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Dung DN, Phan AD, Nguyen TT, Lam VD. Effects of surface charge and environmental factors on the electrostatic interaction of fiber with virus-like particle: A case of coronavirus. AIP ADVANCES 2021; 11:105008. [PMID: 34646585 PMCID: PMC8501974 DOI: 10.1063/5.0065147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We propose a theoretical model to elucidate intermolecular electrostatic interactions between a virus and a substrate. Our model treats the virus as a homogeneous particle having surface charge and the polymer fiber of the respirator as a charged plane. Electric potentials surrounding the virus and fiber are influenced by the surface charge distribution of the virus. We use Poisson-Boltzmann equations to calculate electric potentials. Then, Derjaguin's approximation and a linear superposition of the potential function are extended to determine the electrostatic force. In this work, we apply this model for coronavirus or SARS-CoV-2 case and numerical results quantitatively agree with prior simulation. We find that the influence of fiber's potential on the surface charge of the virus is important and is considered in interaction calculations to obtain better accuracy. The electrostatic interaction significantly decays with increasing separation distance, and this curve becomes steeper when adding more salt. Although the interaction force increases with heating, one can observe the repulsive-attractive transition when the environment is acidic.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. N. Dung
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Phenikaa University, Yen Nghia, Ha Dong, Ha Noi 12116, Vietnam
| | - Anh D. Phan
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
| | - Toan T. Nguyen
- Key Laboratory for Multiscale Simulation of Complex Systems, and Department of Theoretical Physics, Faculty of Physics, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University—Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai Street, Thanh Xuan District, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
| | - Vu D. Lam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, Vietnam
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2
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Gopmandal PP, Bhattacharyya S, Ohshima H. A simplified model for gel electrophoresis of a hydrophobic rigid colloid. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:5700-5710. [PMID: 34008689 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00462j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Electrophoresis of a charged dielectric hydrophobic colloid embedded in a charged hydrogel medium is addressed. A slip velocity condition at the particle surface is considered. The characteristic of the gel electrophoresis is different compared with the free-solution electrophoresis due to the presence of immobile charges of the gel medium, which induces a strong background electroosmotic flow and modifies the Debye layer of the colloid. The gel electrophoresis of the dielectric hydrophobic charged colloid is made based on first-order perturbation analysis. A closed form solution involving simple exponential integrals for the mobility is derived, which reduces to several existing mobility expressions under limiting conditions such as for the gel electrophoresis of hydrophilic particles and a hydrophobic colloid in free-solution electrophoresis. We find that the mobility reversal is achieved by varying the Debye length or gel permeability. For the present first-order perturbation analysis, unlike free-solution electrophoresis, the particle dielectric permittivity is found to influence the mobility. One of the intriguing features of the present study is the derivation of the simplified mobility expression, which can be easily computed for a given set of parameter values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha P Gopmandal
- Department of Mathematics, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur-713209, India.
| | - S Bhattacharyya
- Department of Mathematics, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur-721302, India
| | - H Ohshima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
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3
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Maurya SK, Gopmandal PP, De S, Ohshima H, Sarkar S. Electrokinetics of Concentrated Suspension of Soft Particles with pH-Regulated Volumetric Charges. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:703-712. [PMID: 33412002 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This article presents a theoretical study on the electrokinetics of concentrated suspension of charge-regulated soft particles under a weak electric field and low potential assumptions. The inner core of the undertaken particle is "semisoft" in nature, which allows ion penetration while the fluid cannot flow within it, and the outer soft polymeric shell allows the flow of the ionized fluid. In addition, the inner core and the outer polyelectrolyte layer (PEL) bear pH-regulated basic and acidic functional groups, respectively. The Poisson-Boltzmann equation-based mathematical model was adopted here for electric potential. The fluid flow across the electrolyte medium and PEL is governed by the Stokes equation and the Darcy-Brinkman equation, respectively. The Kuwabara's unit cell model (J. Phys. Soc. Japan, 1959, 14, 522-527) was invoked to observe the effect of the interaction between the neighboring particles in a concentrated suspension. A first order perturbation technique was used to determine the mean electrophoretic mobility of the undertaken soft particles in a concentrated suspension. The effect of pH and concentration of bulk electrolyte, electrohydrodynamic properties of both the inner core and PEL, on the mean electrophoretic mobility has been studied extensively. In addition, the results have been presented for the neutralization factor that measures the fraction of fixed charges neutralized by the mobile counterions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Kumar Maurya
- Physics and Applied Mathematics Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata 700108, India
| | - Partha P Gopmandal
- Department of Mathematics, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur 713209, India
| | - Simanta De
- Department of Mathematics, University of Gour Banga, Malda 732103, India
| | - H Ohshima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Sankar Sarkar
- Physics and Applied Mathematics Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata 700108, India
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4
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Ashrafizadeh SN, Seifollahi Z, Ganjizade A, Sadeghi A. Electrophoresis of spherical soft particles in electrolyte solutions: A review. Electrophoresis 2019; 41:81-103. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Nezameddin Ashrafizadeh
- Research Lab for Advanced Separation ProcessesDepartment of Chemical EngineeringIran University of Science and Technology Tehran Iran
| | - Zahra Seifollahi
- Research Lab for Advanced Separation ProcessesDepartment of Chemical EngineeringIran University of Science and Technology Tehran Iran
| | - Ardalan Ganjizade
- Research Lab for Advanced Separation ProcessesDepartment of Chemical EngineeringIran University of Science and Technology Tehran Iran
| | - Arman Sadeghi
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of Kurdistan Sanandaj Iran
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5
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The pH-dependent electrostatic interaction of a metal nanoparticle with the MS2 virus-like particles. Chem Phys Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2019.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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6
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Yuan H, Zhang X, Jiang Z, Wang X, Chen X, Cao L, Zhang X. Analyzing the effect of pH on microalgae adhesion by identifying the dominant interaction between cell and surface. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 177:479-486. [PMID: 30807962 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Microalgae adhesion plays a critical role in developing effective photobioreactors for large-scale production of microalgae biofuel. This study focused on elucidating the influencing mechanism of liquid medium pH on microalgae adhesion by identifying the dominant interactions between cell and substratum using a criterion. Herein, the adhesion of three microalgae onto two substrata at a series of pH was observed using a flow chamber. The results indicated that the adhesion of freshwater Chlorella sp. onto PVC and glass and marine Chlorella sp. and N. oculata onto glass decreased with increasing pH, because these adhesions were dominated by the EL interaction, and the pH would influence the adhesion primarily by affecting the ζ potential of the cell and substratum. Whereas, the adhesion of marine Chlorella sp. and N. oculata onto PVC increased with increasing pH, because these adhesions were dominated by Lewis acid-base (AB) interaction, and the pH would influence the adhesion primarily by affecting the components of surface free energy of cell. The study demonstrated that the influencing mechanism of pH on adhesion can be conclusively elucidated by identifying the dominant interaction between the cell and the surface, and may have significant implications for predicting cell adhesion in various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yuan
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xinru Zhang
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Energy Saving and Environmental Protection, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Zeyi Jiang
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Energy Saving and Emission Reduction of Metallurgical Industry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xuehui Chen
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Limei Cao
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Energy Saving and Emission Reduction of Metallurgical Industry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
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7
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8
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The role of ion partitioning in electrohydrodynamic characteristics of soft nanofluidics: Inclusion of EDL overlap and steric effects. Chem Eng Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2018.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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9
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Ganjizade A, Sadeghi A, Ashrafizadeh SN. Effect of ion partitioning on electrostatics of soft particles with volumetrically charged inner core coated with pH-regulated polyelectrolyte layer. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 170:129-135. [PMID: 29894833 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The effect of ion partitioning on the electrostatics of a soft particle with a volumetrically charged core and a pH-dependent polyelectrolyte layer (PEL) is numerically investigated. It is observed that, whenever the ion partitioning is noticeable, the soft layer can be fully charged in a broader range of pH. Besides, a higher number density of the PEL functional groups and a lower charge density of the core result in a sharper dependence of the electric potential on the electrolyte pH. Briefly, we conclude that, since the PEL charge is dependent upon the concentration of the hydroxide/hydrogen ions, for the pH-regulated soft particles, the ion partitioning effect, as a phenomenon influencing the ionic distribution, can be a determinant factor. So taking the effect of the ion partitioning into consideration is strongly recommended for a more realistic description of the electrostatics of the pH-regulated soft particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ardalan Ganjizade
- Research Lab for Advanced Separation Processes, Department of Chemical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran.
| | - Arman Sadeghi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj 66177-15175, Iran.
| | - Seyed Nezameddin Ashrafizadeh
- Research Lab for Advanced Separation Processes, Department of Chemical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran.
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10
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Maurya SK, Gopmandal PP, Ohshima H. Electrophoresis of concentrated suspension of soft particles with volumetrically charged inner core. Colloid Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-018-4292-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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11
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Sin JS, Kim UH. Ion size effect on electrostatic and electroosmotic properties in soft nanochannels with pH-dependent charge density. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:22961-22971. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp04185g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report a theoretical study of the ion size effect on various properties in a soft nanochannel with pH-dependent charge density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Sik Sin
- Department of Physics, Kim Il Sung University
- Pyongyang
- Democratic People's Republic of Korea
- Natural Science Center, Kim Il Sung University
- Pyongyang
| | - Un-Hyok Kim
- Institute of Environmental Science and Water Technology, Academy of Sciences
- Pyongyang
- Democratic People's Republic of Korea
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12
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Effect of ion partitioning on the electrostatics of soft particles with a volumetrically charged core. Electrochem commun 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2017.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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13
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Numerical study of the effect of soft layer properties on bacterial electroporation. Bioelectrochemistry 2017; 123:261-272. [PMID: 29146422 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We present a numerical model of electroporation in a gram-positive bacterium, which accounts for the presence of a negatively charged soft polyelectrolyte layer (which may include a periplasmic space, peptidoglycan layer, cilia, flagella, and other surface appendages) surrounding its plasma membrane. We model the ion transport within and outside the soft layer using the soft layer electrokinetics-based Poisson-Nernst-Planck formalism. Additionally, we model the electroporation dynamics on the plasma membrane using the pore nucleation-based electroporation formalism developed by Krassowska and Filev. We find that ion transport within the soft layer (surface conduction), which depends on the relative importance of the soft layer charged group concentration compared to the buffer concentration, significantly alters the transmembrane voltage across the plasma membrane and hence the pore characteristics. Our numerical simulations suggest that surface conduction significantly lowers the pore number in the plasma membrane. This observation is consistent with experimental studies that show that gram-positive bacteria, in general, have lower transformation efficiencies compared to gram-negative bacteria. Our studies highlight a strong dependence of bacterial electroporation on cell envelope properties and buffer conditions, which need to be taken into consideration when designing electroporation protocols.
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14
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Sin JS, Kim NH, Sin CS. Effect of solvent polarization on electric double layer of a charged soft surface in an electrolyte solution. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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15
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Gopmandal PP, Ohshima H. Importance of pH-regulated charge density on the electrophoresis of soft particles. Chem Phys 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Jing H, Sinha S, Das S. Elasto-electro-capillarity: drop equilibrium on a charged, elastic solid. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:554-566. [PMID: 27935004 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm02463g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We present a study here on elasto-electro-capillarity - for the first time, the matter of drop equilibrium on a soft (elastic and incompressible) and charged solid has been studied. Charges on the elastic solid induce an electric double layer or EDL at the solid-drop interface. Our analysis accounts for the electrostatic wetting contribution of the EDL in the overall energy balance. Our results reveal that (a) with an increase in "softness", the equilibrium solid-liquid contact angles show transition from the EDL-modified Young's law (rigid limit) to the EDL-modified Neumann's law (soft limit); (b) the EDL effects invariably enhance solid deformation and lower the apparent contact angle made by the drop with the undeformed solid; (c) the solid contact angles increase and the cusp made by the deformed solid undergoes enhanced rotation due to the EDL effects; and (d) the EDL effects are more prominent for the case where the solid-vapor surface energy exceeds the solid-liquid surface energy. The fact that the EDL effects invariably decrease the overall wetting energy of the system, thereby supporting a larger increase in the elastic energy associated with a larger solid deformation, explains all these findings and establishes that surface charges enhance the "softness" of a soft surface in the context of elastocapillarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyuan Jing
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD-20742, USA.
| | - Shayandev Sinha
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD-20742, USA.
| | - Siddhartha Das
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD-20742, USA.
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17
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Li H, Chen G, Das S. Electric double layer electrostatics of pH-responsive spherical polyelectrolyte brushes in the decoupled regime. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 147:180-190. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Electrophoresis of soft particles with charged rigid core coated with pH-regulated polyelectrolyte layer. Colloid Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-016-3948-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Electrophoresis of diffuse soft particles with dielectric charged rigid core grafted with charge regulated inhomogeneous polymer segments. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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20
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De S, Bhattacharyya S, Gopmandal PP. Importance of core electrostatic properties on the electrophoresis of a soft particle. Phys Rev E 2016; 94:022611. [PMID: 27627364 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.94.022611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The impact of the volumetric charged density of the dielectric rigid core on the electrophoresis of a soft particle is analyzed numerically. The volume charge density of the inner core of a soft particle can arise for a dendrimer structure or bacteriophage MS2. We consider the electrokinetic model based on the conservation principles, thus no conditions for Debye length or applied electric field is imposed. The fluid flow equations are coupled with the ion transport equations and the equation for the electric field. The occurrence of the induced nonuniform surface charge density on the outer surface of the inner core leads to a situation different from the existing analysis of a soft particle electrophoresis. The impact of this induced surface charge density together with the double-layer polarization and relaxation due to ion convection and electromigration is analyzed. The dielectric permittivity and the charge density of the core have a significant impact on the particle electrophoresis when the Debye length is in the order of the particle size. We find that by varying the ionic concentration of the electrolyte, the particle can exhibit reversal in its electrophoretic velocity. The role of the polymer layer softness parameter is addressed in the present analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simanta De
- Department of Mathematics, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur-721302, India
| | - Somnath Bhattacharyya
- Department of Mathematics, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur-721302, India
| | - Partha P Gopmandal
- Department of Mathematics, National Institute of Technology Patna, Patna-800005, India
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21
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Effect of core charge density on the electrophoresis of a soft particle coated with polyelectrolyte layer. Colloid Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-015-3824-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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22
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Le Roux AL, Busquets MA, Sagués F, Pons M. Kinetics characterization of c-Src binding to lipid membranes: Switching from labile to persistent binding. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 138:17-25. [PMID: 26638178 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cell signaling by the c-Src proto-oncogen requires the attachment of the protein to the inner side of the plasma membrane through the myristoylated N-terminal region, known as the SH4 domain. Additional binding regions of lower affinity are located in the neighbor intrinsically disordered Unique domain and the structured SH3 domain. Here we present a surface plasmon resonance study of the binding of a myristoylated protein including the SH4, Unique and SH3 domains of c-Src to immobilized liposomes. Two distinct binding processes were observed: a fast and a slow one. The second process lead to a persistently bound form (PB) with a slower binding and a much slower dissociation rate than the first one. The association and dissociation of the PB form could be detected using an anti-SH4 antibody. The kinetic analysis revealed that binding of the PB form follows a second order rate law suggesting that it involves the formation of c-Src dimers on the membrane surface. A kinetically equivalent PB form is observed in a myristoylated peptide containing only the SH4 domain but not in a construct including the three domains but with a 12-carbon lauroyl substituent instead of the 14-carbon myristoyl group. The PB form is observed with neutral lipids but its population increases when the immobilized liposomes contain negatively charged lipids. We suggest that the PB form may represent the active signaling form of c-Src while the labile form provides the capacity for fast 2D search of the target signaling site on the membrane surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabel-Lise Le Roux
- Biomolecular NMR Laboratory, Organic Chemistry Department, University of Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB-Barcelona), Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Antònia Busquets
- Department of Physicochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Sagués
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miquel Pons
- Biomolecular NMR Laboratory, Organic Chemistry Department, University of Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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Das S, Banik M, Chen G, Sinha S, Mukherjee R. Polyelectrolyte brushes: theory, modelling, synthesis and applications. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:8550-83. [PMID: 26399305 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm01962a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Polyelectrolyte (PE) brushes are a special class of polymer brushes (PBs) containing charges. Polymer chains attain "brush"-like configuration when they are grafted or get localized at an interface (solid-fluid or liquid-fluid) with sufficiently close proximity between two-adjacent grafted polymer chains - such a proximity triggers a particular nature of interaction between the adjacent polymer molecules forcing them to stretch orthogonally to the grafting interface, instead of random-coil arrangement. In this review, we discuss the theory, synthesis, and applications of PE brushes. The theoretical discussion starts with the standard scaling concepts for polymer and PE brushes; following that, we shed light on the state of the art in continuum modelling approaches for polymer and PE brushes directed towards analysis beyond the scaling calculations. A special emphasis is laid in pinpointing the cases for which the PE electrostatic effects can be de-coupled from the PE entropic and excluded volume effects; such de-coupling is necessary to appropriately probe the complicated electrostatic effects arising from pH-dependent charging of the PE brushes and the use of these effects for driving liquid and ion transport at the interfaces covered with PE brushes. We also discuss the atomistic simulation approaches for polymer and PE brushes. Next we provide a detailed review of the existing approaches for the synthesis of polymer and PE brushes on interfaces, nanoparticles, and nanochannels, including mixed brushes and patterned brushes. Finally, we discuss some of the possible applications and future developments of polymer and PE brushes grafted on a variety of interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhartha Das
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD-20742, USA.
| | - Meneka Banik
- Instability and Soft Patterning Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Pin - 721302, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Guang Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD-20742, USA.
| | - Shayandev Sinha
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD-20742, USA.
| | - Rabibrata Mukherjee
- Instability and Soft Patterning Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Pin - 721302, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
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