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Sofiah AGN, Pasupuleti J, Samykano M, Kadirgama K, Koh SP, Tiong SK, Pandey AK, Yaw CT, Natarajan SK. Harnessing Nature's Ingenuity: A Comprehensive Exploration of Nanocellulose from Production to Cutting-Edge Applications in Engineering and Sciences. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3044. [PMID: 37514434 PMCID: PMC10385464 DOI: 10.3390/polym15143044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary material supply is the heart of engineering and sciences. The depletion of natural resources and an increase in the human population by a billion in 13 to 15 years pose a critical concern regarding the sustainability of these materials; therefore, functionalizing renewable materials, such as nanocellulose, by possibly exploiting their properties for various practical applications, has been undertaken worldwide. Nanocellulose has emerged as a dominant green natural material with attractive and tailorable physicochemical properties, is renewable and sustainable, and shows biocompatibility and tunable surface properties. Nanocellulose is derived from cellulose, the most abundant polymer in nature with the remarkable properties of nanomaterials. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the methods used for nanocellulose preparation, structure-property and structure-property correlations, and the application of nanocellulose and its nanocomposite materials. This article differentiates the classification of nanocellulose, provides a brief account of the production methods that have been developed for isolating nanocellulose, highlights a range of unique properties of nanocellulose that have been extracted from different kinds of experiments and studies, and elaborates on nanocellulose potential applications in various areas. The present review is anticipated to provide the readers with the progress and knowledge related to nanocellulose. Pushing the boundaries of nanocellulose further into cutting-edge applications will be of particular interest in the future, especially as cost-effective commercial sources of nanocellulose continue to emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jagadeesh Pasupuleti
- Institute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mahendran Samykano
- Centre for Research in Advanced Fluid and Processes, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Gambang 26300, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Kumaran Kadirgama
- Centre for Research in Advanced Fluid and Processes, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Gambang 26300, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Siaw Paw Koh
- Institute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sieh Kieh Tiong
- Institute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Adarsh Kumar Pandey
- Research Centre for Nano-Materials and Energy Technology (RCNMET), School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, No. 5, Bandar Sunway, Petaling Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
- Center for Transdiciplinary Research (CFTR), Saveetha University, Chennai 602105, India
| | - Chong Tak Yaw
- Institute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sendhil Kumar Natarajan
- Solar Energy Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Puducherry, University of Puducherry, Karaikal 609609, India
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Choi SM, Rao KM, Zo SM, Shin EJ, Han SS. Bacterial Cellulose and Its Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14061080. [PMID: 35335411 PMCID: PMC8949969 DOI: 10.3390/polym14061080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The sharp increase in the use of cellulose seems to be in increasing demand in wood; much more research related to sustainable or alternative materials is necessary as a lot of the arable land and natural resources use is unsustainable. In accordance, attention has focused on bacterial cellulose as a new functional material. It possesses a three-dimensional, gelatinous structure consisting of cellulose with mechanical and thermal properties. Moreover, while a plant-originated cellulose is composed of cellulose, hemi-cellulose, and lignin, bacterial cellulose attributable to the composition of a pure cellulose nanofiber mesh spun is not necessary in the elimination of other components. Moreover, due to its hydrophilic nature caused by binding water, consequently being a hydrogel as well as biocompatibility, it has only not only used in medical fields including artificial skin, cartilage, vessel, and wound dressing, but also in delivery; some products have even been commercialized. In addition, it is widely used in various technologies including food, paper, textile, electronic and electrical applications, and is being considered as a highly versatile green material with tremendous potential. However, many efforts have been conducted for the evolution of novel and sophisticated materials with environmental affinity, which accompany the empowerment and enhancement of specific properties. In this review article, we summarized only industry and research status regarding BC and contemplated its potential in the use of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon Mo Choi
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeung-Nam University, Gyengsan-si 38541, Korea;
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeung-Nam University, Gyengsan-si 38541, Korea; (K.M.R.); (S.M.Z.)
| | - Kummara Madhusudana Rao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeung-Nam University, Gyengsan-si 38541, Korea; (K.M.R.); (S.M.Z.)
| | - Sun Mi Zo
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeung-Nam University, Gyengsan-si 38541, Korea; (K.M.R.); (S.M.Z.)
| | - Eun Joo Shin
- Department of Organic Materials and Polymer Engineering, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
- Correspondence: (E.J.S.); (S.S.H.); Tel.: +82-51-2007343 (E.J.S.); +82-53-8103892 (S.S.H.); Fax: +82-51-2007540 (E.J.S.); +82-53-8104686 (S.S.H.)
| | - Sung Soo Han
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeung-Nam University, Gyengsan-si 38541, Korea;
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeung-Nam University, Gyengsan-si 38541, Korea; (K.M.R.); (S.M.Z.)
- Correspondence: (E.J.S.); (S.S.H.); Tel.: +82-51-2007343 (E.J.S.); +82-53-8103892 (S.S.H.); Fax: +82-51-2007540 (E.J.S.); +82-53-8104686 (S.S.H.)
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Kanu NJ, Bapat S, Deodhar H, Gupta E, Singh GK, Vates UK, Verma GC, Pandey V. An Insight into Processing and Properties of Smart Carbon Nanotubes Reinforced Nanocomposites. SMART SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/23080477.2021.1972913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nand Jee Kanu
- Mechanical Engineering, S. V. National Institute of Technology, Surat, India
- Mechanical Engineering, JSPM Narhe Technical Campus, Pune, India
| | - Saurabh Bapat
- Mechanical Engineering, JSPM Narhe Technical Campus, Pune, India
| | - Harshad Deodhar
- Mechanical Engineering, JSPM Narhe Technical Campus, Pune, India
| | - Eva Gupta
- Electrical Engineering, ASET, Amity University, Noida, India
- Electrical Engineering, TSSM’s Bhivrabai Sawant College of Engineering and Research, Pune, India
| | - Gyanendra Kumar Singh
- Mechanical Design and Manufacturing Engineering, Adama Science and Technology University, Adama, Ethiopia
| | | | - Girish C. Verma
- Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
| | - Vivek Pandey
- Thermal and Aerospace Engineering, Adama Science and Technology University, Adama, Ethiopia
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Tayeb P, H Tayeb A. Nanocellulose applications in sustainable electrochemical and piezoelectric systems: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 224:115149. [PMID: 31472850 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies advocate the use of cellulose nanomaterials (CNs) as a sustainable carbohydrate polymer in numerous innovative electronics for their quintessential features such as flexibility, low thermal expansion and self-/directed assembly within multiphase matrices. Herein, we review the contemporary advances in CN-built electrochemical systems and highlight the constructive effects of these nanoscopic entities once engineered in conductive composites, proton exchange membranes (PEMs), electrochromics, energy storage devices and piezoelectric sensors. The adopted strategies and designs are discussed in view of CN roles as copolymer, electrolyte reservoir, binder and separator. Finally, physiochemical attributes and durability of resulting architectures are compared to conventional materials and the possible challenges/solutions are delineated to realize the promising capabilities. The volume of the up-to-present literature in the field indeed implies to nanocellulose overriding importance and the presented angles perhaps shed more lights on prospect of the biosphere's most dominant biomaterial in the energy-related arena that deserve attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pegah Tayeb
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Ali H Tayeb
- School of Forest Resources, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA; Advanced Structures and Composites Center, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA.
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Kim JH, Hwang JY, Hwang HR, Kim HS, Lee JH, Seo JW, Shin US, Lee SH. Simple and cost-effective method of highly conductive and elastic carbon nanotube/polydimethylsiloxane composite for wearable electronics. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1375. [PMID: 29358581 PMCID: PMC5778073 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18209-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of various flexible and stretchable materials has attracted interest for promising applications in biomedical engineering and electronics industries. This interest in wearable electronics, stretchable circuits, and flexible displays has created a demand for stable, easily manufactured, and cheap materials. However, the construction of flexible and elastic electronics, on which commercial electronic components can be mounted through simple and cost-effective processing, remains challenging. We have developed a nanocomposite of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomer. To achieve uniform distributions of CNTs within the polymer, an optimized dispersion process was developed using isopropyl alcohol (IPA) and methyl-terminated PDMS in combination with ultrasonication. After vaporizing the IPA, various shapes and sizes can be easily created with the nanocomposite, depending on the mold. The material provides high flexibility, elasticity, and electrical conductivity without requiring a sandwich structure. It is also biocompatible and mechanically stable, as demonstrated by cytotoxicity assays and cyclic strain tests (over 10,000 times). We demonstrate the potential for the healthcare field through strain sensor, flexible electric circuits, and biopotential measurements such as EEG, ECG, and EMG. This simple and cost-effective fabrication method for CNT/PDMS composites provides a promising process and material for various applications of wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hun Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Young Hwang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea. .,International Carbon Research Institute, Korea Institute of Carbon Convergence Technology 110-11 Banryong-ro Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, 54853, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ha Ryeon Hwang
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Seop Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong Hoon Lee
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Won Seo
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 Plus NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Ueon Sang Shin
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 Plus NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hoon Lee
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
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Kim D, Park S, Jo I, Kim SM, Kang DH, Cho SP, Park JB, Hong BH, Yoon MH. Multiscale Modulation of Nanocrystalline Cellulose Hydrogel via Nanocarbon Hybridization for 3D Neuronal Bilayer Formation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13:1700331. [PMID: 28544680 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201700331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial biopolymers have drawn much attention owing to their unconventional three-dimensional structures and interesting functions, which are closely integrated with bacterial physiology. The nongenetic modulation of bacterial (Acetobacter xylinum) cellulose synthesis via nanocarbon hybridization, and its application to the emulation of layered neuronal tissue, is reported. The controlled dispersion of graphene oxide (GO) nanoflakes into bacterial cellulose (BC) culture media not only induces structural changes within a crystalline cellulose nanofibril, but also modulates their 3D collective association, leading to substantial reduction in Young's modulus (≈50%) and clear definition of water-hydrogel interfaces. Furthermore, real-time investigation of 3D neuronal networks constructed in this GO-incorporated BC hydrogel with broken chiral nematic ordering revealed the vertical locomotion of growth cones, the accelerated neurite outgrowth (≈100 µm per day) with reduced backward travel length, and the efficient formation of synaptic connectivity with distinct axonal bifurcation abundancy at the ≈750 µm outgrowth from a cell body. In comparison with the pristine BC, GO-BC supports the formation of well-defined neuronal bilayer networks with flattened interfacial profiles and vertical axonal outgrowth, apparently emulating the neuronal development in vivo. We envisioned that our findings may contribute to various applications of engineered BC hydrogel to fundamental neurobiology studies and neural engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyoon Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 65001, Republic of Korea
| | - Subeom Park
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Insu Jo
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Min Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 65001, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hee Kang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 65001, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Pyo Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- National Center for Inter-University Research Facilities, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Bo Park
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Hee Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Han Yoon
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 65001, Republic of Korea
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Flexible conductive nanocellulose combined with silicon nanoparticles and polyaniline. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 140:43-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Yu C, Chen Q, Wang A, Zhou X, Wu S, Ran Q. Improved dispersibility of multi-wall carbon nanotubes with reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymer modification. POLYM INT 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chenfei Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 China
| | - Qiang Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 China
| | - Anqi Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 China
| | - Xi Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 China
| | - Shishan Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 China
| | - Qianping Ran
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Civil Engineering Materials; Jiangsu Research Institute of Building Science; Nanjing 210008 China
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Qiang Z, Liang G, Gu A, Yuan L. Preparation of End-Capped Hyperbranched Polyaniline@Carbon Nanotube Hybrids for High-k Composites with Extremely Low Percolation Threshold and Dielectric Loss. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie404419p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiang Qiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of
Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical
Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Guozheng Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of
Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical
Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Aijuan Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of
Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical
Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Li Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of
Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical
Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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Kim J, Kim SW, Park S, Lim KT, Seonwoo H, Kim Y, Hong BH, Choung YH, Chung JH. Bacterial cellulose nanofibrillar patch as a wound healing platform of tympanic membrane perforation. Adv Healthc Mater 2013; 2:1525-31. [PMID: 23554356 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201200368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial cellulose (BC)-based biomaterials on medical device platforms have gained significant interest for tissue-engineered scaffolds or engraftment materials in regenerative medicine. In particular, BC has an ultrafine and highly pure nanofibril network structure and can be used as an efficient wound-healing platform since cell migration into a wound site is strongly meditated by the structural properties of the extracellular matrix. Here, the fabrication of a nanofibrillar patch by using BC and its application as a new wound-healing platform for traumatic tympanic membrane (TM) perforation is reported. TM perforation is a very common clinical problem worldwide and presents as conductive hearing loss and chronic perforations. The BC nanofibrillar patch can be synthesized from Gluconacetobacter xylinus; it is found that the patch contained a network of nanofibrils and is transparent. The thickness of the BC nanofibrillar patch is found to be approximately 10.33 ± 0.58 μm, and the tensile strength and Young's modulus of the BC nanofibrillar patch are 11.85 ± 2.43 and 11.90 ± 0.48 MPa, respectively, satisfying the requirements of an ideal wound-healing platform for TM regeneration. In vitro studies involving TM cells show that TM cell proliferation and migration are stimulated under the guidance of the BC nanofibrillar patch. In vivo animal studies demonstrate that the BC nanofibrillar patch promotes the rate of TM healing as well as aids in the recovery of TM function. These data demonstrate that the BC nanofibrillar patch is a useful wound-healing platform for TM perforation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jangho Kim
- Department of Biosystems & Biomaterials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742 Republic of Korea
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Lacerda PSS, Barros-Timmons AMMV, Freire CSR, Silvestre AJD, Neto CP. Nanostructured composites obtained by ATRP sleeving of bacterial cellulose nanofibers with acrylate polymers. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:2063-73. [PMID: 23692287 DOI: 10.1021/bm400432b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Novel nanostructured composite materials based on bacterial cellulose membranes (BC) and acrylate polymers were prepared by in situ atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). BC membranes were functionalized with initiating sites, by reaction with 2-bromoisobutyryl bromide (BiBBr), followed by atom transfer radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and n-butyl acrylate (BA), catalyzed by copper(I) bromide and N,N,N',N″,N″-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA), using two distinct initiator amounts and monomer feeds. The living characteristic of the system was proven by the growth of PBA block from the BC-g-PMMA membrane. The BC nanofiber sleeving was clearly demonstrated by SEM imaging, and its extent can be tuned by controlling the amount of initiating sites and the monomer feed. The ensuing nanocomposites showed high hydrophobicity (contact angles with water up to 134°), good thermal stability (initial degradation temperature in the range 241-275 °C), and were more flexible that the unmodified BC membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula S S Lacerda
- CICECO and Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro , Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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