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Mohammadi S, Hemmat A, Afifi H, Mahmoudi Alemi F. Improvement of the Rheological Behavior of Viscoelastic Surfactant Fracturing Fluids by Metallic-Type Nanoparticles. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:28676-28690. [PMID: 38973834 PMCID: PMC11223126 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c03000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
The use of nanotechnology in the field of acidizing, particularly in fracturing fluids, has garnered significant attention over the past decade. Viscoelastic surfactants (VESs) are utilized as one of the most effective fracturing fluids, possessing both elasticity and viscosity properties. These fluids are crucial additives in acidizing packages, enhancing their performance. However, various factors, such as salinity, temperature, pressure, and concentration, can sometimes weaken the efficacy of these fluids. To address this, the integration of nanoparticles has been explored to improve fluid retention in reservoirs and enhance the efficiency. This study focuses on investigating the impact of the main metallic-type nanoparticles on the rheological behavior of VES fluids. Iron oxide, magnesium oxide, and zinc oxide nanoparticles were utilized, and the microscopic-scale rheological behavior of the fluids was thoroughly evaluated. The highest performance for enhancing fluid gelation, stability, and rheological characteristics of VES fluids was found for Fe2O3 nanoparticles at an optimum concentration of 500 ppm. At this concentration and shear rate of 100 s-1, the viscosity of the fluid reached 169.61 cP. For iron oxide nanoparticles at a concentration of 500 ppm, by increasing the temperature from 25 to 85 °C, the gelation state of the fluid increased from 7 h and 50 min to 17 h and 45 min. This improvement is attributed to their high surface area and the increased density of entanglement points within the micelles, leading to a more interconnected structure with enhanced viscoelastic properties. Furthermore, iron oxide nanoparticles significantly enhance gelation by physically connecting the micelles, thereby improving stability and structure. The absorption of surfactant molecules by the nanoparticles additionally contributes to micelle reconstruction and shape alteration. The presence of iron oxide nanoparticles helps maintain the gel structure even at elevated temperatures, preventing rapid viscosity decrease. Our findings may provide new insights for development of high-performance, economical, and environment-friendly fracturing fluids used in well stimulation operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saber Mohammadi
- Petroleum
Engineering Department, Research Institute
of Petroleum Industry (RIPI), Tehran 14665-1998, Iran
| | - Alimohammad Hemmat
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Isfahan University
of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Afifi
- Petroleum
Engineering Department, Research Institute
of Petroleum Industry (RIPI), Tehran 14665-1998, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mahmoudi Alemi
- Petroleum
Engineering Department, Research Institute
of Petroleum Industry (RIPI), Tehran 14665-1998, Iran
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2
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Dissipative particle dynamics simulation and experimental analysis of effects of Gemini surfactants with different spacer lengths on stability of emulsion systems. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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3
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Polyhydroxy cationic viscoelastic surfactant for clean fracturing fluids: Study on the salt tolerance and the effect of salt on the high temperature stability of wormlike micelles. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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4
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Effect of self-assembly gel crosslinking property and the wetting characteristics of coal under different acid solution. POWDER TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2022.118106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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5
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Use of Betaine-Based Gel and Its Potential Application in Enhanced Oil Recovery. Gels 2022; 8:gels8060351. [PMID: 35735695 PMCID: PMC9222820 DOI: 10.3390/gels8060351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, a betaine-based gel containing 2.0% erucamide propyl betaine (EAPB), 0.5% oleic acid amide propyl betaine (OAPB), and 0.1% KCl was prepared for use as a fracturing fluid. The performance evaluation showed that KCl may improve the temperature resistance and increase the viscosity of the optimized fracturing fluid. At 80 °C, the apparent viscosity of the viscoelastic surfactant (VES)-based fracturing fluid was approximately 50 mPa·s. Furthermore, the gel had high shear resistance, good viscosity stability, and high sand-carrying performance. After being sheared at 170 s−1 for 60 min, the reduction in viscosity was 13.6%. The viscosity of the gel was relatively stable at room temperature (27 °C) for one week. In a suspension containing 10% sand (particle size < 0.45 mm, density = 2.75 g cm−3), the settling velocity of proppant particles was 1.15 cm h−1. In addition, we detected that the critical micelle concentration of this gel was approximately 0.042 wt%. The viscosity could be reduced to <5 mPa·s at 60 °C within 1 h when 6.0% crude oil was present, and oil displacement experiments showed that the broken fracturing fluid can enhance the oil displacement rate up to 14.5%. This work may facilitate research on fracturing fluids and oil recovery.
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Tan X, Chen J, Fang B, Liu B, Gao H, Li K, Yu L, Xu K, Lu Y, Qiu X. Rheology on high temperature resistant novel trimeric cationic viscoelastic surfactant with KCl. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2022.2065296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Tan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, Lab of Chemical Engineering Rheology, Research Center of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, Lab of Chemical Engineering Rheology, Research Center of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Fang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, Lab of Chemical Engineering Rheology, Research Center of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Boxiang Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, Lab of Chemical Engineering Rheology, Research Center of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Hang Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, Lab of Chemical Engineering Rheology, Research Center of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Kejing Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, Lab of Chemical Engineering Rheology, Research Center of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Luyao Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, Lab of Chemical Engineering Rheology, Research Center of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Fracturing and Acidizing Technology Centre, Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development - Langfang Branch, Langfang, China
| | - Yongjun Lu
- Fracturing and Acidizing Technology Centre, Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development - Langfang Branch, Langfang, China
| | - Xiaohui Qiu
- Fracturing and Acidizing Technology Centre, Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development - Langfang Branch, Langfang, China
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Mao J, Huang Z, Cun M, Yang X, Lin C, Zhang Y, Xu T, Zhang H, Du A, Wang Q. Effect of spacer hydroxyl number on the performance of Gemini cationic viscoelastic surfactant for fracturing fluids. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.117889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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8
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Zhao M, Guo X, Wu Y, Dai C, Gao M, Yan R, Cheng Y, Li Y, Song X, Wang X, Chen Z. Development, performance evaluation and enhanced oil recovery regulations of a zwitterionic viscoelastic surfactant fracturing-flooding system. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Tian J, Mao J, Zhang W, Yang X, Lin C, Cun M. Salinity‐ and Heat‐Tolerant VES (Viscoelastic Surfactant) Clean Fracturing Fluids Strengthened by a Hydrophobic Copolymer with Extremely Low Damage. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202004274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jizhen Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu 610500 P. R. China
| | - Jincheng Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu 610500 P. R. China
| | - Wenlong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu 610500 P. R. China
| | - Xiaojiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu 610500 P. R. China
| | - Chong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu 610500 P. R. China
| | - Meng Cun
- State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu 610500 P. R. China
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10
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Formation of viscoelastic micellar solutions by a novel cationic surfactant and anionic salt system. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Huang F, Pu C, Lu L, Pei Z, Gu X, Lin S, Wu F, Liu J. Gemini Surfactant with Unsaturated Long Tails for Viscoelastic Surfactant (VES) Fracturing Fluid Used in Tight Reservoirs. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:1593-1602. [PMID: 33490819 PMCID: PMC7818589 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The high dosage of surfactant terribly restrains the extensive application of viscoelastic surfactant (VES) fracturing fluid. In this study, a novel gemini surfactant (GLO) with long hydrophobic tails and double bonds was prepared and a VES fracturing fluid with a low concentration of GLO was developed. Because of the long tails bending near the double bonds, there is a significant improvement of the surfactant aggregate architecture, which realized the favorable viscosity of the VES fluid at a more economical concentration than the conventional VES fracturing fluids. Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (1H NMR, 13C NMR), and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) were employed to study the formation of the product and the structure of GLO. The designed GLO was produced according to the results of the structure characterizations. The formula of the VES fracturing fluid was optimized to be 2.0 wt % GLO + 0.4 wt % sodium salicylate (NaSal) + 1.0 wt % KCl based on the measurements of the viscosity. The viscosity of the VES fluid decreased from 405.5 to 98.7 mPa·s as the temperature increased from 18 to 80 °C and reached equilibrium at about 70.2 mPa·s. The VES fluid showed a typical elastic pseudoplastic fluid with a yield stress of 0.5 Pa in the rheological tests. It realized a proppant setting velocity as low as 0.08 g/min in the dynamic proppant transport test carried by GLO-based VES fracturing fluid. Compared to the formation water, the filtrate of the VES fracturing fluid decreased the water contact angle (CA) from 56.2 to 45.4° and decreased the water/oil interfacial tension (IFT) from 19.5 to 1.6 mN/m. Finally, the VES fracturing fluid induced a low permeability loss rate of 10.4% and a low conductivity loss rate of 5.4% for the oil phase in the experiments of formation damage evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Huang
- School
of Petroleum Engineering, China University
of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong 266555, China
| | - Chunsheng Pu
- School
of Petroleum Engineering, China University
of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong 266555, China
| | - Leichao Lu
- PetroChina
Tarim Oilfield Company, Korla, Xinjiang 841000, China
| | - Ze Pei
- PetroChina
Changqing Oilfield ChangBei Operating Company, Yulin, Shaanxi 710016, China
| | - Xiaoyu Gu
- School
of Petroleum Engineering, Xi’an Shiyou
University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710065, China
| | - Shujun Lin
- Drilling
and Production Equipment Research Institute, Lanzhou LS Petroleum Equipment Engineering Co., Ltd., Lanzhou, Gansu 730300, China
| | - Feipeng Wu
- School
of Petroleum Engineering, China University
of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong 266555, China
| | - Jing Liu
- School
of Petroleum Engineering, China University
of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong 266555, China
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Mandal MK, Barai M, Sultana H, Manna E, Musib D, Maiti DK, Panda AK. Interfacial and Aggregation Behaviour of Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate Induced by Ionic Liquids. J Oleo Sci 2021; 70:185-194. [PMID: 33456012 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess20303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregation studies of anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) was investigated in aqueous 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [bmim]Cl and N-butyl-N-methyl pyrrolidinium tetrafluoroborate [bmp]BF4 ionic liquid (IL) solutions respectively. Systems were studied by surface tension, conductance, UV-VIS absorption/emission spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering. Critical micelle concentration (CMC) values gradually decreased with increasing IL concentration which indicates synergistic interaction between ILs and SDS. Gibbs free energy change results demonstrated spontaneous micellization induced by ILs; however the effect of ILs were not similar to the corresponding regular salts (NaCl and NaBF4). Aggregation number (n) of micelles, determined by fluorescence quenching method, indicate that the 'n' values increase with increasing ILs concentration, induced by the oppositely charged IL cation. Size of the micelles, determined by dynamic light scattering studies, increased with increasing ILs concentration, which were due to the formation of larger aggregates; the aggregates are considered to be comprised of the anionic surfactant with a substantial proportion of ILs cation as the bound counter ions. Such studies are considered to shed further light in the fundamentals of IL induced micellization as well as in different practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manas Barai
- Department of Chemistry, Vidyasagar University
| | | | - Emili Manna
- Department of Chemistry, Vidyasagar University
| | - Dulal Musib
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Manipur
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13
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Das S, Patra N, Banerjee A, Das B, Ghosh S. Studies on the self-aggregation, interfacial and thermodynamic properties of a surface active imidazolium-based ionic liquid in aqueous solution: Effects of salt and temperature. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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14
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Zhang Y, Mao J, Zhao J, Zhang W, Liao Z, Xu T, Du A, Zhang Z, Yang X, Ni Y. Preparation of a novel sulfonic Gemini zwitterionic viscoelastic surfactant with superior heat and salt resistance using a rigid-soft combined strategy. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Kaur R, Bakshi MS. Mechanistic Aspects of Simultaneous Extraction of Silver and Gold Nanoparticles across Aqueous-Organic Interfaces by Surface Active Iron Oxide Nanoparticles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:7505-7516. [PMID: 32520570 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Surface active iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs) were used for the simultaneous extraction of water soluble Ag and Au NPs across an aqueous-organic interface from aqueous bulk. The surface activity of iron oxide NPs was achieved by using cationic Gemini surfactants of different architectures during the in situ synthesis of iron oxide NPs in hydrothermal synthesis. Aqueous bulk solubility of Ag and Au NPs was achieved by stabilizing them with conventional surfactants of different polarities such as SDS, CTAB, and DDM. The amphiphilic nature of iron oxide NPs demonstrated their remarkable ability to extract Ag and Au NPs through both hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions. The mechanism of extraction from aqueous bulk was monitored by placing different amounts of surface active iron oxide NPs on the aqueous-organic interface and was studied with the help of UV-visible, DLS, and IR measurements. XPS and TEM measurements were used for the quantitative estimation of efficiency of extraction. Extraction was facilitated when both hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions were participating simultaneously. Results may help in designing a suitable method for purification of industrial effluents contaminated with metal particulates simply by applying an external magnetic field rather than going through a complicated conventional filtration process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajpreet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Green Bay, 2420 Nicolet Drive, Green Bay, Wisconsin 54311-7001, United States
| | - Mandeep Singh Bakshi
- Department of Chemistry, Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Green Bay, 2420 Nicolet Drive, Green Bay, Wisconsin 54311-7001, United States
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16
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Studies on the synthesis, surface activity and the ability to form pH-regulated wormlike micelles with surfactant containing carboxyl group. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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17
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Barai M, Mandal MK, Sultana H, Manna E, Das S, Nag K, Ghosh S, Patra A, Panda AK. Theoretical Approaches on the Synergistic Interaction between Double-Headed Anionic Amino Acid-Based Surfactants and Hexadecyltrimethylammonium Bromide. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jsde.12412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manas Barai
- Department of Chemistry; Vidyasagar University; Midnapore West Bengal 721102 India
| | - Manas Kumar Mandal
- Department of Chemistry; Vidyasagar University; Midnapore West Bengal 721102 India
| | - Habiba Sultana
- Department of Chemistry; Vidyasagar University; Midnapore West Bengal 721102 India
| | - Emili Manna
- Centre for Life Sciences; Vidyasagar University; Midnapore West Bengal 721102 India
| | - Sourav Das
- Centre for Surface Science, Department of Chemistry; Jadavpur University; Kolkata West Bengal 700032 India
| | - Kaushik Nag
- Department of Biochemistry; Memorial University of Newfoundland; St. John's Canada
| | - Soumen Ghosh
- Centre for Surface Science, Department of Chemistry; Jadavpur University; Kolkata West Bengal 700032 India
| | - Anuttam Patra
- Chemistry of Interfaces Group; Luleå University of Technology-SE-97187; Luleå Sweden
| | - Amiya Kumar Panda
- Department of Chemistry; Vidyasagar University; Midnapore West Bengal 721102 India
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18
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Viscoelasticity and microstructural properties of zwitterionic surfactant induced by hydroxybenzoate salt for fracturing. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.112485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Cationic gemini surfactants containing both amide and ester groups: Synthesis, surface properties and antibacterial activity. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.112248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Zhang W, Mao J, Yang X, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Tian J, Lin C, Mao J, Zhao J. Effect of propylene glycol substituted group on salt tolerance of a cationic viscoelastic surfactant and its application for brine-based clean fracturing fluid. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.124043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Application of a Zwitterionic Hydrophobic Associating Polymer with High Salt and Heat Tolerance in Brine-Based Fracturing Fluid. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11122005. [PMID: 31817036 PMCID: PMC6960765 DOI: 10.3390/polym11122005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
ZID16PM, a zwitterionic hydrophobic associating polymer, has equivalent positive and negative charges and some hydrophobic monomers with twin-tailed long hydrophobic chains. It exhibits a great heat resistance and salt tolerance to the common salt in formation brine (MgCl2, CaCl2, NaCl, and KCl), which is attributed to its anti-polyelectrolyte effect and strong association force. High-salinity water (seawater or formation water) can be prepared as a fracturing fluid directly. In this paper, the formation water of the West Sichuan Gas Field is directly prepared into fracturing fluid with a concentration of 0.3% ZID16PM (Fluid-1), and the seawater of the Gulf of Mexico is directly prepared into fracturing fluid with a concentration of 0.3% ZID16PM (Fluid-2). Finally, rheological measurements, proppant suspension tests, and core matrix permeability damage rate tests for the Fluid-1 and Fluid-2 are conducted. Results show that after 120 min of shearing at 140 and 160 °C, respectively, the viscosity of Fluid-1 remains in the range of 50–85 mPa·s, and the viscosity of Fluid-2 remains in the range of 60–95 mPa·s. And the wastewater produced by an oilfield in Shaanxi, Xinjiang, and Jiangsu are also prepared into fracturing fluids with a concentration of 0.3% ZID16PM, the viscosity of these fracturing fluids can remain 32, 42, and 45 mPa·s, respectively, after 120 min of shearing at 160 °C. All results demonstrate that the polymer ZID16PM displays prominent performance in fracturing fluids.
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