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Kim TY, De R, Choi I, Kim H, Hahn SK. Multifunctional nanomaterials for smart wearable diabetic healthcare devices. Biomaterials 2024; 310:122630. [PMID: 38815456 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2024.122630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Wearable diabetic healthcare devices have attracted great attention for real-time continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) using biofluids such as tears, sweat, saliva, and interstitial fluid via noninvasive ways. In response to the escalating global demand for CGM, these devices enable proactive management and intervention of diabetic patients with incorporated drug delivery systems (DDSs). In this context, multifunctional nanomaterials can trigger the development of innovative sensing and management platforms to facilitate real-time selective glucose monitoring with remarkable sensitivity, on-demand drug delivery, and wireless power and data transmission. The seamless integration into wearable devices ensures patient's compliance. This comprehensive review evaluates the multifaceted roles of these materials in wearable diabetic healthcare devices, comparing their glucose sensing capabilities with conventionally available glucometers and CGM devices, and finally outlines the merits, limitations, and prospects of these devices. This review would serve as a valuable resource, elucidating the intricate functions of nanomaterials for the successful development of advanced wearable devices in diabetes management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Yeon Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, South Korea
| | - Ranjit De
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, South Korea
| | - Inhoo Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, South Korea
| | - Hyemin Kim
- Department of Cosmetics Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, South Korea.
| | - Sei Kwang Hahn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, South Korea.
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Zhou F, Liu S, Tang Y, Li W, Hai L, Zhang X, Li Y, Gao F. Wearable electrochemical glucose sensor of high flexibility and sensitivity using novel mushroom-like gold nanowires decorated bendable stainless steel wire sieve. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1288:342148. [PMID: 38220282 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.342148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Long-term high blood glucose levels brings extremely detrimental effect on diabetic patients, such as blindness, renal failure, and cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop highly flexible and sensitive sensors for precisely non-invasive and continuous monitoring glucose levels. Herein, we present a highly flexible and sensitive wearable sensor for non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose analysis with vertically aligned mushroom-like gold nanowires (v-AuNWs) chemically grown on stainless steel wire sieve (SSWS) as integrated electrode. Owing to the unique nanostructures and excellent catalysis of the v-AuNWs, the as-fabricated glucose sensors exhibit superior flexibility and excellent electro-catalytic capability. In detail, these sensors display rapid response towards glucose within 5 s, and the sensor constructed with v-AuNWs for growth time of 15 min shows the highest sensitivity of 180.1 μA mM-1 cm-2 within a wide linear range of 6.5 × 10-4 mM-12.0 mM and the lowest detection limit of 0.65 μM (S/N = 3). It is noteworthy that due to the good ductility of the v-AuNWs and their strong contact with the SSWS substrate, these glucose sensors exhibit no obvious response variation after repeated bending for 100 times at bending angle of 180°. Additionally, the glucose sensors display superior anti-interfering capability as well as desirable repeatability. More importantly, these glucose sensors can be attached on human skin to determine sweat glucose reliably and analyze glucose concentration in human serum in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhou
- Key Lab of Manufacturing Equipment of Shaanxi Province, School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, 710048, China.
| | - Shu Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Institute of Precision Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Yimei Tang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712000, China.
| | - Wenqiang Li
- Key Lab of Manufacturing Equipment of Shaanxi Province, School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, 710048, China
| | - Lixin Hai
- Key Lab of Manufacturing Equipment of Shaanxi Province, School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, 710048, China
| | - Xinmiao Zhang
- Key Lab of Manufacturing Equipment of Shaanxi Province, School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, 710048, China
| | - Yan Li
- Key Lab of Manufacturing Equipment of Shaanxi Province, School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, 710048, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Key Lab of Manufacturing Equipment of Shaanxi Province, School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, 710048, China
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Miya N, Machogo-Phao LFE, Ntsendwana B. Exploring Copper Oxide and Copper Sulfide for Non-Enzymatic Glucose Sensors: Current Progress and Future Directions. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1849. [PMID: 37893284 PMCID: PMC10609065 DOI: 10.3390/mi14101849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Millions of people worldwide are affected by diabetes, a chronic disease that continuously grows due to abnormal glucose concentration levels present in the blood. Monitoring blood glucose concentrations is therefore an essential diabetes indicator to aid in the management of the disease. Enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensors presently account for the bulk of glucose sensors on the market. However, their disadvantages are that they are expensive and dependent on environmental conditions, hence affecting their performance and sensitivity. To meet the increasing demand, non-enzymatic glucose sensors based on chemically modified electrodes for the direct electrocatalytic oxidation of glucose are a good alternative to the costly enzymatic-based sensors currently on the market, and the research thereof continues to grow. Nanotechnology-based biosensors have been explored for their electronic and mechanical properties, resulting in enhanced biological signaling through the direct oxidation of glucose. Copper oxide and copper sulfide exhibit attractive attributes for sensor applications, due to their non-toxic nature, abundance, and unique properties. Thus, in this review, copper oxide and copper sulfide-based materials are evaluated based on their chemical structure, morphology, and fast electron mobility as suitable electrode materials for non-enzymatic glucose sensors. The review highlights the present challenges of non-enzymatic glucose sensors that have limited their deployment into the market.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lerato F. Eugeni Machogo-Phao
- DSI/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Advanced Materials Division, Mintek, Private Bag X3015, Randburg 2125, South Africa; (N.M.); (B.N.)
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Dendritic Cu(OH)2 nanostructures decorated pencil graphite electrode as a highly sensitive and selective impedimetric non-enzymatic glucose sensor in real human serum blood samples. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-021-02883-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Aun TT, Salleh NM, Ali UFM, Manan NSA. Non-Enzymatic Glucose Sensors Involving Copper: An Electrochemical Perspective. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 53:537-593. [PMID: 34477020 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1967720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Non-enzymatic glucose sensors based on the use of copper and its oxides have emerged as promising candidates to replace enzymatic glucose sensors owing to their stability, ease of fabrication, and superior sensitivity. This review explains the theories of the mechanism of glucose oxidation on copper transition metal electrodes. It also presents an overview on the development of among the best non-enzymatic copper-based glucose sensors in the past 10 years. A brief description of methods, interesting findings, and important performance parameters are provided to inspire the reader and researcher to create new improvements in sensor design. Finally, several important considerations that pertain to the nano-structuring of the electrode surface is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tan Tiek Aun
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,University Malaya Centre for Ionic Liquids (UMCiL), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Noordini Mohamad Salleh
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Centre for Fundamental and Frontier Sciences in Nanostructure Self-Assembly, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Umi Fazara Md Ali
- Chemical Engineering Programme, Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau, Malaysia.,Centre of Excellence for Biomass Utilization (COEBU), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau, Malaysia
| | - Ninie Suhana Abdul Manan
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,University Malaya Centre for Ionic Liquids (UMCiL), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Peng Q, Zhang Y, Yang S, Yuwen T, Liu Y, Fan J, Zang G. Glucose determination behaviour of gold microspheres-electrodeposited carbon cloth flexible electrodes in neutral media. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1159:338442. [PMID: 33867044 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite numerous advances in the field of nonenzymatic glucose detection, monitoring glucose in physiological applications is still a challenge and is mostly limited to electrode surface modification. This study proposes a simple method for electrodepositing cotton-like gold microspheres (CGMs) on a carbon cloth (CC) flexible electrode, with the potential for the functional supporting substrate to monitor glucose in a neutral environment. It was demonstrated that the voltammetric response of glucose oxidation increased with increases in glucose concentration in the 3D functional flexible substrate; moreover, the amperometric response of glucose oxidation increased over time. The results indicate that the functional flexible electrode-made of gold microspheres-based carbon cloth with a predefined geometry and pore-architecture network to promote the medium-permeation and synergetic effects between CGMs and CC-can be a suitable platform for measuring glucose variation in environments with neutral pH. This is particularly relevant because the oxygen-containing functional groups on the CC surface increase the dehydrogenation rate of glucose oxidation in neutral phosphate-buffered saline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyu Peng
- Institute of Life Science, And Laboratory of Tissue and Cell Biology, Lab Teaching & Management Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yuchan Zhang
- Institute of Life Science, And Laboratory of Tissue and Cell Biology, Lab Teaching & Management Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Shengfei Yang
- Institute of Life Science, And Laboratory of Tissue and Cell Biology, Lab Teaching & Management Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Tianyi Yuwen
- Institute of Life Science, And Laboratory of Tissue and Cell Biology, Lab Teaching & Management Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yangkun Liu
- Institute of Life Science, And Laboratory of Tissue and Cell Biology, Lab Teaching & Management Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Jingchuan Fan
- Institute of Life Science, And Laboratory of Tissue and Cell Biology, Lab Teaching & Management Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Guangchao Zang
- Institute of Life Science, And Laboratory of Tissue and Cell Biology, Lab Teaching & Management Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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Yang Z, You J. Synthesis of a three-dimensional porous Co3O4 network interconnected by MWCNTs and decorated with Au nanoparticles for enhanced nonenzymatic glucose sensing. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.126064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Simply patterned reduced graphene oxide as an effective biosensor platform for glucose determination. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Tunable electrochemical synthesis of 3D nucleated microparticles like Cu-BTC MOF-carbon nanotubes composite: Enzyme free ultrasensitive determination of glucose in a complex biological fluid. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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