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Dąbkowska M, Stukan I, Kosiorowska A, Szatanik A, Łuczkowska K, Machalińska A, Machaliński B. In vitro and in vivo characterization of human serum albumin-based PEGylated nanoparticles for BDNF and NT3 codelivery. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 265:130726. [PMID: 38490392 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
The utilization of neurotrophins in medicine shows significant potential for addressing neurodegenerative conditions, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD). However, the therapeutic use of neurotrophins has been restricted due to their short half-life. Here, we aimed to synthesize PEGylated nanoparticles based on electrostatic-driven interactions between human serum albumin (HSA), a carrier for adsorption; neurotrophin-3 (NT3); and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Electrophoretic (ELS) and multi-angle dynamic light scattering (MADLS) revealed that the PEGylated HSA-NT3-BDNF nanoparticles ranged from 10 to 430 nm in diameter and exhibited a low polydispersity index (<0.4) and a zeta potential of -8 mV. Based on microscale thermophoresis (MST), the estimated dissociation constant (Kd) from the HSA molecule of BDNF was 1.6 μM, and the Kd of NT3 was 732 μM. The nanoparticles were nontoxic toward ARPE-19 and L-929 cells in vitro and efficiently delivered BDNF and NT3. Based on the biodistribution of neurotrophins after intravitreal injection into BALB/c mice, both nanoparticles were gradually released in the mouse vitreous body within 28 days. PEGylated HSA-NT3-BDNF nanoparticles stabilize neurotrophins and maintain this characteristic in vivo. Thus, given the simplicity of the system, the nanoparticles may enhance the treatment of a variety of neurological disorders in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dąbkowska
- Independent Laboratory of Pharmacokinetic and Clinical Pharmacy, Rybacka 1, 71-899 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Iga Stukan
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Rybacka 1, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Alicja Kosiorowska
- Independent Laboratory of Pharmacokinetic and Clinical Pharmacy, Rybacka 1, 71-899 Szczecin, Poland; Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Rybacka 1, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Alicja Szatanik
- Independent Laboratory of Pharmacokinetic and Clinical Pharmacy, Rybacka 1, 71-899 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Karolina Łuczkowska
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Rybacka 1, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Anna Machalińska
- First Department of Ophthalmology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Bogusław Machaliński
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Rybacka 1, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
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Żeliszewska P, Szych J, Wasilewska M, Adamczyk Z. Kinetics of Immunolatex Deposition at Abiotic Surfaces under Flow Conditions: Towards Quantitative Agglutination Assays. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010692. [PMID: 36614134 PMCID: PMC9820969 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Physicochemical properties of immunolatex, prepared by incubation of negatively charged polystyrene microparticles with polyclonal rabbit IgGs, were determined by a variety of experimental techniques. These comprised dynamic light scattering (DLS), laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The particle diffusion coefficient, the hydrodynamic diameter, the electrophoretic mobility, the zeta potential and the suspension stability were determined as a function of pH for different ionic strengths. The deposition of the immunolatex on bare and polyallylamine (PAH) functionalized mica was investigated using the microfluidic oblique impinging-jet cell, with an in situ, real-time image analysis module. The particle deposition kinetics was acquired by a direct particle enumeration procedure. The measurements enabled us to determine the range of pH where the specific deposition of the immunolatex on these substrates was absent. We argue that the obtained results have practical significance for conducting efficient flow immunoassays governed by specific antigen/antibody interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Żeliszewska
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry Polish Academy of Science, 30-239 Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Monika Wasilewska
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry Polish Academy of Science, 30-239 Krakow, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Adamczyk
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry Polish Academy of Science, 30-239 Krakow, Poland
- Correspondence:
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Dąbkowska M, Ulańczyk Z, Łuczkowska K, Rogińska D, Sobuś A, Wasilewska M, Olszewska M, Jakubowska K, Machaliński B. The role of the electrokinetic charge of neurotrophis-based nanocarriers: protein distribution, toxicity, and oxidative stress in in vitro setting. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:258. [PMID: 34454520 PMCID: PMC8399784 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-00984-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The rational chemical design of nanoparticles can be readily controlled and optimized by quantitatively studying protein adsorption at variously charged polymer carriers, determining their fate in biological fluids. We manufactured brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) -based electrostatic nanocomplexes with a different type of dendrimer core (anionic or cationic), encapsulated or not in polyethylene glycol (PEG), and studied their physicochemical properties and behavior in a biological setting. We investigated whether the electrokinetic charge of dendrimer core influences BDNF loading and desorption from the nanoparticle and serves as a determinant of nanoparticles’ behavior in in vitro setting, influencing mitochondrial dysfunction, lipid peroxidation, and general nanoparticles’ cellular toxicity. Results We found that the electrokinetic charge of the dendrimer core influences nanoparticles in terms of BDNF release profile from their surfaces and their effect on cell viability, mitochondrial membrane potential, cell phenotype, and induction of oxidative stress. The electrostatic interaction of positively charged core of nanoparticles with cell membranes increases their cytotoxicity, as well as serious phenotype alterations compared to negatively charged nanoparticles core in neuron-like differentiated human neuroblastoma cells. Moreover, PEG adsorption at nanoparticles with negatively charged core presents a distinct decrease in metabolic cell activity. On the contrary, charge neutralization due to PEG adsorption on the surface of nanoparticles with positively charged core does not reduce their cytotoxicity, makes them less biocompatible with differentiated cells, and presumably shows non-specific toxicity. Conclusions The surface charge transformation after adsorption of protein or polyelectrolyte during nanocarriers formulation has an important role not only in designing nanomaterials with potent neuroprotective and neuroregenerative properties but also in applying them in a cellular environment. Graphic abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12951-021-00984-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dąbkowska
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Rybacka 1, 70-204, Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Zofia Ulańczyk
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Rybacka 1, 70-204, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Karolina Łuczkowska
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Rybacka 1, 70-204, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Dorota Rogińska
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Rybacka 1, 70-204, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Anna Sobuś
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Rybacka 1, 70-204, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Monika Wasilewska
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239, Cracow, Poland
| | - Maria Olszewska
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Rybacka 1, 70-204, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Jakubowska
- Department of Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Rybacka 1, 70-204, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Bogusław Machaliński
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Rybacka 1, 70-204, Szczecin, Poland
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Gondim DR, Cecilia JA, Rodrigues TNB, Vilarrasa-García E, Rodríguez-Castellón E, Azevedo DCS, Silva IJ. Protein Adsorption onto Modified Porous Silica by Single and Binary Human Serum Protein Solutions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9164. [PMID: 34502072 PMCID: PMC8430731 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Typical porous silica (SBA-15) has been modified with pore expander agent (1,3,5-trimethylbenzene) and fluoride-species to diminish the length of the channels to obtain materials with different textural properties, varying the Si/Zr molar ratio between 20 and 5. These porous materials were characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms at -196 °C and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), obtaining adsorbent with a surface area between 420-337 m2 g-1 and an average pore diameter with a maximum between 20-25 nm. These materials were studied in the adsorption of human blood serum proteins (human serum albumin-HSA and immunoglobulin G-IgG). Generally, the incorporation of small proportions was favorable for proteins adsorption. The adsorption data revealed that the maximum adsorption capacity was reached close to the pI. The batch purification experiments in binary human serum solutions showed that Si sample has considerable adsorption for IgG while HSA adsorption is relatively low, so it is possible its separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego R. Gondim
- Centro de Tecnologia, Grupo de Pesquisa em Separações por Adsorção—GPSA—Departamento de Engenharia Química, Campus do Pici, Bl. 709, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza 60455-760, CE, Brazil; (D.R.G.); (T.N.B.R.); (E.V.-G.); (D.C.S.A.); (I.J.S.J.)
| | - Juan A. Cecilia
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Cristalografía y Mineralogía, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus de Teatinos, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain;
| | - Thaina N. B. Rodrigues
- Centro de Tecnologia, Grupo de Pesquisa em Separações por Adsorção—GPSA—Departamento de Engenharia Química, Campus do Pici, Bl. 709, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza 60455-760, CE, Brazil; (D.R.G.); (T.N.B.R.); (E.V.-G.); (D.C.S.A.); (I.J.S.J.)
| | - Enrique Vilarrasa-García
- Centro de Tecnologia, Grupo de Pesquisa em Separações por Adsorção—GPSA—Departamento de Engenharia Química, Campus do Pici, Bl. 709, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza 60455-760, CE, Brazil; (D.R.G.); (T.N.B.R.); (E.V.-G.); (D.C.S.A.); (I.J.S.J.)
| | - Enrique Rodríguez-Castellón
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Cristalografía y Mineralogía, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus de Teatinos, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain;
| | - Diana C. S. Azevedo
- Centro de Tecnologia, Grupo de Pesquisa em Separações por Adsorção—GPSA—Departamento de Engenharia Química, Campus do Pici, Bl. 709, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza 60455-760, CE, Brazil; (D.R.G.); (T.N.B.R.); (E.V.-G.); (D.C.S.A.); (I.J.S.J.)
| | - Ivanildo J. Silva
- Centro de Tecnologia, Grupo de Pesquisa em Separações por Adsorção—GPSA—Departamento de Engenharia Química, Campus do Pici, Bl. 709, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza 60455-760, CE, Brazil; (D.R.G.); (T.N.B.R.); (E.V.-G.); (D.C.S.A.); (I.J.S.J.)
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Characterization methods for studying protein adsorption on nano-polystyrene beads. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1606:460383. [PMID: 31345621 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This work is dealing with the use of polystyrene (PS) nanoparticles as substrates for bioanalytical specific interactions. Different techniques were used for the accurate characterization of the PS nanoparticles of 100 nm and 196 nm before coating them with a layer of antibodies against immunoglobulins of type E (aIgE), giving to the particle a specific functionality. The formation of the aIgE adsorbed layer was monitored using centrifugal particle separation (CPS) and centrifugal field flow fractionation (CF3) experiments, which allowed to determine the size changes and the adsorbed mass. Particle sizes were also measured with DLS, used both as stand-alone instrument and coupled to CF3 (CF3-DLS). The complementary information obtained from the CPS and CF3-DLS measurements allowed the estimation of the density of the aIgE shell. The proteins immobilized at the surface fully retained their activity, as proven by the reactions between the functionalized PS-aIgE particles and immunoglobulins of type E (IgE) dispersed in suspensions prepared on purpose.
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Hou W, Liu Y, Zhang B, He X, Li H. Adsorption-associated orientational changes of immunoglobulin G and regulated phagocytosis of Staphylococcus epidermidis. J Biomed Mater Res A 2018; 106:2838-2849. [PMID: 30194904 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the adsorption of immunoglobulin G (IgG) on biomaterials surfaces is crucial for design and modification of the surfaces to alleviate inflammatory responses after implantation. Here, we report direct visualization and two-dimensional (2D) image interpretation of the IgG molecule adsorbed on simplified surfaces by single particle electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Influence of the orientational changes in adsorbed IgG on phagocytosis of macrophages against Staphylococcus epidermidis is further examined. Untreated amorphous carbon film and -COOH and -NH2 grafted carbon films are employed as the model surfaces for the adsorption testing. Results show that IgG displays flat orientation lying on the untreated surface, while forms vertical orientations standing on the functionalized surfaces. These specific spatial alignments are associated with altered unfolding extent and structure rearrangement of IgG domains, which are influenced synergistically by surface charge and wettability of the substrata. The changes in interdomain distance of IgG molecules subsequently regulate immune behaviors of macrophages and phagocytosis of S. epidermidis. The results would give insight into appropriate design of biomaterial surfaces in nanoscales for desired inflammatory responses. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 106A: 2838-2849, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjia Hou
- Key laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Key laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Botao Zhang
- Key laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Xiaoyan He
- Key laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Hua Li
- Key laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
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Dąbkowska M, Adamczak M, Barbasz J, Cieśla M, Machaliński B. Adsorption/Desorption Transition of Recombinant Human Neurotrophin 4: Physicochemical Characterization. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:9548-9557. [PMID: 28825842 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b00909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Bulk physicochemical properties of neurotrophin 4 (NT-4) in electrolyte solutions and its adsorption/desorption on/from mica surfaces have been studied using dynamic light scattering (DLS), microelectrophoresis, a solution depletion technique (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA), and AFM imaging. Our study presents a determination of the diffusion coefficient, hydrodynamic diameters, electrophoretic mobility, and isoelectric point of the NT-4 under various ionic strength and pH conditions. The size of the NT-4 homodimer for an ionic strength of 0.015 M was substantially independent of pH and equal to 5.1 nm. It has been found that the number of electrokinetic charges per NT-4 molecule was equal to zero for all studied ionic strengths at pH 8.1, which was identified as the isoelectric point (iep). The protein adsorption/desorption on/from mica surfaces was examined as a function of ionic strength and pH. The kinetics of neurotrophin adsorption/desorption were evaluated at pH 3.5, 7.4, and 11 by direct AFM imaging and the ELISA technique. A monotonic increase in the maximum coverage of adsorbed NT-4 molecules with ionic strength (up to 5.5 mg/m2) was observed at pH 3.5. These results were interpreted in terms of the theoretical model postulating an irreversible adsorption of the protein governed by the random sequential adsorption (RSA). Our measurements revealed a significant role of ionic strength, pH, and electrolyte composition in the lateral electrostatic interactions among differently charged NT-4 molecules. The transition between adsorption/desorption processes is found for the region of high pH and low surface concentration of adsorbed neurotrophin molecules at constant ionic strength. Additionally, results presented in this work show that the adsorption behavior of neurotrophin molecules may be governed by intrasolvent electrostatic interactions yielding an aggregation process. Understanding polyvalent neurotrophin interactions may have an impact on the reversibility/irreversibility of adsorption, and hence they might be useful for obtaining well-ordered protein layers, targeting the future development of drug delivery systems for treating neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Małgorzata Adamczak
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo , P.O. Box 1068, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jakub Barbasz
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences , Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Kraków, Poland
| | - Michał Cieśla
- M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University , Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
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Monolayers of immunoglobulin G on polystyrene microparticles and their interactions with human serum albumin. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 490:587-597. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2016.11.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Barrantes A, Wengenroth J, Arnebrant T, Haugen HJ. Poly- l -lysine/heparin multilayer coatings prevent blood protein adsorption. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 485:288-295. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2016.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Awsiuk K, Budkowski A, Petrou P, Marzec MM, Biernat M, Jaworska-Gołąb T, Rysz J. Orientation and biorecognition of immunoglobulin adsorbed on spin-cast poly(3-alkylthiophenes): Impact of polymer film crystallinity. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 148:278-286. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Mechanism of immunoglobulin G adsorption on polystyrene microspheres. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 137:183-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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12
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Delahaije RJBM, Gruppen H, Giuseppin MLF, Wierenga PA. Towards predicting the stability of protein-stabilized emulsions. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 219:1-9. [PMID: 25704489 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The protein concentration is known to determine the stability against coalescence during formation of emulsions. Recently, it was observed that the protein concentration also influences the stability of formed emulsions against flocculation as a result of changes in the ionic strength. In both cases, the stability was postulated to be the result of a complete (i.e. saturated) coverage of the interface. By combining the current views on emulsion stability against coalescence and flocculation with new experimental data, an empiric model is established to predict emulsion stability based on protein molecular properties such as exposed hydrophobicity and charge. It was shown that besides protein concentration, the adsorbed layer (i.e. maximum adsorbed amount and interfacial area) dominates emulsion stability against coalescence and flocculation. Surprisingly, the emulsion stability was also affected by the adsorption rate. From these observations, it was concluded that a completely covered interface indeed ensures the stability of an emulsion against coalescence and flocculation. The contribution of adsorption rate and adsorbed amount on the stability of emulsions was combined in a surface coverage model. For this model, the adsorbed amount was predicted from the protein radius, surface charge and ionic strength. Moreover, the adsorption rate, which depends on the protein charge and exposed hydrophobicity, was approximated by the relative exposed hydrophobicity (QH). The model in the current state already showed good correspondence with the experimental data, and was furthermore shown to be applicable to describe data obtained from literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy J B M Delahaije
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harry Gruppen
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Peter A Wierenga
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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