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Viegas S, Marinheiro D, Bastos V, Daniel-da-Silva AL, Vieira R, Oliveira H, Almeida JC, Ferreira BJML. Resveratrol-Loaded Polydimethylsiloxane-Silica Hybrid Materials: Synthesis, Characterization, and Antitumoral Activity. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:879. [PMID: 38611137 PMCID: PMC11013690 DOI: 10.3390/polym16070879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
In this work, hybrid materials within the polydimethylsiloxane-silica (PDMS-SiO2) system, synthesized via the sol-gel method, were developed and characterized for their potential to incorporate and release the bioactive compound resveratrol (RES). RES was incorporated into the materials with a high loading efficiency (>75%) using the rotary evaporator technique. This incorporation induced the amorphization of RES, resulting in enhanced solubility and in vitro release when compared to the free polyphenolic compound. The release profiles displayed pH dependence, exhibiting notably faster release at pH 5.2 compared to pH 7.4. The gradual release of RES over time demonstrated an initial time lag of approximately 4 h, being well described by the Weibull model. In vitro cytotoxicity studies were conducted on human osteosarcoma cells (MG-63), revealing a concentration-dependent decrease in cell viability for RES-loaded samples (for concentrations >50 µg mL-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Viegas
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Diogo Marinheiro
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Verónica Bastos
- Department of Biology, CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal (H.O.)
| | - Ana L. Daniel-da-Silva
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Vieira
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Helena Oliveira
- Department of Biology, CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal (H.O.)
| | - José Carlos Almeida
- Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Bárbara J. M. L. Ferreira
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Carrozza D, Ferrari E, Malavasi G. Very Large Pore Mesoporous Bioactive Silicate Glasses: Comparison of Behavior toward Classical Mesoporous Bioactive Glasses in Terms of Drug Loading/Release and Bioactivity. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:373. [PMID: 38255541 PMCID: PMC10820009 DOI: 10.3390/ma17020373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Considering the increase in patients who suffer from osteoporosis and the bone defects that occur in these patients, bone tissue regeneration is a promising option to solve this problem. To achieve a synergistic effect between the synthesis of a proper structure and bioactive/pharmaceutical activity, ions with a physiological effect can be added to silica structures, such as Ca2+, thanks to its bioactive behavior, and Ga3+ for its antibacterial and anticancer action. In this work, the synthesis of large pore mesoporous silica (LPMS), potential bioactive glasses containing Ca2+ and Ga3+, has been studied. Corresponding structures, in terms of composition, have been synthesized following the Sol-Gel EISA (Evaporation Induced Self-Assembly) process (obtaining Classical Mesoporous Silica, MS). Pore structure characterization of LPMSs and MSs has been performed using N2 adsorption/desorption and Hg-porosimetry, showing the presence of pores for LPMSs in the range of 20-60 and 200-600 nm. Nisin, a polycyclic antibacterial peptide, has been used for load tests. The load and release tests performed highlight a higher loading and releasing, doubled for LPMSs if compared to MSs. To confirm the maintenance of the structure of LPMSs and their mechanical strength and resistance, scanning electron microscopy images were acquired before and after release tests. Ca and Ga release in SBF has been studied through inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), showing a particularly high release of these ions performed with LPMSs. The bioactive behavior of Ca-containing structures has been confirmed using FT-IR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy), SEM-EDS (Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy), and X-ray powder diffraction (XRDP). In conclusion, LPMSs showed better loading and releasing properties compared with classical MS and better release in terms of active ions. In addition, it has also been demonstrated that LPMSs have bioactive behavior (a well-known characteristic of MSs).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gianluca Malavasi
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy; (D.C.); (E.F.)
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Dey N, Santhiya D, Das A. One‐Pot Synthesis of Doxorubicin‐Bioactive Glass‐Ceramic Hybrid Nanoparticles through a Bio‐Inspired Route for Anti‐Cancer Therapy. ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202203664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Namit Dey
- Department of Biotechnology Delhi Technological University Shahbad Daulatpur Delhi-110042 India
- Department of Biotechnology Delhi Technological University Shahbad Daulatpur Delhi-110042 India
| | - Deenan Santhiya
- Department of Applied Chemistry Delhi Technological University Shahbad Daulatpur Delhi-110042 India
| | - Asmita Das
- Department of Biotechnology Delhi Technological University Shahbad Daulatpur Delhi-110042 India
- Department of Biotechnology Delhi Technological University Shahbad Daulatpur Delhi-110042 India
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Trzeciak K, Chotera-Ouda A, Bak-Sypien II, Potrzebowski MJ. Mesoporous Silica Particles as Drug Delivery Systems-The State of the Art in Loading Methods and the Recent Progress in Analytical Techniques for Monitoring These Processes. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13070950. [PMID: 34202794 PMCID: PMC8309060 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13070950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional administration of drugs is limited by poor water solubility, low permeability, and mediocre targeting. Safe and effective delivery of drugs and therapeutic agents remains a challenge, especially for complex therapies, such as cancer treatment, pain management, heart failure medication, among several others. Thus, delivery systems designed to improve the pharmacokinetics of loaded molecules, and allowing controlled release and target specific delivery, have received considerable attention in recent years. The last two decades have seen a growing interest among scientists and the pharmaceutical industry in mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) as drug delivery systems (DDS). This interest is due to the unique physicochemical properties, including high loading capacity, excellent biocompatibility, and easy functionalization. In this review, we discuss the current state of the art related to the preparation of drug-loaded MSNs and their analysis, focusing on the newest advancements, and highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of different methods. Finally, we provide a concise outlook for the remaining challenges in the field.
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Odrobińska J, Skonieczna M, Neugebauer D. Micellar Carriers of Active Substances Based on Amphiphilic PEG/PDMS Heterograft Copolymers: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Safe Use on Skin. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031202. [PMID: 33530445 PMCID: PMC7865956 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphiphilic copolymers containing polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and polyethylene glycol methyl ether (MPEG) were obtained via an azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction between alkyne-functionalized copolymer of MPEG methacrylate and azide-functionalized PDMS. “Click” reactions were carried out with an efficiency of 33–47% increasing grafting degrees. The grafted copolymers were able to carry out the micellization and encapsulation of active substances, such as vitamin C (VitC), ferulic acid (FA) and arginine (ARG) with drug loading content (DLC) in the range of 2–68% (VitC), and 51–89% (FA or ARG). In vitro release studies (phosphate buffer saline, PBS; pH = 7.4 or 5.5) demonstrated that the maximum release of active substances was mainly after 1–2 h. The permeability of released active substances through membrane mimicking skin evaluated by transdermal tests in Franz diffusion cells indicated slight diffusion into the solution (2–16%) and their remaining in the membrane. Studies on the selected carrier with FA showed no negative effect on cell viability, proliferation capacity or senescence, as well as cell apoptosis/necrosis differences or cell cycle interruption in comparison with control cells. These results indicated that the presented micellar systems are good candidates for carriers of cosmetic substances according to physicochemical characterization and biological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Odrobińska
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Skonieczna
- Department of Systems Biology and Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 16, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
- Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Dorota Neugebauer
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
- Correspondence:
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Ali SH, Emran MY, Gomaa H. Rice Husk-Derived Nanomaterials for Potential Applications. WASTE RECYCLING TECHNOLOGIES FOR NANOMATERIALS MANUFACTURING 2021:541-588. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-68031-2_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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7
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Szewczyk A, Skwira A, Ginter M, Tajer D, Prokopowicz M. Microwave-Assisted Fabrication of Mesoporous Silica-Calcium Phosphate Composites for Dental Application. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 13:E53. [PMID: 33375650 PMCID: PMC7796352 DOI: 10.3390/polym13010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, the microwave-assisted wet precipitation method was used to obtain materials consisting of mesoporous silica (SBA-15) and calcium orthophosphates (CaP). Composites were prepared through immersion of mesoporous silica in different calcification coating solutions and then exposed to microwave radiation. The composites were characterized in terms of molecular structure, crystallinity, morphology, chemical composition, and mineralization potential by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). The application of microwave irradiation resulted in the formation of different types of calcium orthophosphates such as calcium deficient hydroxyapatite (CDHA), octacalcium phosphate (OCP), and amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) on the SBA-15 surface, depending on the type of coating solution. The composites for which the progressive formation of hydroxyapatite during incubation in simulated body fluid was observed were further used in the production of final pharmaceutical forms: membranes, granules, and pellets. All of the obtained pharmaceutical forms preserved mineralization properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Szewczyk
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.S.); (A.S.); (M.G.); (D.T.)
| | - Adrianna Skwira
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.S.); (A.S.); (M.G.); (D.T.)
| | - Marta Ginter
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.S.); (A.S.); (M.G.); (D.T.)
- Scientific Circle of Students, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Polland
| | - Donata Tajer
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.S.); (A.S.); (M.G.); (D.T.)
- Scientific Circle of Students, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Polland
| | - Magdalena Prokopowicz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.S.); (A.S.); (M.G.); (D.T.)
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Schnepper MT, Roles J, Hickman JJ. Characterization of Drug-Polymer Adsorption Isotherms in Body-on-a-Chip Systems by Inverse Liquid-Solid Chromatography. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:4462-4475. [PMID: 33455187 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Body-on-a-chip and human-on-a-chip systems are currently being used to augment and could eventually replace animal models in drug discovery and basic biological research. However, hydrophobic molecules, especially therapeutic compounds, tend to adsorb to the polymer materials used to create these microfluidic platforms, which may distort the dose-response curves that feed into pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) models, which translate preclinical data into predictions of clinical outcomes. Inverse liquid-solid chromatography paired with a numerical optimization based on the Langmuir model of adsorption was used to characterize the adsorption isotherm parameters of drugs to polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), polymers commonly used in these platforms. The adsorption isotherms were then compared against concentration measurements of drugs recirculated in these platforms. This research further illustrates the point that by quantifying drug or drug candidate interactions before system dosing and including this data in the PK/PD models, then polymers used in these platforms need not be limited to "less-adsorbing" materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark T Schnepper
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway, Suite 400, Orlando, Florida 32826, United States
| | - Jeff Roles
- Hesperos, Inc., 12501 Research Pkwy #100, Orlando, Florida 32826, United States
| | - James J Hickman
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway, Suite 400, Orlando, Florida 32826, United States.,Hesperos, Inc., 12501 Research Pkwy #100, Orlando, Florida 32826, United States
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Bhattacharjee A, Purkait MK, Gumma S. Doxorubicin Loading Capacity of MIL-100(Fe): Effect of Synthesis Conditions. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-020-01456-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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10
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Thorat ND, Bauer J, Tofail SAM, Gascón Pérez V, Bohara RA, Yadav HM. Silica nano supra-assembly for the targeted delivery of therapeutic cargo to overcome chemoresistance in cancer. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 185:110571. [PMID: 31683204 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.110571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells become resistant over the period to chemotherapeutic drugs and pose a challenging impediment for oncologists in providing effective treatment. Nanomedicine allows to overcome chemoresistance and is the focus of our investigation. Silica nanostructures have been highlighted as an interesting drug delivery platform in vitro and in vivo applications. Here we show the validity of nanomedicine approach for targeted chemotherapeutic cargo delivery to overcome chemoresistance in cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. For demonstrating the concept, we functionalised ∼100 nm long porous silica nanoparticles (∼20 nm diameter ordered pore structure) by conjugating anticancer drug, cytochrome c enzyme and dual-function anticancer aptamer AS1411 in single supra-assembled nanocargos. The supra-assembly on the porous silica nanostructure allows for a high loading of catalytic enzyme cytochrome c, anticancer drug and aptamer. The silica supra-assembly is characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis. Conjugation of cargoes has been monitored at each step by UV-vis and Fluorescence spectroscopy. Finally, the constructed supra-assembled nanocarrier tested on chemoresistance colon cancer (HCT116) cells. A pH-responsive, intracellular theranostic cargo delivery has been achieved and the triple action of the nanocargo made an efficient killing of drug resistance colon cancer cells in vitro (∼ 92% cell death) through triplex therapy effects by supressing the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) level. Furthermore, in vivo animal toxicity studies demonstrated, the supra-assembled nanocargos have encouraging safety index to be used in cancer therapy and drug delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanasaheb D Thorat
- Modelling Simulation and Innovative Characterisation (MOSAIC), Department of Physics and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, wybrzeże Stanisława Wyspiańskiego 27, Wrocław 50-370, Poland
| | - Joanna Bauer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, wybrzeże Stanisława Wyspiańskiego 27, Wrocław 50-370, Poland
| | - Syed A M Tofail
- Modelling Simulation and Innovative Characterisation (MOSAIC), Department of Physics and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Victoria Gascón Pérez
- Chemical Sciences Department, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Raghvendra A Bohara
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, D. Y. Patil University, Kolhapur, 416006, India; CURAM, Centre for Research in Medical Devices, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
| | - Hemraj M Yadav
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620, South Korea.
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Deen I, Rosei F. Silk fibroin-derived polypeptides additives to promote hydroxyapatite nucleation in dense collagen hydrogels. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219429. [PMID: 31306436 PMCID: PMC6629059 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Silk fibroin-derived polypeptides (FDPs) are polypeptides resulting from the enzymatic separation of the hydrophobic crystalline (Cp) and hydrophilic electronegative amorphous (Cs) components of silk fibroin (SF). The role of these polypeptides in promoting the nucleation of hydroxyapatite (HA) has been previously investigated, yet is still not fully understood. Here we study the potential of HA mineralization via FDPs incorporated at 1:10, 1:2 and 1:1 in a plastically compressed (PC) and dense collagen (DC) scaffold. Scaffolds were immersed in simulated body fluid (SBF) at physiological conditions (pH = 7.4, 37°C) to promote biomineralization. The effect of Cs and Cp to promote HA nucleation was investigated at different time points, and compared to pure DC scaffolds. Characterization of Cs and Cp fragments using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LCMS) showed little difference in the amino acid composition of the FDPs. Results obtained in vitro using Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and mass analysis showed little difference between scaffolds that incorporated Cs, Cp, and DC hydrogels. These results demonstrated that silk FDPs incorporation are not yet suitable to promote HA nucleation in vivo without further refining the collagen-FDP system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Deen
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Varennes, QC, Canada
| | - Federico Rosei
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Varennes, QC, Canada
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Adiraj Iyer M, Eddington DT. Storing and releasing rhodamine as a model hydrophobic compound in polydimethylsiloxane microfluidic devices. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:574-579. [PMID: 30681692 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00039a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is a ubiquitous material used in soft lithography and microfluidics. Due to its hydrophobic nature, PDMS tends to absorb small hydrophobic molecules, and is seen as a major disadvantage of the material in pharmaceutical and cell culture studies. While there have been extensive reports of attempts to treat PDMS to limit or block this absorption, little attention has been given to using this property as a feature in microfluidic devices. In this work, we leverage the ability of PDMS to store hydrophobic molecules inside the PDMS matrix and release them over time in a sustained manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Adiraj Iyer
- Dept of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA.
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Prokopowicz M, Żeglinski J, Szewczyk A, Skwira A, Walker G. Surface-Activated Fibre-Like SBA-15 as Drug Carriers for Bone Diseases. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 20:17. [PMID: 30574669 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-1243-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we report an inorganic hexagonally ordered mesoporous fibre-like carrier made of silica as an effective drug delivery system with mineralisation potential. Fibre-like SBA-15 has been modified by employing a simple surface activation (rehydroxylation) procedure. The surface-rehydroxylated fibre-like SBA-15 (SBA-15-R) was used to investigate the possible mechanism of hydroxyapatite (HA) nucleation and deposition onto silica's surface after immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF). Amorphous calcium phosphate, Ca-deficient HA and bone-like HA deposits were observed on SBA-15-R surface consecutively after 7, 14 and 21 days of immersion in SBF. Accordingly, our low-angle XRD, STEM and N2 adsorption/desorption results indicated that deposited ions were mostly located at the silica's surface and could modify the size of the mesopores. The SBA-15-R was studied in vitro as the potential bioactive drug delivery system using doxorubicin (DOX) as a model water-soluble and anticancer drug. The adsorbed DOX molecules were mostly located at the pore walls and pore openings, likely together with the silanol groups. The DOX release was diffusion-controlled and relatively slower in SBF (pH = 7.4) than in phosphate-buffered solution (pH = 5.0), most probably due to both the stronger electrostatic interactions occurring between the DOX and the SBA-15-R and the simultaneous deposition of calcium and phosphates ions from SBF.
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14
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Performance comparison of two herbal and industrial medicines using nanoparticles with a starch/cellulose shell and alginate core for drug delivery: In vitro studies. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 158:556-561. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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15
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Prokopowicz M, Szewczyk A, Łunio R, Sawicki W. Monolithic polydimethylsiloxane-modified silica composites prepared by a low-temperature sol–gel micromolding technique for controlled drug release. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Nguyen Thi TT, Tran TV, Tran NQ, Nguyen CK, Nguyen DH. Hierarchical self-assembly of heparin-PEG end-capped porous silica as a redox sensitive nanocarrier for doxorubicin delivery. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 70:947-954. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.04.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Angelopoulou A, Efthimiadou EΚ, Kordas G. Synthesis of novel quaternary silica hybrid bioactive microspheres. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2016; 106:112-120. [PMID: 27886447 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To survey the preparation of novel hybrid microspheres of quaternary silicate glassy composition (SiO2 P2 O5 CaONa2 O) and the prospect of using them as an osteogenic system with enhanced bioactive properties for the development of hydroxyapatite. METHOD In line with our previous synthetic procedure a two-step process was followed, wherein polystyrene (PS) microspheres were prepared by the emulsifier free-emulsion polymerization method and constituted the core for the sol-gel coating of the silicate inorganic shell. The development of the hybrid microspheres was based on silane and phosphate precursors and was assesses at different ratio of ethanol/water (of 9/1, 4/1, and 2/1, in mL) and at varied ammonia concentration of 4.8-1.0 mL. RESULTS The hybrid microspheres had an average size ranged between 350 and 550 nm according to SEM, depending on the ethanol/water solution rate and ammonia content. The final microspheres probably exhibited a porous-like structure through the formation of diffused voids along with the low carbon content of the EDX analysis, which could be regulated by the catalyst content. The hybrid microspheres exhibited effective in vitro bioactivity assessed in simulated body fluids (SBF). CONCLUSION Quaternary hybrid silica microspheres were effectively synthesized. The bioassay evaluation of the final microspheres revealed the rapid in vitro formation of a bone-like apatite layer. The results verify the bioactivity of the microspheres and promote further research of their suitability on regenerative treatment of bone abnormalities. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 112-120, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Angelopoulou
- Laboratory for Sol-Gel, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, NCSR, "Demokritos, 153 10 Ag. Paraskevi Attikis, Athens, Greece.,Department of Materials Science, School of Natural Sciences, University of Patras, 26 500, Patras, Greece
| | - E Κ Efthimiadou
- Laboratory for Sol-Gel, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, NCSR, "Demokritos, 153 10 Ag. Paraskevi Attikis, Athens, Greece
| | - G Kordas
- Laboratory for Sol-Gel, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, NCSR, "Demokritos, 153 10 Ag. Paraskevi Attikis, Athens, Greece
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Atomic force microscopy technique for the surface characterization of sol–gel derived multi-component silica nanocomposites. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.05.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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Almeida JC, Wacha A, Bóta A, Almásy L, Vaz Fernandes MH, Margaça FM, Miranda Salvado IM. PDMS-SiO2 hybrid materials – A new insight into the role of Ti and Zr as additives. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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20
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Kadziński L, Prokopowicz M, Jakóbkiewicz-Banecka J, Gabig-Cimińska M, Łukasiak J, Banecki B. Effect of silicone on the collagen fibrillogenesis and stability. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:1275-81. [PMID: 25589402 PMCID: PMC4418381 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Collagen, the most abundant protein in mammals, is able to form fibrils, which have central role in tissue repair, fibrosis, and tumor invasion. As a component of skin, tendons, and cartilages, this protein contacts with any implanted materials. An inherent problem associated with implanted prostheses is their propensity to be coated with host proteins shortly after implantation. Also, silicone implants undergoing relatively long periods of contact with blood can lead to formation of thrombi and emboli. In this paper, we demonstrate the existence of interactions between siloxanes and collagen. Low-molecular-weight cyclic siloxane (hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane—D3) and polydimethylsiloxanes (PDMS) forming linear chains, ranging in viscosity from 20 to 12,000 cSt, were analyzed. We show that D3 as well as short-chain PDMS interact with collagen, resulting in a decrease in fibrillogenesis. However, loss of collagen native structure does not occur because of these interactions. Rather, collagen seems to be sequestered in its native form in an interlayer formed by collagen–siloxane complexes. On the other hand, silicone molecules with longer chains (i.e., PDMS with viscosity of 1000 and 12,000 cSt, the highest viscosity analyzed here) demonstrate little interaction with this protein and do not seem to affect collagen activity. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 104:1275–1281, 2015
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Affiliation(s)
- Leszek Kadziński
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of the University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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Kierys A, Kasperek R, Krasucka P, Zimmer Ł, Poleszak E, Goworek J. Effect of silica precursor transformation on diclofenac sodium release. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra15064g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present paper describes the preparation of a new type of ternary composites where pure silica gel or polysilsesquioxane was deposited on a polymer carrier loaded with a high dose of diclofenac sodium.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Kierys
- Maria Curie-Sklodowska University
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Department of Adsorption
- Lublin 20-031
- Poland
| | - R. Kasperek
- Medical University of Lublin
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Department of Applied Pharmacy
- Lublin 20-093
- Poland
| | - P. Krasucka
- Maria Curie-Sklodowska University
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Department of Adsorption
- Lublin 20-031
- Poland
| | - Ł. Zimmer
- Medical University of Lublin
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Department of Applied Pharmacy
- Lublin 20-093
- Poland
| | - E. Poleszak
- Maria Curie-Sklodowska University
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Department of Adsorption
- Lublin 20-031
- Poland
| | - J. Goworek
- Maria Curie-Sklodowska University
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Department of Adsorption
- Lublin 20-031
- Poland
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22
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Almeida JC, Lancastre J, Vaz Fernandes MH, Margaça FMA, Ferreira L, Miranda Salvado IM. Evaluating structural and microstructural changes of PDMS-SiO2 hybrid materials after sterilization by gamma irradiation. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2014; 48:354-8. [PMID: 25579933 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PDMS-SiO2 hybrid materials obtained by sol-gel process have been extensively studied over the past years due to its promising biomedical applications namely as bone substitutes, catheters, and drug delivery devices. Regardless of the intended biomedical application, all these materials should go through a sterilization process before interfacing with a living structure. However, it is unclear whether they undergo structural and microstructural changes when subjected to sterilization by gamma irradiation. This paper addresses this issue by showing that a sol-gel processed biomaterial based on the PDMS-CaO-SiO2 hybrid system suffers only small structural changes when submitted to a radiation dose of 25kGy, the dose usually recommended to achieve a Sterility Assurance Level of 10(-6) when the natural contamination level and microorganism types cannot be calculated. The characterization was assessed by FT-IR, (29)Si-{(1)H} CP-MAS, thermal analysis (DTG), and SEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Carlos Almeida
- Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering/CICECO, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Joana Lancastre
- Campus Tecnologico e Nuclear, IST, University of Lisbon, E.N 10, 2686-953 Sacavém, Portugal
| | - M Helena Vaz Fernandes
- Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering/CICECO, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Fernanda M A Margaça
- Campus Tecnologico e Nuclear, IST, University of Lisbon, E.N 10, 2686-953 Sacavém, Portugal
| | - Luís Ferreira
- Campus Tecnologico e Nuclear, IST, University of Lisbon, E.N 10, 2686-953 Sacavém, Portugal
| | - Isabel M Miranda Salvado
- Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering/CICECO, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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23
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Kwon S, Singh RK, Kim TH, Patel KD, Kim JJ, Chrzanowski W, Kim HW. Luminescent mesoporous nanoreservoirs for the effective loading and intracellular delivery of therapeutic drugs. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:1431-42. [PMID: 24239681 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Revised: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Development of biocompatible and multifunctional nanocarriers is important for the therapeutic efficacy of drug molecules in the treatment of disease and tissue repair. A novel nanocarrier of luminescent hollowed mesoporous silica (L-hMS) was explored for the loading and controlled delivery of drugs. For the synthesis of L-hMS, self-activated luminescence hydroxyapatite (LHA) was used as a template. Different thicknesses (∼ 7-62 nm) of mesoporous silica shell were obtained by varying the volume of silica precursor and the subsequent removal of the LHA core, which resulted in hollow-cored (size of ∼ 40 nm × 10 nm) mesoporous silica nanoreservoirs, L-hMS. While the silica shell provided a highly mesoporous structure, enabling an effective loading of drug molecules, the luminescent property of LHA was also well preserved in both the silica-shelled and the hollow-cored nanocarriers. Doxorubicin (DOX), used as a model drug, was shown to be effectively loaded onto the mesopore structure and within the hollow space of the nanoreservoir. The DOX release was fairly pH-dependent, occurring more rapidly at pH 5.3 than at pH 7.4, and a long-term sustainable delivery over the test period of 2weeks was observed. The nanoreservoir exhibited favorable cell compatibility with low cytotoxicity and excellent cell uptake efficiency (over 90%). Treatment of HeLa cells with DOX-loaded L-hMS elicited a sufficient degree of biological efficacy of DOX, as confirmed in the DOX-induced apoptotic behaviors, including stimulation in caspase-3 expression, and was even more effective than the direct DOX treatment. Overall, the newly developed L-hMS nanoreservoirs may be potentially useful as a multifunctional (luminescent, mesoporous and biocompatible) carrier system to effectively load and sustainably deliver small molecules, including anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sooyeon Kwon
- The Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Rajendra K Singh
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, South Korea; Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, South Korea
| | - Tae-Hyun Kim
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, South Korea; Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, South Korea
| | - Kapil D Patel
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, South Korea; Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, South Korea
| | - Jung-Ju Kim
- The Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, South Korea; Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, South Korea; Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, South Korea
| | | | - Hae-Won Kim
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, South Korea; Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, South Korea; Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, South Korea.
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Díaz A, González ML, Pérez RJ, David A, Mukherjee A, Báez A, Clearfield A, Colón JL. Direct intercalation of cisplatin into zirconium phosphate nanoplatelets for potential cancer nanotherapy. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:11456-11463. [PMID: 24072038 PMCID: PMC4140787 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr02206d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We report the use of zirconium phosphate (ZrP) nanoplatelets for the encapsulation of the anticancer drug cisplatin and its delivery to tumor cells. Cisplatin was intercalated into ZrP by direct ion exchange and was tested in vitro for cytotoxicity in the human breast cancer (MCF-7) cell line. The structural characterization of the intercalated cisplatin in ZrP suggests that during the intercalation process, the chloride ligands of the cisplatin complex were substituted by phosphate groups within the layers. Consequently, a new phosphate phase with the platinum complex directly bound to ZrP (cisPt@ZrP) is produced with an interlayer distance of 9.3 Å. The in vitro release profile of the intercalated drug upon a pH stimulus shows that at low pH under lysosomal conditions the platinum complex is released with simultaneous hydrolysis of the zirconium phosphate material, while at higher pH the complex is not released. Experiments with the MCF-7 cell line show that cisPt@ZrP reduced the cell viability up to 40%. The cisPt@ZrP intercalation product is envisioned as a future nanotherapy agent against cancer. Taking advantage of the shape and sizes of the ZrP particles and controlled release of the drug at low pH, it is intended to exploit the enhanced permeability and retention effect of tumors, as well as their intrinsic acidity, for the destruction of malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Díaz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, PO Box 23346, Río Piedras, PR 00931-3346, USA. Tel: (1) 787 764-0000 xt. 3220;
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, PO Box 30012, College Station, TX 77842-3012, USA. Tel: (1) 979 845-2936;
| | - Millie L. González
- Departments of Pharmacology and Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, PO Box 365067, San Juan, PR 00936-5067, USA. Tel: (1) 787 758-2525 xt 1366;
| | - Riviam J. Pérez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, PO Box 23346, Río Piedras, PR 00931-3346, USA. Tel: (1) 787 764-0000 xt. 3220;
| | - Amanda David
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, PO Box 23346, Río Piedras, PR 00931-3346, USA. Tel: (1) 787 764-0000 xt. 3220;
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, PO Box 30012, College Station, TX 77842-3012, USA. Tel: (1) 979 845-2936;
| | - Atashi Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, PO Box 30012, College Station, TX 77842-3012, USA. Tel: (1) 979 845-2936;
| | - Adriana Báez
- Departments of Pharmacology and Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, PO Box 365067, San Juan, PR 00936-5067, USA. Tel: (1) 787 758-2525 xt 1366;
| | - Abraham Clearfield
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, PO Box 30012, College Station, TX 77842-3012, USA. Tel: (1) 979 845-2936;
| | - Jorge L. Colón
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, PO Box 23346, Río Piedras, PR 00931-3346, USA. Tel: (1) 787 764-0000 xt. 3220;
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Bioactive silica-based nanomaterials for doxorubicin delivery: Evaluation of structural properties associated with release rate. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2013; 33:3942-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2013.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Saxena V, Diaz A, Clearfield A, Batteas JD, Hussain MD. Zirconium phosphate nanoplatelets: a biocompatible nanomaterial for drug delivery to cancer. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:2328-2336. [PMID: 23392208 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr34242e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the biocompatibility of zirconium phosphate (ZrP) nanoplatelets (NPs), and their use in drug delivery. ZrP and doxorubicin-intercalated ZrP (DOX:ZrP) NPs were characterized by using X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Transmission Electron Micrography (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Biocompatibility of ZrP NPs was evaluated in human embryonic kidney (HEK-293), breast cancer (MCF-7), metastatic breast cancer (MDA-MB-231), ovarian cancer (OVCAR-3), resistant cancer (NCI-RES/ADR) cells and mouse macrophage (RAW 264.7) cell lines. Hemocompatibility of ZrP NPs was evaluated with human red blood cells. Simulated body fluid (SBF) of pH 7.4 was used to determine the in vitro release of doxorubicin from DOX:ZrP NPs. Cellular uptake and in vitro cytotoxicity studies of DOX:ZrP NPs were determined in MDA-MB-231. The ZrP nanomaterial can be prepared in the 100-200 nm size range with a platelet-like shape. The ZrP NPs themselves are biocompatible, hemocompatible and showed no toxicity to the macrophage cells. ZrP NPs can intercalate high loads (35% w/w) of doxorubicin between their layers. The release of DOX was sustained for about 2 weeks. DOX:ZrP NPs showed higher cellular uptake and increased cytotoxicity than free DOX in MDA-MB-231 cells. ZrP NPs are highly biocompatible, can intercalate large amounts of drugs and sustain the release of drugs. ZrP NPs improved the cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of DOX to MDA-MB-231 cells. ZrP NPs are promising nanocarriers for drug delivery in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipin Saxena
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, 1010 West Ave B, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA
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Klang V, Valenta C, Matsko NB. Electron microscopy of pharmaceutical systems. Micron 2013; 44:45-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2012.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Shruti S, Salinas AJ, Malavasi G, Lusvardi G, Menabue L, Ferrara C, Mustarelli P, Vallet-Regì M. Structural and in vitro study of cerium, gallium and zinc containing sol–gel bioactive glasses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm31767b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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