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Pereda J, Milde Khatib C, Kezic S, Christensen MO, Yang S, Thyssen JP, Chu CY, Riethmüller C, Liao HS, Akhtar I, Ungar B, Guttman-Yassky E, Hædersdal M, Hwu ET. A Review of Atomic-Force Microscopy in Skin Barrier Function Assessment. J Invest Dermatol 2024:S0022-202X(24)00357-9. [PMID: 38888524 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2024.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Skin barrier function (SBF) disorders are a class of pathologies that affect a significant portion of the world population. These disorders cause skin lesions with intense itch, impacting patients' physical and psychological well-being as well as their social functioning. It is in the interest of patients that their disorder be monitored closely while under treatment to evaluate the effectiveness of the ongoing therapy and any potential adverse reactions. Symptom-based assessment techniques are widely used by clinicians; however, they carry some limitations. Techniques to assess skin barrier impairment are critical for understanding the nature of the disease and for helping personalize treatment. This review recalls the anatomy of the skin barrier and describes an atomic-force microscopy approach to quantitatively monitor its disorders and their response to treatment. We review a panel of studies that show that this technique is highly relevant for SBF disorder research, and we aim to motivate its adoption into clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Pereda
- The Danish National Research Foundation and Villum Foundation's Center for Intelligent Drug Delivery and Sensing Using Microcontainers and Nanomechanics (IDUN), Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Casper Milde Khatib
- Department of Dermatology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sanja Kezic
- Amsterdam UMC, Coronel Institute of Occupational Health, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Sara Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venereology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jacob P Thyssen
- Department of Dermatology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Chia-Yu Chu
- Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Hsien-Shun Liao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Imtisal Akhtar
- The Danish National Research Foundation and Villum Foundation's Center for Intelligent Drug Delivery and Sensing Using Microcontainers and Nanomechanics (IDUN), Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Benjamin Ungar
- The Kimberly and Eric J. Waldman Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Emma Guttman-Yassky
- The Kimberly and Eric J. Waldman Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Merete Hædersdal
- Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - En-Te Hwu
- The Danish National Research Foundation and Villum Foundation's Center for Intelligent Drug Delivery and Sensing Using Microcontainers and Nanomechanics (IDUN), Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.
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Nikolaou F, Yang J, Ji L, Scholten E, Nikiforidis CV. The role of membrane components on the oleosome lubrication properties. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 657:695-704. [PMID: 38071818 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.11.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/02/2024]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Oleosomes are natural oil droplets with a unique phospholipid/protein membrane, abundant in plant seeds, from which they can be extracted and used in emulsion-based materials, such as foods, cosmetics and pharmaceutics. The lubrication properties of such materials are essential, on one hand, due to the importance of the in-mouth creaminess for the consumed products or the importance of spreading the topical creams. Therefore, here, we will evaluate the lubrication properties of oleosomes, and how these properties are affected by the components at the oleosome membrane. EXPERIMENT Oleosomes were extracted, and their oral lubricating properties were evaluated using tribology. To understand the influence of the oil droplet membrane composition, reconstituted oleosomes were also studied, with membranes that differed in protein/lecithin ratio. Additionally, whey protein- and lecithin-stabilised emulsions were used as reference samples. Confocal laser scattering microscopy was used to study the samples visually before and after tribological analysis. FINDINGS Oleosomes followed a ball-bearing mechanism, which was probably related to their high physical stability due to the presence of membrane proteins. When the membrane protein concentration at the surface was reduced, the droplet stability weakened, leading to plating-out lubrication. Following our results, we elucidated the oleosome lubrication mechanism and showed their possible control by changing the membrane composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foivi Nikolaou
- Physics and Physical Chemistry of Foods, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jack Yang
- Physics and Physical Chemistry of Foods, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands; Biobased Chemistry and Technology, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Lei Ji
- Physics and Physical Chemistry of Foods, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Elke Scholten
- Physics and Physical Chemistry of Foods, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Ouyang L, Wang N, Irudayaraj J, Majima T. Virus on surfaces: Chemical mechanism, influence factors, disinfection strategies, and implications for virus repelling surface design. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 320:103006. [PMID: 37778249 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.103006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
While SARS-CoV-2 is generally under control, the question of variants and infections still persists. Fundamental information on how the virus interacts with inanimate surfaces commonly found in our daily life and when in contact with the skin will be helpful in developing strategies to inhibit the spread of the virus. Here in, a critically important review of current understanding of the interaction between virus and surface is summarized from chemistry point-of-view. The Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek and extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek theories to model virus attachments on surfaces are introduced, along with the interaction type and strength, and quantification of each component. The virus survival and transfer are affected by a combination of biological, physical, and chemical parameters, as well as environmental parameters. The surface properties for virus and virus survival on typical surfaces such as metals, plastics, and glass are summarized. Attention is also paid to the transfer of virus to/from surfaces and skin. Typical virus disinfection strategies utilizing heat, light, chemicals, and ozone are discussed together with their disinfection mechanism. In the last section, design principles for virus repelling surface chemistry such as surperhydrophobic or surperhydrophilic surfaces are also introduced, to demonstrate how the integration of surface property control and advanced material fabrication can lead to the development of functional surfaces for mitigating the effect of viral infection upon contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Nan Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Joseph Irudayaraj
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Tetsuro Majima
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN), Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
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4
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Hao R, Wang C, Yang C, Chang J, Wang X, Yuan B, Xu H, Zhou S, Fan C, Li Z. Transdermal delivery of Protocatechuic aldehyde using hyaluronic acid/gelatin-based microneedles for the prevention and treatment of hypertrophic scars. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 184:202-213. [PMID: 36773724 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
The formation of hypertrophic scar (HS) involves many pathological processes, such as reduced apoptosis in fibroblasts, excessive collagen deposition by fibroblasts, over-abundant angiogenesis, etc. The therapeutic effects of current treatments targeting one single pathological process are limited. Due to their diverse biological activities, natural products offer a potential solution to this issue. In this study reported herein, we investigated the effects of Protocatechuic aldehyde (PA) on both hypertrophic scar-derived fibroblasts (HSF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Microneedles (MN) containing PA and hyaluronic acid (HA) or containing PA, HA, and gelatin were prepared by mixing PA stock solution with HA or HA/gelatin at a ratio of 1:10. The HS prevention and treatment outcomes of these HA-PA-MN and HA/gelatin-PA-MN were tested using a rabbit ear HS model. Our data indicate that PA induces apoptosis and reduces collagen deposition in HSF. In addition, PA attenuates VEGF-stimulated angiogenesis of HUVECs. Furthermore, HA-PA-MN or HA/gelatin-PA-MN are able to effectively penetrate the epidermis of the HS tissues and then quickly dissolve, enabling the fast release of PA directly into the dermis of the HS tissues. HA-PA-MN or HA/Gelatin-PA-MN have also been found to effectively prevent or alleviate HS in a rabbit ear HS model. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that PA can be used to prevent and treat HS by simultaneously regulating HSF and HUVECs, which offers a potential novel reagent for HS management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi Hao
- Joint Centre of Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China; Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Tissue Repair Materials, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Chun Wang
- Joint Centre of Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China; Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Tissue Repair Materials, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Joint Centre of Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China; Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Tissue Repair Materials, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Jiang Chang
- Joint Centre of Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China; Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Tissue Repair Materials, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Xiqiao Wang
- Department of Burn, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Bo Yuan
- Department of Burn, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Haiting Xu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Sen Zhou
- Joint Centre of Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Chen Fan
- Joint Centre of Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China; Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Tissue Repair Materials, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325000, China.
| | - Zhiming Li
- Joint Centre of Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China.
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Cyriac F, Tee XY, Chow PS. Influence of wall slip, thixotropy, and lubrication regime on the instrumental sensory evaluation of topical formulations. Int J Cosmet Sci 2022; 44:271-288. [PMID: 35357712 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Drawing parallels from rheo-tribology can be used to develop a robust instrumental protocol for non-subjective characterization, product development and design of topical dosage forms with desired sensory attributes. However, instrumental characterization of cosmetic products can be influenced by the measurement protocol, thixotropy, flow anomalies like shear banding or wall slip and nature of the film formed on the skin surface. In this study, we evaluated the influence of above parameters on the instrumental sensory evaluation of twelve topical formulations of different galenic forms. METHODS Oscillatory strain sweep measurements (SAOS and LAOS) were performed to investigate the influence of frequency and wall slip on the material parameters. The textural attributes at different consumer touch points were evaluated by accounting time dependent simulation of visco-elastic flow. Further, the influence of film thickness and sample drying on the tactile properties of the topical formulations were studied on a non-biological skin model using a sliding probe tribometer. RESULTS The study shows that the flow properties of the semi-solid formulations depend on the time scale of the problem. A few formulations exhibited wall slip to varying degrees in the linear visco-elastic regime where the behaviour was found not to be characteristic of a particular topical dosage form. The material functions obtained from the Lissajous plots suggest that the non-linear flow behavior of different galenic forms is least influenced by the boundary conditions imposed by the measurement geometry. The results were statistically analyzed using principal component analysis where the attributes used for discriminating skin creams during pick-up and rub out are found to be closely associated with non-linear rheology. The friction coefficient exhibited speed dependence where it formed different parametric group with rheological data depending on the lubrication regime. CONCLUSION The study highlights that correlations are possible among rheological, tribological, and instrumental textural analysis data, which can act an impetus for the development of models to predict attributes that drive perception at different consumer touch points. However, the choice of instrumental settings, anomalies associated with rheological measurements and friction dependence on a number of parameters can influence the model prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Febin Cyriac
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Rd, Singapore, 627833
| | - Xin Yi Tee
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Rd, Singapore, 627833
| | - Pui Shan Chow
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Rd, Singapore, 627833
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Lignin-Based Porous Biomaterials for Medical and Pharmaceutical Applications. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040747. [PMID: 35453497 PMCID: PMC9024639 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, lignin-based porous biomaterials have been found to have strong potential applications in the areas of drug delivery, tissue engineering, wound dressing, pharmaceutical excipients, biosensors, and medical devices. Lignin-based porous biomaterials have the addition of lignin obtained from lignocellulosic biomass. Lignin as an aromatic compound is likely to modify the materials’ mechanical properties, thermal properties, antioxidant, antibacterial property, biodegradability, and biocompatibility. The size, shape, and distribution of pores can determine the materials’ porous structure, porosity, surface areas, permeability, porosity, water solubility, and adsorption ability. These features could be suitable for medical applications, especially controlled drug delivery systems, wound dressing, and tissue engineering. In this review, we provide an overview of the current status and future potential of lignin-based porous materials for medical and pharmaceutical uses, focusing on material types, key properties, approaches and techniques of modification and fabrication, and promising medical applications.
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7
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Boonpuek P, Ma Y, Li X, Choi C, Hipwell MC, Felts JR. Evaluation of the Electrowetting Effect on the Interfacial Mechanics between Human Corneocytes and Nanoasperities. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:4056-4063. [PMID: 33793250 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c03170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A large subset of haptic surfaces employs electroadhesion to modulate both adhesion and friction at a sliding finger interface. The current theory of electroadhesion assumes that the applied electric field pulls the skin into stronger contact, increasing friction by increasing the real contact area, yet it is unknown what role environmental moisture plays in the effect. This paper uses atomic force microscopy (AFM)to determine the effect of humidity on the adhesion and friction between the single nanoscale asperity and individual human finger corneocytes. An analytical model of the total effective load of the AFM tip is developed to explain the humidity-voltage dependence of nanoscale adhesion and friction at contacting asperities. The results show that the electrowetting effect at the interface at high humidity accounts for 35% of the adhesive force but less than 8% of the total friction, implying that the electrowetting effect can be enhanced by optimizing surface topography to promote the formation and rupture of liquid menisci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perawat Boonpuek
- Advanced Nanomanufacturing Laboratory, J. Mike Walker'66 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3123, United States
- School of Manufacturing Engineering, Suranaree University of Technology, 111 University Avenue, Suranaree Sub-District, Muang Nakhon Ratchasima District, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Yuan Ma
- INnoVation Tools and Entrepreneurial New Technology (INVENT) Laboratory, J. Mike Walker' 66 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3123, United States
| | - Xinyi Li
- INnoVation Tools and Entrepreneurial New Technology (INVENT) Laboratory, J. Mike Walker' 66 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3123, United States
| | - Changhyun Choi
- INnoVation Tools and Entrepreneurial New Technology (INVENT) Laboratory, J. Mike Walker' 66 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3123, United States
| | - M Cynthia Hipwell
- INnoVation Tools and Entrepreneurial New Technology (INVENT) Laboratory, J. Mike Walker' 66 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3123, United States
| | - Jonathan R Felts
- Advanced Nanomanufacturing Laboratory, J. Mike Walker'66 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3123, United States
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8
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Sun X, Wang L, Fu R, Yang Y, Cheng R, Li J, Wang S, Zhang J. The chemical properties and hygroscopic activity of the exopolysaccharide lubcan from Paenibacillus sp. ZX1905. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:2641-2650. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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9
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Clinical Study on the Effectiveness of Three Products in the Treatment of Herpes Simplex Labialis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6465. [PMID: 32296094 PMCID: PMC7160101 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63530-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex labialis (HSL) is a viral disease that affects the perioral region. No guidelines recommending an effective treatment exist. The treatment of HSL with three different products was examined. Herpatch Serum, a film-forming patch, was compared to Compeed Patches, a set of semiocclusive hydrocolloid patches, and Zovirax Cream (ingredient: 5% acyclovir). In this prospective, randomized, examiner-blind study, 180 patients with recurrent HSL were split into three groups (Compeed: n = 60, Herpatch: n = 60, Zovirax: n = 60) and examined within 24 hours of HSL outbreak (DRKS Registration No.: DRKS00007786). The primary endpoint was healing time. The secondary endpoints were the reaction rate and quality of therapy evaluated by the Clinician’s Global Assessment of Therapy (CGAT) and the Subject’s Global Assessment of Therapy (SGAT) (0 = no response; 10 = excellent response), respectively. There was no significant difference among the healing times for the different products. The mean (95% confidence interval) was 9.67 days (9.11–10.22) for Compeed, 9.30 days (8.75–9.85) for Herpatch, and 9.80 days (9.30–10.30) for Zovirax. The reaction rate and quality of therapy (CGAT and SGAT) of Herpatch were significantly higher than those of Compeed and Zovirax. Within the study limitations, Herpatch proved to be an effective, non-antiviral alternative in the treatment of HSL.
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Bhushan B. Frontiers in nanotribology: Magnetic storage, bio/nanotechnology, cosmetics, and bioinspiration. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 577:127-162. [PMID: 32473475 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The word "nanotribology" was introduced for the first time in the title of a paper and a book in 1995. This field encompasses fundamental studies of surface characterization, adhesion, friction, scratching, wear, and lubrication at the atomic scale. At most solid-solid interfaces of technological relevance, contact occurs at numerous asperities. It is of importance to investigate a single asperity contact in the fundamental tribological studies. A nanoprobe sliding on a surface in probe-based microscopies, including atomic force microscopy (AFM) at ultralow loads, simulates one such contact. AFMs and depth-sensing nanoindentation techniques are also used for nanomechanical characterization. The field is referred to as nanomechanics. AFMs can also be used for nanoelectrical characterization which includes electrical resistance, surface potential, and capacitance mapping. Research in the field of nanotribology and nanomechanics was initiated by or for the magnetic storage industry in the late 1980s. Later in the mid-1990s, nanotribology and nanomechanics research became important in bio/nanotechnology devices which involve relative motion, as well as ultrathin films. Adhesion, friction and wear issues in bio/nanotechnology devices led to the development of the field of bio/nanotribology. Research in ultrathin films used in the cosmetic industry, including hair, hair conditioner, skin, and skin cream, led to development of the field of nanotribology in cosmetics. Biologically inspired design, adaptation, or derivation from nature, referred to as biomimetics or bioinspiration, can guide us to initiate and produce nanomaterials, nanodevices, and processes in a sustainable and environmentally friendly manner. So called, green nanotribology research is important in this field. This perspective article presents an overview of fundamental understanding of nanotribology and nanomechanics and their applications in various fields ranging from magnetic storage, bio/nanotechnology, hair and hair conditioner, skin and skin cream, and bioinspiration (green nanotribology).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Bhushan
- Nanoprobe Laboratory for Bio- & Nanotechnology and Biomimetics (NLBB), The Ohio State University, 201 W. 19th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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11
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Dwivedi KK, Lakhani P, Kumar S, Kumar N. Frequency dependent inelastic response of collagen architecture of pig dermis under cyclic tensile loading: An experimental study. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 112:104030. [PMID: 32858398 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.104030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The evaluation of collagen architecture of the dermis in response to mechanical stimulation is important as it affects the macroscopic mechanical properties of the dermis. A detailed understanding of the processes involved in the alteration of the collagen structure is required to correlate the mechanical stimulation with tissue remodeling. This study investigated the effect of cyclic frequencies i.e. low (0.1 Hz), medium (2.0 Hz), and high (5.0 Hz) (physiological range) in the alteration of pig dermis collagen structure and its correlation with the macroscopic mechanical response of the dermis. The assessment of the collagen structure of virgin and mechanical tested specimens at tropocollagen, collagen fibril, and fiber level was performed using Fourier-transform infrared-attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) respectively. After 103 cycles, a significantly higher alteration in collagen structure with discrete plastic-type damage was found for low frequency. This frequency dependent alteration of the collagen structure was found in correlation with the dermis macroscopic response. The value of inelastic strain, stress softening, damage parameter (reduction in elastic modulus), and reduction in energy dissipation were observed significantly large for slow frequency. A power-law based empirical relations, as a function of frequency and number of cycles, were proposed to predict the value of inelastic strain and damage parameter. This study also suggests that hierarchical structural response against the mechanical stimulation is time-dependent rather than cycle-dependent, may affect the tissue remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sachin Kumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT, Ropar, India.
| | - Navin Kumar
- Center for Biomedical Engineering Department, IIT, Ropar, India; Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT, Ropar, India.
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12
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Lakhani P, Dwivedi KK, Kumar N. Directional dependent variation in mechanical properties of planar anisotropic porcine skin tissue. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 104:103693. [PMID: 32174437 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Nonlinear and anisotropic mechanical behavior of skin is essential in various applications such as dermatology, cosmetic products, forensic science, and computational studies. The present study quantifies the mechanical anisotropy of skin using the bulge method and full-field imaging technique. In bulging, the saline solution at 37 °C mimics the in vivo body temperature and fluid conditions, and all experiments were performed in the control environment. Assumption of thin spherical shell membrane theory and imaging techniques were implemented to obtain the anisotropic stress strain relations. Further, stress strain relations at an interval of 10° were calculated to obtain the variation in modulus with direction. Histological examinations were performed to signify the role of the collagen fibers orientation on the mechanical properties. The maximum and minimum linear modulus and collagen fiber orientation intensity were found in good agreement. The angular difference between maximum and minimum linear modulus and orientation intensity was found 71° ± 7° and 76° ± 5° respectively, and the percentage difference was 43.4 ± 8.2 and 52.5 ± 6.4 respectively. Further, a significant difference in the maximum and minimum collagen orientation intensity between the untested and tested specimens indicates the realignment of the fibers. Additionally, a cubic polynomial empirical relation was established to calculate the quantitative variation in the apparent modulus with the directions, which serves for the anisotropic modeling of the skin. The experimental technique used in this study can be applied for anisotropic quantification of planar soft tissues as well as can be utilized to imitate the tissue expansion procedure used in reconstructive surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyush Lakhani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, 140001, Punjab, India
| | - Krashn K Dwivedi
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, 140001, Punjab, India
| | - Navin Kumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, 140001, Punjab, India.
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13
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Liamas E, Connell SD, Ramakrishna SN, Sarkar A. Probing the frictional properties of soft materials at the nanoscale. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:2292-2308. [PMID: 31951242 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr07084b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The understanding of friction in soft materials is of increasing importance due to the demands of industries such as healthcare, biomedical, food and personal care, the incorporation of soft materials into technology, and in the study of interacting biological interfaces. Many of these processes occur at the nanoscale, but even at micrometer length scales there are fundamental aspects of tribology that remain poorly understood. With the advent of Friction Force Microscopy (FFM), there have been many fundamental insights into tribological phenomena at the atomic scale, such as 'stick-slip' and 'super-lubricity'. This review examines the growing field of soft tribology, the experimental aspects of FFM and its underlying theory. Moving to the nanoscale changes the contact mechanics which govern adhesive forces, which in turn play a pivotal role in friction, along with the deformation of the soft interface and dissipative phenomena. We examine recent progress and future prospects in soft nanotribology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Liamas
- Food Colloids and Bioprocessing Group, School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, UK.
| | - Simon D Connell
- Molecular and Nanoscale Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, UK
| | | | - Anwesha Sarkar
- Food Colloids and Bioprocessing Group, School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, UK.
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Jin R, Liao IC, Cazeneuve C, Chang JC, Ruths M, Luengo GS. Effects of Imprinted 3D Surface Patterning on Localized Changes in the Tribology of Human Stratum Corneum. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:15573-15584. [PMID: 31644298 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b01974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Natural surfaces may exhibit remarkable surface properties due to their structure. In the case of skin, its surface topography (microrelief) influences many of its perceived sensorial properties (shine, color, touch). Imprinted patterns can modify the original microrelief, inducing a completely new set of perceived properties. To explore the effects of superimposed biomimetic surface textures on the friction of skin, human stratum corneum was prepared with and without an imprinted regular, micrometer-sized, 3D grid pattern. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and optical profilometry indicated that the inherent, smaller-scale roughness of the stratum corneum remained when lines with heights of 20-200 μm and spacings of 600-2000 μm were introduced, but it was somewhat reduced on the grid lines. Surface Forces Apparatus (SFA) friction experiments on stratum corneum were performed at low speed (μm/s, back-and-forth sliding) and at more realistic, high speed (cm/s, rotational sliding). Two stratum corneum surfaces in contact did not adhere to one another, and they had a friction coefficient μ of 0.1, or lower, at low sliding speed. An interesting loading-unloading hysteresis was observed, with lower friction force on unloading, in particular, when the contact was on a grid line of the patterned samples. This suggests that the patterning locally induced different mechanical properties of the stratum corneum and that its recovery was not immediate on unloading. When one stratum corneum surface slid against a rigid glass surface, the friction coefficient was always higher than that when two stratum corneum surfaces were in contact. At high sliding speed, much higher friction coefficients were found between one stratum corneum surface and a rigid, smooth surface, μ ≥ 1. The results demonstrate that topograpic patterning by imprinting clearly modifies the tribological response of stratum corneum. This approach provides a simple method for exploring the development of biomimetic modifications of skin texture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruting Jin
- Department of Chemistry , University of Massachusetts Lowell , 1 University Avenue , Lowell , Massachusetts 01854 , United States
| | - I-Chien Liao
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation , Clark , New Jersey 07066 , United States
| | | | - Jeanne C Chang
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation , Clark , New Jersey 07066 , United States
| | - Marina Ruths
- Department of Chemistry , University of Massachusetts Lowell , 1 University Avenue , Lowell , Massachusetts 01854 , United States
| | - Gustavo S Luengo
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation , 93600 Aulnay-Sous-Bois , France
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15
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Carpenter G, Bozorgi S, Vladescu S, Forte A, Myant C, Potineni R, Reddyhoff T, Baier S. A study of saliva lubrication using a compliant oral mimic. Food Hydrocoll 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2019.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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16
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Savary G, Gilbert L, Grisel M, Picard C. Instrumental and sensory methodologies to characterize the residual film of topical products applied to skin. Skin Res Technol 2019; 25:415-423. [DOI: 10.1111/srt.12667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Gilbert
- Normandie UnivUNILEHAVREFR 3032CNRSURCOM EA3221 Le Havre France
| | - Michel Grisel
- Normandie UnivUNILEHAVREFR 3032CNRSURCOM EA3221 Le Havre France
| | - Céline Picard
- Normandie UnivUNILEHAVREFR 3032CNRSURCOM EA3221 Le Havre France
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Tactile Perception of Roughness and Hardness to Discriminate Materials by Friction-Induced Vibration. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17122748. [PMID: 29182538 PMCID: PMC5751635 DOI: 10.3390/s17122748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The human fingertip is an exquisitely powerful bio-tactile sensor in perceiving different materials based on various highly-sensitive mechanoreceptors distributed all over the skin. The tactile perception of surface roughness and material hardness can be estimated by skin vibrations generated during a fingertip stroking of a surface instead of being maintained in a static position. Moreover, reciprocating sliding with increasing velocities and pressures are two common behaviors in humans to discriminate different materials, but the question remains as to what the correlation of the sliding velocity and normal load on the tactile perceptions of surface roughness and hardness is for material discrimination. In order to investigate this correlation, a finger-inspired crossed-I beam structure tactile tester has been designed to mimic the anthropic tactile discrimination behaviors. A novel method of characterizing the fast Fourier transform integral (FFT) slope of the vibration acceleration signal generated from fingertip rubbing on surfaces at increasing sliding velocity and normal load, respectively, are defined as kv and kw, and is proposed to discriminate the surface roughness and hardness of different materials. Over eight types of materials were tested, and they proved the capability and advantages of this high tactile-discriminating method. Our study may find applications in investigating humanoid robot perceptual abilities.
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Leyva-Mendivil MF, Lengiewicz J, Page A, Bressloff NW, Limbert G. Skin Microstructure is a Key Contributor to Its Friction Behaviour. TRIBOLOGY LETTERS 2017; 65:12. [PMID: 32009774 PMCID: PMC6961497 DOI: 10.1007/s11249-016-0794-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Due to its multifactorial nature, skin friction remains a multiphysics and multiscale phenomenon poorly understood despite its relevance for many biomedical and engineering applications (from superficial pressure ulcers, through shaving and cosmetics, to automotive safety and sports equipment). For example, it is unclear whether, and in which measure, the skin microscopic surface topography, internal microstructure and associated nonlinear mechanics can condition and modulate skin friction. This study addressed this question through the development of a parametric finite element contact homogenisation procedure which was used to study and quantify the effect of the skin microstructure on the macroscopic skin frictional response. An anatomically realistic two-dimensional image-based multilayer finite element model of human skin was used to simulate the sliding of rigid indenters of various sizes over the skin surface. A corresponding structurally idealised multilayer skin model was also built for comparison purposes. Microscopic friction specified at skin asperity or microrelief level was an input to the finite element computations. From the contact reaction force measured at the sliding indenter, a homogenised (or apparent) macroscopic friction was calculated. Results demonstrated that the naturally complex geometry of the skin microstructure and surface topography alone can play as significant role in modulating the deformation component of macroscopic friction and can significantly increase it. This effect is further amplified as the ground-state Young's modulus of the stratum corneum is increased (for example, as a result of a dryer environment). In these conditions, the skin microstructure is a dominant factor in the deformation component of macroscopic friction, regardless of indenter size or specified local friction properties. When the skin is assumed to be an assembly of nominally flat layers, the resulting global coefficient of friction is reduced with respect to the local one. This seemingly counter-intuitive effect had already been demonstrated in a recent computational study found in the literature. Results also suggest that care should be taken when assigning a coefficient of friction in computer simulations, as it might not reflect the conditions of microscopic and macroscopic friction one intends to represent. The modelling methodology and simulation tools developed in this study go beyond what current analytical models of skin friction can offer: the ability to accommodate arbitrary kinematics (i.e. finite deformations), nonlinear constitutive properties and the complex geometry of the skin microstructural constituents. It was demonstrated how this approach offered a new level of mechanistic insight into plausible friction mechanisms associated with purely structural effects operating at the microscopic scale; the methodology should be viewed as complementary to physical experimental protocols characterising skin friction as it may facilitate the interpretation of observations and measurements and/or could also assist in the design of new experimental quantitative assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria F. Leyva-Mendivil
- National Centre for Advanced Tribology at Southampton (nCATS), Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
- Bioengineering Science Group, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Jakub Lengiewicz
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences (IPPT PAN), ul. Pawinskiego 5B, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anton Page
- Biomedical Imaging Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YDJ UK
| | - Neil W. Bressloff
- Computational Engineering and Design Group, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Georges Limbert
- National Centre for Advanced Tribology at Southampton (nCATS), Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
- Bioengineering Science Group, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, 7935 South Africa
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19
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Ding S, Bhushan B. Tactile perception of skin and skin cream by friction induced vibrations. J Colloid Interface Sci 2016; 481:131-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2016.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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20
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Frederiksen K, Guy RH, Petersson K. The potential of polymeric film-forming systems as sustained delivery platforms for topical drugs. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2015; 13:349-60. [PMID: 26609868 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2016.1124412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dosing regimens requiring multiple daily applications frequently result in poor patient compliance, especially in the treatment of chronic skin diseases. Consequently, development of sustained delivery systems for topical drugs permitting less frequent dosing is of continuing interest for dermatological therapy. AREAS COVERED This potential of polymeric film-forming systems (FFS), created in situ on the skin, as sustained delivery platforms for topical drug delivery is reviewed. Key formulation parameters that determine delivery efficiency are considered focussing on those that permit a drug reservoir to be established in the upper layers of the skin and/or on the skin surface from which release can be sustained over a prolonged period. The advantageous and superior cosmetic attributes of FFS (compared to conventional semi-solid formulations) that offer significantly improved patient compliance are also addressed. EXPERT OPINION The promise of polymeric FFS as convenient and aesthetic platforms for sustained topical drug delivery is clear. Manipulation of the formulation allows the delivery profile to be customized and optimized to take advantage of both a rapid, initial input of drug into the skin (likely due to a transient period of supersaturation) and a slower, controlled release over an extended time from the residual film created thereafter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kit Frederiksen
- a LEO Pharma A/S, Pharmaceutical Technologies , Ballerup , Denmark.,b Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology , University of Bath , Bath , UK
| | - Richard H Guy
- b Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology , University of Bath , Bath , UK
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Vázquez-González ML, Calpena AC, Domènech Ò, Montero MT, Borrell JH. Enhanced topical delivery of hyaluronic acid encapsulated in liposomes: A surface-dependent phenomenon. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 134:31-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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22
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Álvarez-Asencio R, Wallqvist V, Kjellin M, Rutland MW, Camacho A, Nordgren N, Luengo GS. Nanomechanical properties of human skin and introduction of a novel hair indenter. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2015; 54:185-93. [PMID: 26469630 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2015.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The mechanical resistance of the stratum corneum, the outermost layer of skin, to deformation has been evaluated at different length scales using Atomic Force Microscopy. Nanomechanical surface mapping was first conducted using a sharp silicon tip and revealed that Young׳s modulus of the stratum corneum varied over the surface with a mean value of about 0.4GPa. Force indentation measurements showed permanent deformation of the skin surface only at high applied loads (above 4µN). The latter effect was further demonstrated using nanomechanical imaging in which the obtained depth profiles clearly illustrate the effects of increased normal force on the elastic/plastic surface deformation. Force measurements utilizing the single hair fiber probe supported the nanoindentation results of the stratum corneum being highly elastic at the nanoscale, but revealed that the lateral scale of the deformation determines the effective elastic modulus.This result resolves the fact that the reported values in the literature vary greatly and will help to understand the biophysics of the interaction of razor cut hairs that curl back during growth and interact with the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Álvarez-Asencio
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA Nanoscience, c/Faraday 9, Campus Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Viveca Wallqvist
- SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, SP Chemistry, Materials and Surfaces, SE-114 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael Kjellin
- SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, SP Chemistry, Materials and Surfaces, SE-114 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mark W Rutland
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden; SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, SP Chemistry, Materials and Surfaces, SE-114 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Niklas Nordgren
- SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, SP Chemistry, Materials and Surfaces, SE-114 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
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23
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Wagemaker TAL, Rijo P, Rodrigues LM, Maia Campos PMBG, Fernandes AS, Rosado C. Integrated approach in the assessment of skin compatibility of cosmetic formulations with green coffee oil. Int J Cosmet Sci 2015; 37:506-10. [PMID: 25819329 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Green coffee oil (GCO) has been used in cosmetic formulations due to its emollient and anti-ageing properties. However, there are insufficient studies about its safety when applied in cosmetic formulations. METHODS Cytotoxicity of GCO and of formulations containing 2.5-15% of GCO was evaluated by the MTT reduction assay, in human keratinocytes. Formulations containing 15% of GCO and the vehicle were applied under in use conditions in the volar forearm of human volunteers during 3 days. Transepidermal water loss, stratum corneum water content and erythema index were evaluated each 24 h using biophysical techniques. The same formulations were probed for skin tolerance through a patch test. RESULTS Neither pure GCO nor its formulations showed cytotoxic effects in concentrations up to 100 μg mL(-1) . Transepidermal water loss values showed a slight reduction when the formulation containing GCO was applied. Stratum corneum water content and erythema index did not show significant differences, as the results observed in the first day of the study were maintained throughout 3 days. None of the volunteers display any reaction after using an occlusive patch. CONCLUSION The results obtained in the study indicate that GCO seems to be safe for topical applications and showed good skin compatibility under the experimental conditions of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A L Wagemaker
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,CBIOS, Universidade Lusófona Research Center in Biosciences & Health Technologies, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - P Rijo
- CBIOS, Universidade Lusófona Research Center in Biosciences & Health Technologies, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - L M Rodrigues
- CBIOS, Universidade Lusófona Research Center in Biosciences & Health Technologies, Lisboa, Portugal.,Pharmacological Sciences Department, School of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - P M B G Maia Campos
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - A S Fernandes
- CBIOS, Universidade Lusófona Research Center in Biosciences & Health Technologies, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - C Rosado
- CBIOS, Universidade Lusófona Research Center in Biosciences & Health Technologies, Lisboa, Portugal
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Frederiksen K, Guy RH, Petersson K. Formulation considerations in the design of topical, polymeric film-forming systems for sustained drug delivery to the skin. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 91:9-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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25
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Chen S, Ge S, Tang W, Zhang J. Effect of friction on vibrotactile sensation of normal and dehydrated skin. Skin Res Technol 2015; 22:25-31. [PMID: 25782864 DOI: 10.1111/srt.12224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vibrotactile sensation mediated is highly dependent on surface mechanical and frictional properties. Dehydration of skin could change these properties. OBJECTIVES To investigate the relationship between friction and vibrotactile sensation of normal and dehydrated skin. METHODS Vibrations were firstly measured during surface exploration using a biomimetic sensor. Piglet skin was used as human skin model to study frictional properties for both normal and dehydrated skin using an atomic force microscope on nanoscale and a pin-on-disk tribometer on macroscale. Effect of vibrational frequency on friction and vibrotactile perception was also observed on nano and macro scale for normal and dehydrated skin. RESULTS The result indicated that dehydrated skin was less sensitive than normal skin. The coefficient of friction of dehydrated skin is smaller than that of normal skin on both nano and macro scale. The coefficient of friction increases as increasing scanning frequencies. CONCLUSION There is a positive correlation between coefficient of friction and vibrotactile sensation on nanoscale and macroscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chen
- School of Mechatronic Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - S Ge
- School of Mechatronic Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - W Tang
- School of Mechatronic Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - J Zhang
- School of Mechatronic Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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26
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Skedung L, Buraczewska-Norin I, Dawood N, Rutland MW, Ringstad L. Tactile friction of topical formulations. Skin Res Technol 2015; 22:46-54. [DOI: 10.1111/srt.12227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Skedung
- SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden; Stockholm Sweden
- Surface and Corrosion Science; KTH Royal Institute of Technology; Stockholm Sweden
| | | | - N. Dawood
- Omega Pharma Nordic; Kista Sweden
- Department of Pharmacy; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - M. W. Rutland
- SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden; Stockholm Sweden
- Surface and Corrosion Science; KTH Royal Institute of Technology; Stockholm Sweden
| | - L. Ringstad
- SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden; Stockholm Sweden
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27
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Winnicka K, Wroblewska M, Sosnowska K, Car H, Kasacka I. Evaluation of cationic polyamidoamine dendrimers' dermal toxicity in the rat skin model. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2015; 9:1367-77. [PMID: 25834395 PMCID: PMC4357618 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s78336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers are multi-branched, three-dimensional polymers with unique architecture, which makes these molecules attractive for medical and pharmaceutical applications. Using PAMAM as drug carriers for topical delivery might be beneficial as they only produce a transient effect without skin irritation. To evaluate the dermal toxicity of cationic PAMAM dendrimers generation 2 and generation 3, skin irritation studies were performed in vivo in the rat skin model. After 10 days topical application of various concentrations of PAMAM-NH2 (0.3 mg/mL, 3 mg/mL, 6 mg/mL, 30 mg/mL, 300 mg/mL), skin irritation was evaluated by visual, histopathological, and immunohistochemical examination. Microscopic assessment after hematoxylin-eosin staining revealed significant morphological changes of epidermal cells after application of PAMAM-NH2 at a concentration of ≥6 mg/mL. Morphological alterations of epidermal cells included cytoplasmic vacuolization of keratinocytes in the basal and spinous layers. Cytomorphological changes in keratinocytes, overall picture of the epidermis, and histopathological changes in the dermis were dose dependent. Detected alterations concerned hyperplasia of connective tissue fibers and leukocyte infiltration. Visible granulocyte infiltration in the upper dermis and sockets formed by necrotic, cornified cells in the hyperplastic foci of epithelium were also noted. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed that increased nuclear immunoreactivity to PCNA correlated with the concentration of PAMAM-NH2, but no significant differences in the cell proliferation activity in skin treated with PAMAM-NH2 generation 2 or generation 3 were observed. Significantly higher expression of PCNA extended throughout the skin layers might suggest abnormal cell proliferation, which, as a consequence, might even lead to neoplastic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Winnicka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Magdalena Wroblewska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Sosnowska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Halina Car
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Irena Kasacka
- Department of Histology and Cytophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
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28
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Xie Y, Fan C, Dong Y, Lynam E, Leavesley DI, Li K, Su Y, Yang Y, Upton Z. Functional and mechanistic investigation of Shikonin in scarring. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 228:18-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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29
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Mechanical Properties of Stratum Corneum in Glycerin Solution by Atomic Force Microscopy. E-JOURNAL OF SURFACE SCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2015.461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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30
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Krawczyk J. Surface free energy of the human skin and its critical surface tension of wetting in the skin/surfactant aqueous solution/air system. Skin Res Technol 2014; 21:214-23. [DOI: 10.1111/srt.12179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Krawczyk
- Department of Interfacial Phenomena of Chemistry; Maria Curie-Skłodowska University; Lublin Poland
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31
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Jee T, Komvopoulos K. In vitro investigation of skin damage due to microscale shearing. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013; 102:4078-86. [PMID: 24323557 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Despite several studies dealing with the mechanical and tribological properties of skin, the majority of these investigations have been performed at macroscopic levels. However, because of the multilayer structure of skin, it is necessary to perform studies at microscopic scales to reveal the effect of individual layer constituents on the overall skin response to mechanical stimuli. To bridge the gap in knowledge of the micromechanical behavior of skin, a custom-made mechanical tester, optical microscopy, and cross-sectional histology were used to examine the deformation and tribological behavior of porcine skin subjected to various normal and shear loadings. Representative friction and wear results of skin tested under unidirectional and reciprocating (cyclic) shearing (scratching) conditions are interpreted in terms of the scratching speed, normal load, and number of scratch cycles to illustrate the effects of stratum corneum, cellular epidermis, and dermis on the friction and wear characteristics of skin. Depending on the normal load and scratch time (cycles), different friction mechanisms (i.e., adhesion, plowing, and squeeze-film lubrication) and wear mechanisms (i.e., surface plasticity/plowing, bulk shearing, cohesive failure, tearing, and delamination) were found to control shear-induced skin damage. The results of this study provide insight into microscale friction and wear processes influencing the mechanical response of skin subjected to normal and shear surface tractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taekwon Jee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720
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Chen S, Bhushan B. Nanomechanical and nanotribological characterization of two synthetic skins with and without skin cream treatment using atomic force microscopy. J Colloid Interface Sci 2013; 398:247-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2013.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Bhushan B, Chen S, Ge S. Friction and durability of virgin and damaged skin with and without skin cream treatment using atomic force microscopy. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 3:731-746. [PMID: 23213637 PMCID: PMC3512123 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.3.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Skin can be damaged by the environment easily. Skin cream is an effective and rapid way to moisten the skin by changing the skin surface properties. Rat skin and pig skin are common animal models for studies and were used as skin samples in this study. The nano- and macroscale friction and durability of damaged skin were measured and compared with those of virgin (intact/undamaged) skin. The effect of skin cream on friction and durability of damaged and virgin skin samples is discussed. The effects of velocity, normal load, relative humidity and number of cycles were studied. The nanoscale studies were performed by using atomic force microscope (AFM), and macroscale studies were performed by using a pin-on-disk (POD) reciprocating tribometer. It was found that damaged skin has different mechanical properties, surface roughness, contact angle, friction and durability compared to that of virgin skin. But similar changes occur after skin cream treatment. Rat and pig skin show similar trends in friction and durability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Bhushan
- Nanoprobe Laboratory for Bio- & Nanotechnology and Biomimetics, The Ohio State University, 201 W 19th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Si Chen
- Nanoprobe Laboratory for Bio- & Nanotechnology and Biomimetics, The Ohio State University, 201 W 19th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210 USA
- Institute of Tribology and Reliability Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116 China
| | - Shirong Ge
- Institute of Tribology and Reliability Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116 China
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Amca AM, Vigouroux L, Aritan S, Berton E. The effect of chalk on the finger–hold friction coefficient in rock climbing. Sports Biomech 2012; 11:473-9. [DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2012.724700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Grant C, Twigg P, Tobin D. Static and dynamic nanomechanical properties of human skin tissue using atomic force microscopy: effect of scarring in the upper dermis. Acta Biomater 2012; 8:4123-9. [PMID: 22771457 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Following traumatic injury, skin has the capacity to repair itself through a complex cascade of biochemical change. The dermis, which contains a load-bearing collagenous network structure, is remodelled over a long period of time, affecting its mechanical behaviour. This study examines the nanomechanical and viscoelastic properties of the upper dermis from human skin that includes both healthy intact and scarred tissue. Extensive nanoindentation analysis shows that the dermal scar tissue exhibits stiffer behaviour than the healthy intact skin. The scar skin also shows weaker viscoelastic creep and capability to dissipate energy at physiologically relevant frequencies than the adjacent intact skin. These results are discussed in conjunction with a visual change in the orientation of collagenous fibrils in the scarred dermis compared with normal dermis, as shown by atomic force microscopy imaging.
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Timm K, Myant C, Nuguid H, Spikes H, Grunze M. Investigation of friction and perceived skin feel after application of suspensions of various cosmetic powders. Int J Cosmet Sci 2012; 34:458-65. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2494.2012.00734.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - C. Myant
- Tribology Group; Department of Mechanical Engineering; Imperial College; London; SW7 2AZ; U.K
| | - H. Nuguid
- Beiersdorf AG, Research & Development; Unnastraße 48; 20245; Hamburg; Germany
| | - H.A. Spikes
- Tribology Group; Department of Mechanical Engineering; Imperial College; London; SW7 2AZ; U.K
| | - M. Grunze
- Angewandte Physikalische Chemie; Universität Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 253; Heidelberg; Germany
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Bhushan B. Nanotribological and nanomechanical properties of skin with and without cream treatment using atomic force microscopy and nanoindentation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2012; 367:1-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2011.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Cong Y, Cheung JTM, Leung AKL, Zhang M. Effect of heel height on in-shoe localized triaxial stresses. J Biomech 2011; 44:2267-72. [PMID: 21705002 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2011.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal and excessive plantar pressure and shear are potential risk factors for high-heeled related foot problems, such as forefoot pain, hallux valgus deformity and calluses. Plantar shear stresses could be of particular importance with an inclined supporting surface of high-heeled shoe. This study aimed to investigate the contact pressures and shear stresses simultaneously between plantar foot and high-heeled shoe over five major weightbearing regions: hallux, heel, first, second and fourth metatarsal heads, using in-shoe triaxial force transducers. During both standing and walking, peak pressure and shear stress shifted from the lateral to the medial forefoot as the heel height increased from 30 to 70mm. Heel height elevation had a greater influence on peak shear than peak pressure. The increase in peak shear was up to 119% during walking, which was about five times that of peak pressure. With increasing heel height, peak posterolateral shear over the hallux at midstance increased, whereas peak pressure at push-off decreased. The increased posterolateral shear could be a contributing factor to hallux deformity. It was found that there were differences in the location and time of occurrence between in-shoe peak pressure and peak shear. In addition, there were significant differences in time of occurrence for the double-peak loading pattern between the resultant horizontal ground reaction force peaks and in-shoe localized peak shears. The abnormal and drastic increase of in-shoe shear stresses might be a critical risk factor for shoe-related foot disorders. In-shoe triaxial stresses should therefore be considered to help in designing proper footwear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cong
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Polyakov P, Soussen C, Duan J, Duval JFL, Brie D, Francius G. Automated force volume image processing for biological samples. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18887. [PMID: 21559483 PMCID: PMC3084721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has now become a powerful technique for investigating on a molecular level, surface forces, nanomechanical properties of deformable particles, biomolecular interactions, kinetics, and dynamic processes. This paper specifically focuses on the analysis of AFM force curves collected on biological systems, in particular, bacteria. The goal is to provide fully automated tools to achieve theoretical interpretation of force curves on the basis of adequate, available physical models. In this respect, we propose two algorithms, one for the processing of approach force curves and another for the quantitative analysis of retraction force curves. In the former, electrostatic interactions prior to contact between AFM probe and bacterium are accounted for and mechanical interactions operating after contact are described in terms of Hertz-Hooke formalism. Retraction force curves are analyzed on the basis of the Freely Jointed Chain model. For both algorithms, the quantitative reconstruction of force curves is based on the robust detection of critical points (jumps, changes of slope or changes of curvature) which mark the transitions between the various relevant interactions taking place between the AFM tip and the studied sample during approach and retraction. Once the key regions of separation distance and indentation are detected, the physical parameters describing the relevant interactions operating in these regions are extracted making use of regression procedure for fitting experiments to theory. The flexibility, accuracy and strength of the algorithms are illustrated with the processing of two force-volume images, which collect a large set of approach and retraction curves measured on a single biological surface. For each force-volume image, several maps are generated, representing the spatial distribution of the searched physical parameters as estimated for each pixel of the force-volume image.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Polyakov
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement, LCPME, UMR 7564, Nancy-Université, CNRS, Vandoeuvre lès Nancy, France
| | - Charles Soussen
- Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy, CRAN, UMR 7039, Nancy-Université, CNRS, Vandoeuvre lès Nancy, France
| | - Junbo Duan
- Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy, CRAN, UMR 7039, Nancy-Université, CNRS, Vandoeuvre lès Nancy, France
| | - Jérôme F. L. Duval
- Laboratoire Environnement et Minéralurgie, LEM, UMR 7569, Nancy-Université, CNRS, Vandoeuvre lès Nancy, France
| | - David Brie
- Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy, CRAN, UMR 7039, Nancy-Université, CNRS, Vandoeuvre lès Nancy, France
- * E-mail: (GF); (DB)
| | - Grégory Francius
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement, LCPME, UMR 7564, Nancy-Université, CNRS, Vandoeuvre lès Nancy, France
- * E-mail: (GF); (DB)
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Bhushan B, Tang W. Surface, tribological, and mechanical characterization of synthetic skins for tribological applications in cosmetic science. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.33340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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TANG W, BHUSHAN B, GE S. Friction, adhesion and durability and influence of humidity on adhesion and surface charging of skin and various skin creams using atomic force microscopy. J Microsc 2010; 239:99-116. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2818.2009.03362.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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