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Bathla A, Younis SA, Kim KH, Li X. TiO 2-based catalytic systems for the treatment of airborne aromatic hydrocarbons. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:1559-1579. [PMID: 36799148 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh01583h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Among diverse strategies to manage air quality, catalytic oxidation has been a widely used option to mitigate diverse pollutants such as aromatic volatile organic compounds (VOCs), especially benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX). For such applications, TiO2-based catalysts have drawn significant research attention for their prominent photo/thermal catalytic activities and photochemical stability. This review has been organized to elaborate on the recent developments achieved in the thermocatalytic, photocatalytic, and photothermal applications of metal/non-metal doped TiO2 catalysts towards BTX vapors and their reaction mechanisms. The performance of the reported TiO2-based catalysts has also been analyzed based on multiple computational metrics such as reaction rate (r), quantum yield (QY), space-time yield, and figure of merit (FOM). At last, the research gap and prospects in the catalytic treatment of BTX are also discussed in association with the feasibility and utility of TiO2-based catalysts in air purification applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aadil Bathla
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 04763, South Korea.
| | - Sherif A Younis
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 04763, South Korea.
- Analysis and Evaluation Department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City, Cairo 11727, Egypt
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 04763, South Korea.
| | - Xiaowei Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
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Selishcheva S, Sumina A, Gerasimov E, Selishchev D, Yakovlev V. High-Loaded Copper-Containing Sol-Gel Catalysts for Furfural Hydroconversion. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087547. [PMID: 37108710 PMCID: PMC10142956 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the high-loaded copper-containing catalysts modified with Fe and Al were successfully applied for the hydroconversion of furfural to furfuryl alcohol (FA) or 2-methylfuran (2-MF) in a batch reactor. The synthesized catalysts were studied using a set of characterization techniques to find the correlation between their activity and physicochemical properties. Fine Cu-containing particles distributed in an amorphous SiO2 matrix, which has a high surface area, provide the conversion of furfural to FA or 2-MF under exposure to high pressure of hydrogen. The modification of the mono-copper catalyst with Fe and Al increases its activity and selectivity in the target process. The reaction temperature strongly affects the selectivity of the formed products. At a H2 pressure of 5.0 MPa, the highest selectivity toward FA (98%) and 2-MF (76%) was achieved in the case of 35Cu13Fe1Al-SiO2 at the temperature of 100 °C and 250 °C, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anastasiya Sumina
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Lavrentiev Ave. 5, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Evgeny Gerasimov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Lavrentiev Ave. 5, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Dmitry Selishchev
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Lavrentiev Ave. 5, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Vadim Yakovlev
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Lavrentiev Ave. 5, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
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He D, Ma Y, Yang X, Li H, Wang X. Photo-Activated Direct Catalytic Oxidation of Gaseous Benzene with a Cu-Connected Serial Heterojunction Array of Co 3 O 4 /Cu x O/Foam Cu Assembled via Layer upon Layer Oxidation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2207114. [PMID: 37026427 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The foam copper (FCu) has been first used as a promising supporting material to prepare a photo-activated catalyst of Co3 O4 /Cux O/FCu, in which the fine Co3 O4 particles are inlayed on the Cux O nanowires to form a Z-type heterojunction array connected by substrate Cu. The prepared samples have been used as a photo-activated catalyst to directly decompose gaseous benzene and the optimized Co3 O4 /Cux O/FCu demonstrates a 99.5% removal efficiency and 100% mineralizing rate within 15 min in benzene concentration range from 350 to 4000 ppm under simulate solar light irradiation. To track the reactive mechanism, a series of MOx /Cux O/FCu (M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn) is prepared and a novel photo-activated direct catalytic oxidation route is proposed based on the comparative investigation of material properties. Moreover, the approach grew in situ via layer upon layer oxidation on FCu dedicates to the extra lasting reusability and the easy accessibility in the diverse situations. This work provides a novel strategy for the preparation of Cu connected series multidimensional heterojunction array and a promising application for the quick abatement of the high-leveled concentration gaseous benzene and its derivatives from the industrial discharged flow or the accident scene's leakage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan He
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Physics of Rare Earth Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010021, P. R. China
| | - Yuxuan Ma
- School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010021, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxue Yang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Physics of Rare Earth Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010021, P. R. China
| | - Huiqin Li
- School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010021, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Physics of Rare Earth Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010021, P. R. China
- School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010021, P. R. China
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Lyulyukin M, Kovalevskiy N, Bukhtiyarov A, Kozlov D, Selishchev D. Kinetic Aspects of Benzene Degradation over TiO2-N and Composite Fe/Bi2WO6/TiO2-N Photocatalysts under Irradiation with Visible Light. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065693. [PMID: 36982767 PMCID: PMC10051460 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, composite materials based on nanocrystalline anatase TiO2 doped with nitrogen and bismuth tungstate are synthesized using a hydrothermal method. All samples are tested in the oxidation of volatile organic compounds under visible light to find the correlations between their physicochemical characteristics and photocatalytic activity. The kinetic aspects are studied both in batch and continuous-flow reactors, using ethanol and benzene as test compounds. The Bi2WO6/TiO2-N heterostructure enhanced with Fe species efficiently utilizes visible light in the blue region and exhibits much higher activity in the degradation of ethanol vapor than pristine TiO2-N. However, an increased activity of Fe/Bi2WO6/TiO2-N can have an adverse effect in the degradation of benzene vapor. A temporary deactivation of the photocatalyst can occur at a high concentration of benzene due to the fast accumulation of non-volatile intermediates on its surface. The formed intermediates suppress the adsorption of the initial benzene and substantially increase the time required for its complete removal from the gas phase. An increase in temperature up to 140 °C makes it possible to increase the rate of the overall oxidation process, and the use of the Fe/Bi2WO6/TiO2-N composite improves the selectivity of oxidation compared to pristine TiO2-N.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Lyulyukin
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (M.L.); (N.K.); (A.B.); (D.K.)
- Ecology and Nature Management Department, Aircraft Engineering Faculty, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk 630073, Russia
| | - Nikita Kovalevskiy
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (M.L.); (N.K.); (A.B.); (D.K.)
| | - Andrey Bukhtiyarov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (M.L.); (N.K.); (A.B.); (D.K.)
| | - Denis Kozlov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (M.L.); (N.K.); (A.B.); (D.K.)
| | - Dmitry Selishchev
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (M.L.); (N.K.); (A.B.); (D.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-383-326-9429
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Rayaroth MP, Marchel M, Boczkaj G. Advanced oxidation processes for the removal of mono and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons - A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159043. [PMID: 36174692 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic hydrocarbons (AHs) are toxic environmental contaminants presented in most of the environmental matrices. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) for the removal of AHs in the account of complete mineralization from various environmental matrices have been reviewed in this paper. An in-depth discussion on various AOPs for mono (BTEX) and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their derivatives is presented. Most of the AOPs were effective in the removal of AHs from the aquatic environment. A comparative study on the degradation of various AHs revealed that the oxidation of the AHs is strongly dependent on the number of aromatic rings and the functional groups attached to the ring. The formation of halogenated and nitrated derivatives of AHs in the real contaminated water containing chloride, nitrite, and nitrate ions seems to be a challenge in using the AOPs in real systems. The phenolic compounds, quinone, alcohols, and aliphatic acids are the important byproducts formed during the oxidation of AHs, initiated by the attack of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on their electron-rich center. In conclusion, AOPs are the adaptable method for the removal of AHs from different environmental matrices. The persulfate-based AOPs were applied in the soil phase removal as an in situ chemical oxidation of AHs. Moreover, the combination of AOPs will be a conclusive solution to avoid or minimize unexpected or other toxic intermediate products and to obtain rapid oxidation of AHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj P Rayaroth
- Gdańsk University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Process Engineering and Chemical Technology, 80-233 Gdańsk, G. Narutowicza 11/12 Str, Poland; GREMI, UMR 7344, Université d'Orléans, CNRS, 45067 Orléans, France
| | - Mateusz Marchel
- Gdańsk University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Process Engineering and Chemical Technology, 80-233 Gdańsk, G. Narutowicza 11/12 Str, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Boczkaj
- Gdańsk University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Sanitary Engineering, 80-233 Gdańsk, G. Narutowicza 11/12 Str, Poland; EkoTech Center, Gdansk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza St. 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland.
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Palladium-modified TiO 2 films in a photocatalytic microreactor: evaluation of radiation absorption properties and pollutant degradation efficiency. PHOTOCHEMICAL & PHOTOBIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN PHOTOCHEMISTRY ASSOCIATION AND THE EUROPEAN SOCIETY FOR PHOTOBIOLOGY 2023; 22:47-58. [PMID: 36112308 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-022-00296-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Pure (TiO2) and 0.1 nominal atomic percent of palladium-modified TiO2 (Pd-TiO2) films were synthesized via a sol-gel method and compared through their physicochemical properties and photocatalytic activity in the degradation of an emerging contaminant, 17-α-ethinylestradiol (EE2). The activity of the films was studied using a continuous flow, planar microreactor under simulated sunlight. Catalysts characterization included X-ray diffraction, UV-Visible diffuse reflectance and transmittance spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, N2 physisorption analysis, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The modification of TiO2 with palladium confined the size of anatase phase crystallites, increased the specific surface area and improved radiation absorption. PdO domains on TiO2 were observed. In all the tested conditions, higher conversion of EE2 was achieved with the Pd-TiO2 film compared with the TiO2 film, presenting an 80% increase in the reaction rate. The performance of the catalytic films was also assessed by the calculation of two efficiency parameters: radiation absorption efficiency and quantum efficiency of reaction. The Pd-TiO2 film showed a notable enhancement of the absorption of the incident radiation and a more efficient utilization of the absorbed photons to degrade the target pollutant.
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Rossi L, Villabrille P, Pastrana-Martínez L, Caregnato P, Rosso J. Photocatalytic performance of palladium and carbon modified TiO2 using solar radiation. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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Kovalevskiy N, Svintsitskiy D, Cherepanova S, Yakushkin S, Martyanov O, Selishcheva S, Gribov E, Kozlov D, Selishchev D. Visible-Light-Active N-Doped TiO 2 Photocatalysts: Synthesis from TiOSO 4, Characterization, and Enhancement of Stability Via Surface Modification. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12234146. [PMID: 36500767 PMCID: PMC9739126 DOI: 10.3390/nano12234146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the chemical engineering aspects for the preparation of highly active and stable nanocomposite photocatalysts based on N-doped TiO2. The synthesis is performed using titanium oxysulfate as a low-cost inorganic precursor and ammonia as a precipitating agent, as well as a source of nitrogen. Mixing the reagents under a control of pH leads to an amorphous titanium oxide hydrate, which can be further successfully converted to nanocrystalline anatase TiO2 through calcination in air at an increased temperature. The as-prepared N-doped TiO2 provides the complete oxidation of volatile organic compounds both under UV and visible light, and the action spectrum of N-doped TiO2 correlates to its absorption spectrum. The key role of paramagnetic nitrogen species in the absorption of visible light and in the visible-light-activity of N-doped TiO2 is shown using the EPR technique. Surface modification of N-doped TiO2 with copper species prevents its intense deactivation under highly powerful radiation and results in a nanocomposite photocatalyst with enhanced activity and stability. The photocatalysts prepared under different conditions are discussed regarding the effects of their characteristics on photocatalytic activity under UV and visible light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Kovalevskiy
- Department of Unconventional Catalytic Processes, Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Dmitry Svintsitskiy
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis, Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Svetlana Cherepanova
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis, Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Stanislav Yakushkin
- Department of Physicochemical Methods of Research, Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Oleg Martyanov
- Department of Physicochemical Methods of Research, Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | | | - Evgeny Gribov
- Department of Unconventional Catalytic Processes, Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Denis Kozlov
- Department of Unconventional Catalytic Processes, Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Dmitry Selishchev
- Department of Unconventional Catalytic Processes, Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +73-8-3326-9429
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Almaie S, Vatanpour V, Rasoulifard MH, Koyuncu I. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) removal by photocatalysts: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 306:135655. [PMID: 35817187 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Amplified anthropogenic release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) gets worse air quality and human health. Photocatalytic degradation of VOCs is the practical strategy due to its low cost, simplicity, high efficiency, and environmental sustainability. Different types of photocatalyst activated by UV and visible lights are applied for VOC degradation. This review tries to investigate the state-of-art of recently published papers on this subject with a focus on the high-efficiency photocatalyst. The novel photocatalysts are introduced and enhancing photocatalytic activity strategies such as the hybrid of two/three photocatalyst, impurity doping, and heterojunctions with narrow bandgap semiconductors have been explained. The procedures of visible light activation of the photocatalysts are discussed with attention to current problems and future challenges. In addition, effective operational parameters in the photocatalytic degradation of VOCs have been reviewed with their advantages and drawbacks. A series of strategies are developed for the efficient utilization of visible light photocatalysts and improving new materials or design structures to degrade produced toxic intermediates/by-products during photocatalytic degradation of VOCs. This review shows that there are significant challenges in the applications of photocatalysts in the selective removal of VOCs. Several approaches should be combined to produce synergistic effects, which may lead to much higher photocatalytic performance than individual strategies. Another challenge is to develop efficient photocatalysts to meet real problems on an industrial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soudeh Almaie
- Applied Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Vahid Vatanpour
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Kharazmi University, Tehran, 15719-14911, Iran; National Research Center on Membrane Technologies, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey; Environmental Engineering Department, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, 34469, Turkey.
| | - Mohammad Hossein Rasoulifard
- Applied Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran.
| | - Ismail Koyuncu
- National Research Center on Membrane Technologies, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey; Environmental Engineering Department, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, 34469, Turkey
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Stadnichenko AI, Slavinskaya EM, Fakhrutdinova ED, Kardash TY, Svetlichnyi VA, Boronin AI. Effect of the Type of Active Component–Support Interaction on the Low-Temperature Activity of Metal–Oxide Catalysts in CO Oxidation. DOKLADY PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0012501622700051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Bathla A, Vikrant K, Kukkar D, Kim KH. Photocatalytic degradation of gaseous benzene using metal oxide nanocomposites. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 305:102696. [PMID: 35640317 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2022.102696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Rapid industrial growth has been accompanied by the pollution of hazardous volatile organic pollutants (VOCs) in air. Among various options available for the treatment of VOCs, the use of metal oxide composites as photocatalysts has been adopted preferably due to their potential to induce the synergistic interactions between the metal nanoparticles (NPs) and metal oxides (especially titanium dioxide (TiO2)). In this context, an in-depth review is offered to describe the fundamental mechanism of metal oxide-based photocatalysis for the oxidation of gaseous benzene as a model VOC. The discussion has been extended further to evaluate their performances in terms of key performance metrics (e.g., quantum yield (QY), space-time yield (STY), and figure of merit (FOM)). The TiO2-based metallic bi-component photocatalysts (e.g., Sr2CeO4/TiO2) generally exhibited better photodegradation efficiency with enhanced light absorption capability than monometallic-TiO2 (e.g., Pd-TiO2) composites or other modified photocatalysts (e.g., metal-organic framework (MOF)-based composites). Finally, we address the current challenges and future perspectives in this highly challenging research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aadil Bathla
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Kumar Vikrant
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Deepak Kukkar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea; University Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali -140413, Punjab, India; Department of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali - 140413, Punjab, India
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.
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Adsorption behaviors of VOCs under coal-combustion flue gas environment using activated carbon injection coupled with bag filtering system. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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