UQAC) Chicoutimi Québec Canada
| | - Gelareh Momen
- Department of Applied Sciences University of Quebec in Chicoutimi (UQAC) Chicoutimi Québec Canada
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Novel phase separation method for the microencapsulation of oxalic acid dihydrate/boric acid eutectic system in a hybrid polymer shell for thermal energy storage. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Idumah CI, Obele CM, Emmanuel EO, Hassan A. Recently Emerging Nanotechnological Advancements in Polymer Nanocomposite Coatings for Anti-corrosion, Anti-fouling and Self-healing. SURFACES AND INTERFACES 2020; 21:100734. [PMID: 34957345 PMCID: PMC7531442 DOI: 10.1016/j.surfin.2020.100734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Recent nanotechnological advancements have enabled novel innovations in protective polymer nanocomposites (PNC) coatings for anti-corrosion, anti-fouling and self-healing services on material surfaces. Nanotechnology encompases research, manufacturing, and application of nanoparticulate architectures, tubular structures, sheets or plates exhibiting sizes below 100 nanometers (nm) in at least a single dimension. Inclusions of nanoparticles into organic entities have demonstrated enhanced properties essential for attainiment of aesthetics, anti-corrosion, thermal stability for high-temperature performances, mechanical strength essential for resisting coating deterioration in harsh environments, nano-architectural cross-linking capable of hindering penetration of corrosive, and biofouling entities. Unlike previously published literature, this paper elucidates very recently emerging important advancements in novel techniques utilized in developing PNC coatings for applications in aerospace, packaging, automotive, biomedicine, maritime, and oil and gas industries for attaining superior anti-fouling, anti-corrosion, and self-healing behaviors on critical material surfaces. Emerging market structures and novel applications are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Igwe Idumah
- Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Polymer and Textile Engineering, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria
| | - Chizoba May Obele
- Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Polymer and Textile Engineering, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria
| | - Ezeani O Emmanuel
- Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Polymer and Textile Engineering, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria
| | - Azman Hassan
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Enhanced Polymer Research Group, Department of Polymer Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
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Xu CA, Lu M, Tan Z, Qu Z, Wu K, Shi J. Study on the surface properties and thermal stability of polysiloxane-based polyurethane elastomers with aliphatic and aromatic diisocyanate structures. Colloid Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-020-04695-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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10
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Zhang S, Yang Y, Tong Z, Gao B, Gao N, Shen T, Wan Y, Yu Z, Liu L, Ma X, Guo Y, Fugice J, Li YC. Self-Assembly of Hydrophobic and Self-Healing Bionanocomposite-Coated Controlled-Release Fertilizers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:27598-27606. [PMID: 32462861 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c06530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Self-healing materials have received increased attention because of their automatic detecting and repairing damage function. In this paper, a novel self-assembly and self-healing bionanocomposite was developed as a coating material for controlled release fertilizers. This nanotechnology-enabled coating is environmentally friendly and highly efficient and possesses a tunable nutrient-releasing characteristic. In the synthesis process, bio-based polyurethane coated urea (BPCU) was prepared by the reaction of bio-polyols with isocyanate. The BPCU was then modified by the layer-by-layer technology to prepare self-assembling modified BPCU (SBPCU). Last, hollow nano-silica (HNS) particles loaded with the sodium alginate (SA) were used to modify SBPCU to fabricate of self-assembling and self-healing BPCU (SSBPCU). The results show that the self-assembled materials were synthesized through electrostatic adsorption. The self-healing was observed through scanning electron microscopy and 3D-X-ray computed tomography, revealing the mechanism was that the repair agent released from HNS reacted with the curing agent to block the pore channels and cracks of the coating. As a result, the SSBPCU exhibited the highest hydrophobicity and surface roughness and thus the slowest release rate. For the first time, this work has designed a novel strategy to solve the bottleneck problem that restricts the development of a controlled-release fertilizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shugang Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources; National Engineering & Technology Research Center for Slow and Controlled Release Fertilizers, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
- Department of Soil and Water Sciences, Tropical Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Homestead, Florida 33031, United States
| | - Yuechao Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources; National Engineering & Technology Research Center for Slow and Controlled Release Fertilizers, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
- Department of Soil and Water Sciences, Tropical Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Homestead, Florida 33031, United States
| | - Zhaohui Tong
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Bin Gao
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Ni Gao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources; National Engineering & Technology Research Center for Slow and Controlled Release Fertilizers, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Tianlin Shen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources; National Engineering & Technology Research Center for Slow and Controlled Release Fertilizers, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Yongshan Wan
- Department of Soil and Water Sciences, Tropical Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Homestead, Florida 33031, United States
| | - Zhen Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources; National Engineering & Technology Research Center for Slow and Controlled Release Fertilizers, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Lu Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources; National Engineering & Technology Research Center for Slow and Controlled Release Fertilizers, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Ma
- National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources; National Engineering & Technology Research Center for Slow and Controlled Release Fertilizers, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Yanle Guo
- National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources; National Engineering & Technology Research Center for Slow and Controlled Release Fertilizers, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Job Fugice
- International Fertilizer Development Center, Muscle Shoals, Alabama 35661, United States
| | - Yuncong C Li
- Department of Soil and Water Sciences, Tropical Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Homestead, Florida 33031, United States
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11
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Wang X, Zhang H, Yang B, Wang L, Sun H. A colorless, transparent and self-healing polyurethane elastomer modulated by dynamic disulfide and hydrogen bonds. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj06457e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A self-healing PU elastomer modulated by disulfide and hydrogen bonding with high transparency of 97% was reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering
- Beijing Technology and Business University
- Beijing 100048
- People's Republic of China
| | - Huijuan Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering
- Beijing Technology and Business University
- Beijing 100048
- People's Republic of China
| | - Biao Yang
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering
- Beijing Technology and Business University
- Beijing 100048
- People's Republic of China
| | - Liguo Wang
- Key Laboratory for Green Process and Engineering
- National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production Technology
- Institute of Process and Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Hui Sun
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering
- Beijing Technology and Business University
- Beijing 100048
- People's Republic of China
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Kargarfard N, Diedrich N, Rupp H, Döhler D, Binder WH. Improving Kinetics of "Click-Crosslinking" for Self-Healing Nanocomposites by Graphene-Supported Cu-Nanoparticles. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 10:E17. [PMID: 30966054 PMCID: PMC6414871 DOI: 10.3390/polym10010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigation of the curing kinetics of crosslinking reactions and the development of optimized catalyst systems is of importance for the preparation of self-healing nanocomposites, able to significantly extend their service lifetimes. Here we study different modified low molecular weight multivalent azides for a capsule-based self-healing approach, where self-healing is mediated by graphene-supported copper-nanoparticles, able to trigger "click"-based crosslinking of trivalent azides and alkynes. When monitoring the reaction kinetics of the curing reaction via reactive dynamic scanning calorimetry (DSC), it was found that the "click-crosslinking" reactivity decreased with increasing chain length of the according azide. Additionally, we could show a remarkable "click" reactivity already at 0 °C, highlighting the potential of click-based self-healing approaches. Furthermore, we varied the reaction temperature during the preparation of our tailor-made graphene-based copper(I) catalyst to further optimize its catalytic activity. With the most active catalyst prepared at 700 °C and the optimized set-up of reactants on hand, we prepared capsule-based self-healing epoxy nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Kargarfard
- Faculty of Natural Science II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., Abteilung Reaktive Verarbeitung, Hohe Str. 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Norman Diedrich
- Faculty of Natural Science II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Harald Rupp
- Faculty of Natural Science II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Diana Döhler
- Faculty of Natural Science II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Wolfgang H Binder
- Faculty of Natural Science II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
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Kim DM, Cho YJ, Choi JY, Kim BJ, Jin SW, Chung CM. Low-Temperature Self-Healing of a Microcapsule-Type Protective Coating. MATERIALS 2017; 10:ma10091079. [PMID: 28906465 PMCID: PMC5615733 DOI: 10.3390/ma10091079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Low-temperature self-healing capabilities are essential for self-healing materials exposed to cold environments. Although low-temperature self-healing concepts have been proposed, there has been no report of a microcapsule-type low-temperature self-healing system wherein the healing ability was demonstrated at low temperature. In this work, low-temperature self-healing of a microcapsule-type protective coating was demonstrated. This system employed silanol-terminated polydimethylsiloxane (STP) as a healing agent and dibutyltin dilaurate (DD) as a catalyst. STP underwent a condensation reaction at −20 °C in the presence of DD to give a viscoelastic product. The reaction behavior of STP and the viscoelasticity of the reaction product were investigated. STP and DD were separately microencapsulated by in situ polymerization and interfacial polymerization methods, respectively. The STP- and DD-loaded microcapsules were mixed into a commercial enamel paint, and the resulting formulation was applied to glass slides, steel panels, and mortars to prepare self-healing coatings. When the self-healing coatings were damaged at a low temperature (−20 °C), STP and DD were released from broken microcapsules and filled the damaged area. This process was effectively visualized using a fluorescent dye. The self-healing coatings were scratched and subjected to corrosion tests, electrochemical tests, and saline solution permeability tests. The temperature of the self-healing coatings was maintained at −20 °C before and after scratching and during the tests. We successfully demonstrated that the STP/DD-based coating system has good low-temperature self-healing capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Min Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Gangwon-do, Korea.
| | - Yu-Jin Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Gangwon-do, Korea.
| | - Ju-Young Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Gangwon-do, Korea.
| | - Beom-Jun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Gangwon-do, Korea.
| | - Seung-Won Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Gangwon-do, Korea.
| | - Chan-Moon Chung
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Gangwon-do, Korea.
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