Suspension of surface-modified nano-SiO 2 in partially hydrolyzed aqueous solution of polyacrylamide for enhanced oil recovery

Nano silica's role in regulating heavy metal uptake in Calendula officinalis

BACKGROUND

Soil contamination with heavy metals poses a significant threat to plant health and human well-being. This study explores the potential of nano silica as a solution for mitigating heavy metal uptake in Calendula officinalis.

RESULTS

Greenhouse experiments demonstrated, 1000 mg•kg- 1 nano silica caused a 6% increase in soil pH compared to the control treatment. Also in 1000 mg. kg- 1 nano silica, the concentrations of available Pb (lead), Zn (zinc), Cu (copper), Ni (nickel), and Cr (chromium) in soil decreased by 12%, 11%, 11.6%, 10%, and 9.5%, respectively, compared to the control. Nano silica application significantly reduces heavy metal accumulation in C. officinalis exposed to contaminated soil except Zn. In 1000 mg.kg- 1 nano silica shoots Zn 13.28% increased and roots Zn increased 13% compared to the control treatment. Applying nano silica leads to increase the amount of phosphorus (P) 25%, potassium (K) 26% uptake by plant, In 1000 mg.kg - 1 treatment the highest amount of urease enzyme activity was 2.5%, dehydrogenase enzyme activity, 23.6% and the highest level of alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity was 13.5% higher than the control treatment.

CONCLUSION

Nano silica, particularly at a concentration of 1000 mg.kg - 1, enhanced roots and shoots length, dry weight, and soil enzyme activity Moreover, it increased P and K concentrations in plant tissues while decreasing heavy metals uptake by plant.

Flow Behavior through Porous Media and Displacement Performance of a SILICA/PAM Nanohybrid: Experimental and Numerical Simulation Study

Nanoparticles (NPs) have been proposed as additives to improve the rheological properties of polymer solutions and reduce mechanical degradation. This study presents the results of the retention experiment and the numerical simulation of the displacement efficiency of a SiO2/hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) nanohybrid (CSNH-AC). The CSNH-AC was obtained from SiO2 NPs (synthesized by the Stöber method) chemically modified with HPAM chains. Attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission gun-scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric analysis were used to characterize the nanohybrid. The injectivity and dynamic retention tests were performed at 56 °C in a sandstone core with a porosity of ∼26% and a permeability of 117 and 287 mD. A history matching of the dynamic retention test was performed to determine the maximum and residual adsorption, IPV, and residual resistance factor (RRF). A laboratory-scale model was used to evaluate the displacement efficiency of CSNH-AC and HPAM through numerical simulation. According to the results, the nanohybrid exhibits better rheological behavior than the HPAM solution at a lower concentration. The nanopolymer sol adsorption and IPV (29,7 μg/grock, 14,5) are greater than those of the HPAM solution (9,2 μg/grock, 10), which was attributed to the difference between the rock permeabilities used in the laboratory tests (HPAM: 287 mD and CSNH-AC: 117 mD). The RF of both samples gradually increases with the increase in shear rate, while the RRF slightly decreases and tends to balance. However, the nanopolymer sol exhibits greater RF and RRF values than that of the polymer solution due to the strong flow resistance of the nanohybrid (higher retention in the porous media). According to the field-scale simulation, the incremental oil production could be 295,505 and 174,465 barrels for the nanopolymer sol and the HPAM solution, respectively (compared to waterflooding). This will represent an incremental recovery factor of 11.3% for the nanopolymer sol and 6.7% for the HPAM solution.

Influence of Preparation Methods and Nanomaterials on Hydrophobicity and Anti-Icing Performance of Nanoparticle/Epoxy Coatings

Despite their effectiveness in preventing icing, hydrophobic coatings possess drawbacks such as susceptibility to detachment and limited wear resistance, leading to inadequate longevity in melting ice/snow. To enhance the surface stability and durability of superhydrophobic coatings, nanoparticle/epoxy formulations were developed using three types of nanoparticles, two dispersion techniques, three application methods, and two epoxy resin introduction approaches. Testing encompassed water contact angle measurements, assessment of ice adhesion force, and determination of icing rates on asphalt concrete coated with these hydrophobic formulations. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy was employed to analyze the molecular structures of the coatings, while scanning electron microscopy facilitated observation of the surface morphology of the hydrophobic coatings. The findings indicated that nano-ZnO, TiO2, and SiO2 particles could be modified into hydrophobic forms using stearic acid. Application of the hydrophobic coating improved the concrete's hydrophobicity, reduced ice adhesion strength on both concrete and asphalt, and delayed the onset of icing. Furthermore, optimal dosages of stearic acid, nanoparticles, and epoxy resin were identified as crucial parameters within specific ranges to ensure the optimal hydrophobicity and durability of the coatings.

Mechanism and Performance Analysis of Nanoparticle-Polymer Fluid for Enhanced Oil Recovery: A Review

With the increasing energy demand, oil is still an important fuel source worldwide. The chemical flooding process is used in petroleum engineering to increase the recovery of residual oil. As a promising enhanced oil-recovery technology, polymer flooding still faces some challenges in achieving this goal. The stability of a polymer solution is easily affected by the harsh reservoir conditions of high temperature and high salt, and the influence of the external environment such as high salinity, high valence cations, pH value, temperature and its own structure is highlighted. This article also involves the introduction of commonly used nanoparticles, whose unique properties are used to improve the performance of polymers under harsh conditions. The mechanism of nanoparticle improvement on polymer properties is discussed, that is, how the interaction between them improves the viscosity, shear stability, heat-resistance and salt-tolerant performance of the polymer. Nanoparticle-polymer fluids exhibit properties that they cannot exhibit by themselves. The positive effects of nanoparticle-polymer fluids on reducing interfacial tension and improving the wettability of reservoir rock in tertiary oil recovery are introduced, and the stability of nanoparticle-polymer fluid is described. While analyzing and evaluating the research on nanoparticle-polymer fluid, indicating the obstacles and challenges that still exist at this stage, future research work on nanoparticle-polymer fluid is proposed.

12012 fundamental mechanisms behind nanotechnology applications in oil and gas: Emerging nano-EOR processes

As the important role of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in meeting the world’s energy requirement is growing, use of nanoparticles in lieu of, or in combination with, the existing EOR agents to expand EOR’s applicable range is receiving significant attention. Two of the most actively investigated applications are: 1) wettability alteration by addition of nanoparticles into the waterflood injection water, and 2) use of nanoparticle-stabilized Pickering foams and emulsions mainly for EOR process mobility control. As comprehensive reviews are recently available on these topics, two other emerging nanoparticle applications are critically reviewed here: 1) nanoparticle addition for enhanced polymer flooding, and 2) use of magnetic nanoparticles for oil displacement control. Three and five proposed mechanisms of these two applications are critically reviewed, respectively. The most recent progresses are covered, and the challenges and possible future works are discussed.

Application of Polymers for Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery: A Review

Polymers play a significant role in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) due to their viscoelastic properties and macromolecular structure. Herein, the mechanisms of the application of polymeric materials for enhanced oil recovery are elucidated. Subsequently, the polymer types used for EOR, namely synthetic polymers and natural polymers (biopolymers), and their properties are discussed. Moreover, the numerous applications for EOR such as polymer flooding, polymer foam flooding, alkali–polymer flooding, surfactant–polymer flooding, alkali–surfactant–polymer flooding, and polymeric nanofluid flooding are appraised and evaluated. Most of the polymers exhibit pseudoplastic behavior in the presence of shear forces. The biopolymers exhibit better salt tolerance and thermal stability but are susceptible to plugging and biodegradation. As for associative synthetic polyacrylamide, several complexities are involved in unlocking its full potential. Hence, hydrolyzed polyacrylamide remains the most coveted polymer for field application of polymer floods. Finally, alkali–surfactant–polymer flooding shows good efficiency at pilot and field scales, while a recently devised polymeric nanofluid shows good potential for field application of polymer flooding for EOR.

Effects of Modified Al2O3-Decorated Ionic Liquid on the Mechanical Properties and Impact Resistance of a Polyurethane Elastomer

In this work, a new composite material with excellent dynamic impact resistance and outstanding quasi-static mechanical properties was synthesized. The composite material is composed of a polyurethane elastomer and a novel nano-polymer. The nano-polymer was composed of silane coupling agent-modified alumina microspheres and functionalized ionic liquids by double bond polymerization. The universal testing machine and split Hopkinson pressure bar were used to characterize the compression behavior, strength and energy absorption of the composite materials under static and dynamic conditions. Additionally, the comprehensive mechanical properties of polyurethane elastomer with different nano-polymer loadings (0.5–2.5 wt.%) were studied. The results show that whether it was static compression or dynamic impact, the polyurethane elastomer with 1% nano-polymer had the best performance. For the composite material with the best properties, its compressive yield strength under the static compression was about 61.13% higher than that of the pure polyurethane elastomer, and its energy absorption of dynamic impacts was also increased by about 15.53%. Moreover, the shape memory effect was very good (shape recovery is approximately 95%), and the microscopic damage degree was relatively small. This shows that the composite material with the best properties can withstand high compression loads and high-speed impacts. The developed composite material is a promising one for materials science and engineering, especially for protection against compression and impacts.

Conformance Control in Oil Reservoirs by Citric Acid-Coated Magnetite Nanoparticles

Reservoir conformance control methods may significantly improve enhanced oil recovery technologies through reduced water production and profile correction. Excessive water production in oil and gas reservoirs leads to severe problems. Water shutoff and conformance control are, therefore, financially and environmentally advantageous for the petroleum industry. In this paper, water shutoff performance of citric acid-coated magnetite (CACM) and hematite nanoparticles (NPs) as well as polyacrylamide polymer solution in a heterogeneous and homogeneous two-dimensional micromodel is compared. A facile one-step technique is used to synthesize the CACM NPs. The NPs, which are reusable, easily prepared, and environmentally friendly, are characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and X-ray diffraction. The results confirm uniform spherical Fe₃O₄ NPs of an average diameter of 40 nm, well coated with citric acid. CACM NPs provide a high pressure drop coupled with an acceptable resistance factor and residual resistance factor owing to NP arrangement into a solid-/gel-like structure in the presence of a magnetic field. A resistance factor and a residual resistance factor of 3.5 and 2.14, respectively, were achieved for heavy oil and the heterogeneous micromodel. This structure contributed to an appreciable plugging efficiency. CACM NPs respond to ∼1000 G of magnetic field intensity and display a constant resistance factor at intensities between 4500 and 6000 G. CACM NPs act as a gel, forming a solid-/gel-like structure, which moves toward the magnetic field and thereby shuts off the produced water and increases the oil fraction. The findings of this study suggest the ability to shut off water production using specially designed magnetic field-responsive smart fluids. The application would require innovative design of field equipment.

Preparation of a stabilized aqueous polystyrene suspension via phase inversion

Polymer suspensions have found various applications in novel technologies. In this research, an aqueous suspension of polystyrene was prepared via the phase inversion method using sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) as an anionic surfactant and two co-surfactants. The effects of co-surfactant ratio and salt concentration were investigated and the stability and characteristics of the prepared samples were identified. All samples possessed a zeta potential lower than −50 mV which reveals an electrostatic stability. The sample PS-1, containing the lower salt concentration of 1 × 10⁻³ M, was the most stable sample, while its stability decreases with increasing salt concentration. The sample PS-5 during the electrical conductivity measurement exhibited partial instability via agglomeration of polymer on the probe. Rheology measurements revealed that the suspension behavior varies between Newtonian and non-Newtonian. Eventually, PS-1 containing 4.00 g polystyrene, 1.70 g SLS and a co-surfactant ratio of 0.66, suspended within 150 mL of 0.003 M aqueous NaCl solution, exhibited proper stability.

The phase inversion emulsification method was used to prepare polystyrene aqueous suspensions. Final suspensions were characterized to determine the most stable suspension.

Hydrophobic Modification on the Surface of SiO2 Nanoparticle: Wettability Control

Good control of the morphology, particle size, and wettability of silica nanoparticles is of increasing importance to their use in a variety of fields. Here, we propose a strategy to tune the surface wettability of nanosilica by changing the dosage of a chemical modifier. A series of measurements, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), laser scatting technique, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, and surface hydroxyl number and water contact angle measurement, were conducted to verify the surface chemistry and wettability of these nanoparticles. Through controlled chemical modification, the contact angle of the treated nanoparticles increases from 34.7 to 155° with increasing amount of dichlorodimethylsilane (DCDMS) within a molar ratio (MR) between DCDMS and nanoparticles of 5.17. The number of hydroxyl groups covered on the particle surface decreases gradually from 1.79 to 0.47, and the surface grafting rate could reach 73.7%. As the addition of dichlorodimethylsilane equals MR 5.17, the contact angle reaches the maximum value of 155°, which displays excellent superhydrophobicity. After surpassing the point of MR 5.17, the contact angle does not increase but starts to decrease, ultimately remaining stable at 135°. It can be concluded that the surface wettability of nano-SiO₂ particles can be precisely modulated by varying the amounts of the modifier. Furthermore, the modulating mechanism of the process occurring on the surface of SiO₂ particles has been investigated at the molecular level.

Synthesis, Characterization, and Assessment of a CeO2@Nanoclay Nanocomposite for Enhanced Oil Recovery

In this paper, synthesis and characterization of a novel CeO₂/nanoclay nanocomposite (NC) and its effects on IFT reduction and wettability alteration is reported in the literature for the first time. The NC was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and EDS MAP. The surface morphology, crystalline phases, and functional groups of the novel NC were investigated. Nanofluids with different concentrations of 100, 250, 500, 1000, 1500, and 2000 ppm were prepared and used as dispersants in porous media. The stability, pH, conductivity, IFT, and wettability alternation characteristics of the prepared nanofluids were examined to find out the optimum concentration for the selected carbonate and sandstone reservoir rocks. Conductivity and zeta potential measurements showed that a nanofluid with concentration of 500 ppm can reduce the IFT from 35 mN/m to 17 mN/m (48.5% reduction) and alter the contact angle of the tested carbonate and sandstone reservoir rock samples from 139° to 53° (38% improvement in wettability alteration) and 123° to 90° (27% improvement in wettability alteration), respectively. A cubic fluorite structure was identified for CeO₂ using the standard XRD data. FESEM revealed that the surface morphology of the NC has a layer sheet morphology of CeO₂/SiO₂ nanocomposite and the particle sizes are approximately 20 to 26 nm. TGA analysis results shows that the novel NC has a high stability at 90 °C which is a typical upper bound temperature in petroleum reservoirs. Zeta potential peaks at concentration of 500 ppm which is a sign of stabilty of the nanofluid. The results of this study can be used in design of optimum yet effective EOR schemes for both carbobate and sandstone petroleum reservoirs.

Functional Janus-SiO2 Nanoparticles Prepared by a Novel "Cut the Gordian Knot" Method and Their Potential Application for Enhanced Oil Recovery

Currently available methods (e.g., interfacial protection and phase separation) for preparing Janus nanoparticles are often complex and expensive. Furthermore, the preparation of Janus nanoparticles with a particle size below 10 nm is challenging. In this work, we combine an in situ surface-modification route with a chemical etching route to establish a novel "cut the Gordian knot" method for the preparation of functional Janus-SiO₂ nanoparticles. Hydrophobic SiO₂ nanoparticles with a three-dimensional network structure prepared via an in situ surface-modification route were dispersed in NaOH solution containing surfactant or ethanol to enable corrosion close to the modifier-nanoparticle interface with a relatively low content of surface modifiers. Thus, amphipathic Janus-SiO₂ nanoparticles with a hydrophilic surface containing Si-OH species and a hydrophobic surface containing -CH₃ fragments were generated. The as-prepared Janus-SiO₂ nanoparticles with a size of 4-9 nm and a specific surface area of up to 612.9 m²/g can be easily dispersed in water, and they also can transfer from the water phase to the oil phase by tuning the surface polarity. Moreover, they can be tuned to achieve bidirectional regulation of surface wettability plus a reduction of the oil/water interface tension. Hence, a significant reduction (by 33∼50%) of water injection pressure and an enhanced oil recovery (EOR) (by 21.1% ∼ 26.6%) can be achieved. Apart from that, Janus-SiO₂ nanoparticles are able to increase the viscosity of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide by 282.9% and significantly decrease its viscosity loss ratio in brine, causing an EOR of about 36.6%. With simple, low-cost, and scalable procedures, the following approach could be well applicable to fabricating Janus-SiO₂ nanoparticles with a high potential for augmented water injection as well as EOR of low-permeability reservoirs.

A review of polymer nanohybrids for oil recovery

As oil fields go into their final stage of production, new technologies are necessary to sustain production and increase the recovery of the hydrocarbon. Chemical injection is an enhanced recovery technique, which focuses on increasing the effectiveness of waterfloods. However, the use of chemical flooding has been hampered by its relatively high cost and the adsorption of the injected chemicals onto the reservoir rocks. In recent years, nanofluids have been launched as an overall less expensive and more efficient alternative to other chemical agents. Nanoparticle inclusion is also proposed to mitigate polymer flooding performance limitations under harsh reservoir conditions. This review presents a comprehensive discussion of the most recent developments of polymer nanohybrids for oil recovery. First, the preparation methods of polymer nanohybrids are summarized and explained. Then, an explanation of the different mechanisms leading to improved oil recovery are highlighted. Finally, the current challenges and opportunities for future development and application of polymer nanohybrids for chemical flooding are identified.

Rheological behaviour and adsorption phenomenon of a polymer-particle composite based on hydrolysed polyacrylamide/functionalized poly(styrene-acrylic acid) microspheres

The properties in aqueous solution of polymer-particle composites (PPC) depend on the size and the concentration of both the particles and the polymers as well as the interactions between them. In this work, rheological behaviour was studied in a semi-diluted regime of partially hydrolysed polyacrylamide (HPAM) with 2Rg/d a particle diameter/polymer gyration radius (Rg) ratio and a confinement parameter (pc) that were both greater than 1. Rg is the polymer gyration radius and d the particle diameter. pc characterizes the inter-particle distance (ID) with respect to the polymer size (pc = ID/2Rg) and depends on the concentration and size of the particles. We highlighted the PPC thickening effects as a function of the number of carboxylic functions on the surface of the polystyrene particles (PSL) obtained by free soap free emulsion polymerization (0.16-1.2 mmol g-1 of COOH). Thickening increases linearly with surface functionality for a pc of less than 10. This behaviour has been correlated to the polymer-particle interactions, which was demonstrated by adsorption measurements in dilute solution (12-22 mg g-1 of HPAM on PSL). Adsorption was quantified by zero-shear capillary viscosity measurements in a microfluidic device. In contrast, a thinning effect was observed for a pc greater than 10, which is also related to the salt effect studies (6-12 g L-1 in NaCl).

Two different states conversion mechanism of the imprinting sites

Bisphenol A molecular imprinted adsorbent (BMIA) was successfully synthesized by a sol-gel process and showed a good specific binding performance in the water. The further studies showed that the mass transfer process was controlled by in-diffusion, and the synthesis conditions would effect on the amount of imprinting sites. Scatchard model analysis evidenced that the high binding affinity sites and the low binding affinity sites were both on BMIA, and the high binding affinity sites played a key role in the specific binding process. Scatchard model analysis of temperature effect experiments and dosage effect experiments proved that the specific binding sites with high binding affinity and the unexpressed specific binding sites with low binding affinity were the two different states of the imprinting binding sites. The conversion between the two different states depended on the reaction driving force, and the increasing reaction driving force would increase the number of specific binding sites. Especially, the temperature showed a linear positive correlation with the amount of specific binding sites. Finally, a possible model was put forward to explain the two different states conversion mechanism of the imprinting sites.

Conformance control in oil reservoir based on magnetorheological behavior of nanoparticle suspension

Water shut off and performance control in oil reservoirs involve many techniques both for reducing the water cut and for enhancing oil production with the aim of making it economical and environmental friendly. Therefore, suitable nanoparticles for injection in an oil reservoir regarding nano size, spherical morphology, and better dispersibility were synthesized by one step, facile, and inexpensive method and then characterized in this work. In addition, new magnetorheological (MR) fluids based on the crude oil and the nanoparticles were developed, and the analysis of their rheological properties carried out by rotational and oscillation tests showed their ability of forming gel-like structure. Furthermore, from the core flooding experiment investigated, values of both resistance factor and residual resistance factor showed that the MR fluids exhibit a solid-like form with the magnetical field applied in oil reservoirs, thereby reducing the water cut.

Fabrication of Hydrophobic Coatings Using Sugarcane Bagasse Waste Ash as Silica Source

Eco-friendly hydrophobic coatings were fabricated on tiles via the drop-casting process. Sugarcane bagasse waste ash (SBA) was used as a silica source and dimethyldiethoxysilane (DMDEOS) was used as a surface functionalizing agent. The elemental composition of SBA was measured using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) techniques. The surface morphology of SBA was analyzed through the field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) technique. The surface wettability of SBA coated tiles was evaluated by determining the static water contact angle (WCA). XRF studies showed that the impurities were removed, and the silica content was enriched by the acid treatment. SBA coated tiles showed good hydrophobicity with a WCA of 135°. The high hydrophobicity of the coated tiles may be attributed to the increase of surface roughness by SBA. Moreover, the SBA coating was successfully tested on various substrates such as tiles, brick, glass, and cotton cloth. SBA coated glass substrate was more durable compared to other substrates at normal room temperature.

Effect of Sodium Oleate Surfactant Concentration Grafted onto SiO2 Nanoparticles in Polymer Flooding Processes

The nanotechnology has been applied recently to increase the efficiency of enhanced oil recovery methods. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of SiO₂ nanoparticle functionalization with different loadings of sodium oleate surfactant for polymer flooding processes. The sodium oleate surfactant was synthesized using oleic acid and NaCl. The SiO₂ nanoparticles were functionalized by physical adsorption using different surfactant loadings of 2.45, 4.08, and 8.31 wt % and were characterized by thermogravimetric analyses, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and zeta potential. Adsorption and desorption experiments of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) polymer solutions over the unmodified and surface-modified nanoparticles were performed, with higher adsorption capacity as the surfactant loading increases. The adsorption isotherms have a type III behavior, and polymer desorption from the nanoparticle surface was considered null. The effect of nanoparticles in the polymer solutions was evaluated through rheological measurements, interfacial tension (IFT) tests, contact angle measurements, capillary number, and displacement tests in a micromodel. The surface-modified SiO₂ nanoparticles showed a slight effect on the viscosity of the polymer solution and high influence on the IFT reduction and wettability alteration of the porous medium leading to an increase of the capillary number. Displacement tests showed that the oil recovery could increase up to 23 and 77% regarding polymer flooding and water flooding, respectively, by including the surface-functionalized materials.

Aqueous hybrids of amino-functionalized nanosilica and acrylamide-based polymer for enhanced oil recovery

Amino-functionalized nanosilica (ANS) was prepared using nanosilica (NS) and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) aiming to reinforce the interaction between nanoparticles and polymer molecules. The copolymer of acrylamide, 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane sulfonic acid (PM), and four ANS samples with different NS to APTES ratios were synthesized. A series of nanoparticle/polymer hybrid systems were fabricated by introducing NS or ANS suspension into PM aqueous solution. The rheological properties and surface activities of these hybrid systems were studied in comparison with PM. The results indicate that the salt-tolerance and heat-resistance properties of PM solution were improved by the introduction of ANS particles. Moreover, the structures of ANS samples have a significant effect on the effectiveness of the nanoparticles due to the fact that the amine group density on the ANS surface can affect the strength of intermolecular interaction between nanoparticles and polymer molecules. Additionally, the better ability of the ANS sample with proper amine group density showed in reducing the oil/water interfacial tension over NS and other ANS samples made it a more promising chemical for enhancing oil recovery. The results from core flooding tests show that the PM/ANS system has the greatest oil recovery factor (16.30%), while the values for PM/NS and PM are 10.84% and 6.00%, respectively.

The amino-functionalized nanosilica/polymer hybrid systems have better salt tolerance and EOR performance than unmodified nanosilica polymer hybrid systems.