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Wang X, Liu F, Wang T, He Y, Guo Y. Applications of hydrogels in tissue-engineered repairing of temporomandibular joint diseases. Biomater Sci 2024; 12:2579-2598. [PMID: 38679944 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm01687k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies reveal that symptoms of temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs) occur in 60-70% of adults. The inflammatory damage caused by TMDs can easily lead to defects in the articular disc, condylar cartilage, subchondral bone and muscle of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and cause pain. Despite the availability of various methods for treating TMDs, few existing treatment schemes can achieve permanent recovery. This necessity drives the search for new approaches. Hydrogels, polymers with high water content, have found widespread use in tissue engineering and regeneration due to their excellent biocompatibility and mechanical properties, which resemble those of human tissues. In the context of TMD therapy, numerous experiments have demonstrated that hydrogels show favorable effects in aspects such as articular disc repair, cartilage regeneration, muscle repair, pain relief, and drug delivery. This review aims to summarize the application of hydrogels in the therapy of TMDs based on recent research findings. It also highlights deficiencies in current hydrogel research related to TMD therapy and outlines the broad potential of hydrogel applications in treating TMJ diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Fushuang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Tianyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yikai He
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yongwen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.
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Chang Z, Wang W, Huang Z, Huang Y, Wu C, Pan X. Lecithin Reverse Micelle System is Promising in Constructing Carrier Particles for Protein Drugs Encapsulated Pressurized Metered‐Dose Inhalers. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2023; 6. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202300046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
AbstractProtein drugs contained within pressurized metered dose inhalers (pMDIs) show immense potential for fundamental research and industrial applications, owing to their high bioavailability, convenient administration, and cost‐effectiveness. To deliver protein drugs efficiently, researchers have reached a consensus on the use of carrier particles. However, the main obstacle impeding the commercial availability of pMDI carrier particles is their low stability. This instability is primarily attributed to particle aggregation caused by the Ostwald ripening phenomenon and chemical degradation by water sensitivity of protein drugs. This study proposes the utilization of lecithin, a carrier material possessing an amphiphilic structure, to overcome this bottleneck. By constructing lecithin‐based reverse micelle systems with protein drugs encapsulated within the high‐polarity microdomain, this work anticipates an improvement in the stability of carrier particles within pMDIs. Specifically, the formation of crystalline phases in the reverse micelle systems can control carrier particle size through crystalline self‐limiting effect, preventing particle aggregation. Additionally, the low‐polarity microdomain of the carrier serves as a hydrophobic barrier, shielding protein drugs from water and preventing chemical degradation. Consequently, this work believes that the lecithin‐based reverse micelle system holds significant potential in providing new theoretical insights and experimental support for the advancement of pMDIs containing protein drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyao Chang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou Guangdong 510006 P. R. China
| | - Wenhao Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou Guangdong 510006 P. R. China
| | - Zhengwei Huang
- College of Pharmacy Jinan University Guangzhou Guangdong 511443 P. R. China
| | - Ying Huang
- College of Pharmacy Jinan University Guangzhou Guangdong 511443 P. R. China
| | - Chuanbin Wu
- College of Pharmacy Jinan University Guangzhou Guangdong 511443 P. R. China
| | - Xin Pan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou Guangdong 510006 P. R. China
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Jiao X, Dong X, Shan H, Qin Z. Assessing the Efficacy of PLGA-Loaded Antimicrobial Peptide OH-CATH30 Microspheres for the Treatment of Bacterial Keratitis: A Promising Approach. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1244. [PMID: 37627308 PMCID: PMC10452858 DOI: 10.3390/biom13081244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial keratitis in animals presents challenges due to ocular structural barriers, hindering effective drug delivery. In this study, we used biocompatible and biodegradable poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) to encapsulate the naturally occurring antimicrobial peptide OH-CATH30, an alternative to conventional antibiotics, for the treatment of bacterial keratitis in animals. Microspheres (MS) were prepared using a modified water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) double-emulsion method with optimized osmotic pressure. We conducted comprehensive evaluations, including in vitro characterization, encapsulation efficiency determination, in vitro release kinetics, and in vivo/vitro assessments of irritation and bacterial inhibition. The optimized method yielded microspheres with impressive encapsulation efficiency of 75.2 ± 3.62% and a loading capacity of 18.25 ± 5.73%, exhibiting a well-defined particle size distribution (200-1000 nm) and a ζ-potential of -17.3 ± 1.91 mV. The microspheres demonstrated initial burst release followed by sustained and controlled release in vitro. Both in vitro and in vivo tolerance tests confirmed the biocompatibility of the drug-loaded microspheres, as they did not elicit significant irritation in ocular tissues. Remarkable antibacterial effects were observed in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. Our developed PLGA microspheres show promise as an alternative therapeutic option for topical administration in managing keratitis, offering exceptional drug delivery capabilities, improved bioavailability, and potent antibacterial efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zhihua Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (X.J.); (X.D.); (H.S.)
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Xu H, Tang B, Huang W, Luo S, Zhang T, Yuan J, Zheng Q, Zan X. Deliver protein across bio-barriers via hexa-histidine metal assemblies for therapy: a case in corneal neovascularization model. Mater Today Bio 2021; 12:100143. [PMID: 34765961 PMCID: PMC8569714 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2021.100143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Because of their high specificity and low side effects, protein drugs possess a substantial global market. However, the low bioavailability of protein is still a major obstacle to their expanded applications, which is expected to be answered with proper protein formulations. Taking corneal neovascularization (CNV) as an example, we demonstrated a co-assembled system of hexa-histidine and Ava (Avastin) with metal ions (HmA@Ava) could cross the cornea, the most important bio-barrier during the treatment of most diseases of the anterior segment in clinics. We found that the nanosized HmA@Ava efficiently encapsulated Ava with impressive loading capacity without destroying the bioactivity of Ava and assisted Ava penetration through the corneal barriers to effectively inhibit CNV development in an alkali burn rat model with sustained and pH-dependent Ava release. Our results suggested that the co-assembled strategy of protein and HmA is a proper formulation to protein drugs, with promising penetration ability to deliver protein across bio-barriers, which could open a path for topical administration of protein drugs for treatment of various ocular diseases and hold enormous potential for delivery of therapeutic proteins not only for ocular diseases but also for other diseases that require protein treatment. HmA@Ava can bring protein drug, Ava, across over the primary bio-barrier of the anterior segment and efficiently treat CNV. HmA@Ava was nanoparticles, with impressive loading capacity without destroying bioactivity of Ava and strong pH-dependent release. HmA can open a path for the treatment of eye diseases and hold huge potential to protein drugs to other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Xu
- The Affiliated Ningbo Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, China.,School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325035, PR China
| | - B Tang
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325035, PR China
| | - W Huang
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325035, PR China.,Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang Province, 317000, PR China
| | - S Luo
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325035, PR China
| | - T Zhang
- Oujiang Laboratory, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325001, China
| | - J Yuan
- The Affiliated Ningbo Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, China
| | - Q Zheng
- The Affiliated Ningbo Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, China.,School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325035, PR China
| | - X Zan
- The Affiliated Ningbo Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, China.,School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325035, PR China.,Oujiang Laboratory, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325001, China
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Application of Implantable Polylactic-Co-Glycolic Acid Microcapsule in Repairing Alveolar Bone Defects. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:5580785. [PMID: 34367304 PMCID: PMC8337143 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5580785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Alveolar bone defects (ABDs) were a perennial problem, especially in the aged. Bisphosphonates, especially etidronate sodium (ET), were frequently used in clinical treatment of ABD. However, the oral administration of ET had poor absorption (<1%). Therefore, optimization of a suitable dosage form substituted with ET to locally repair the ABD was a straightforward approach. Polylactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) is a biodegradable material and had been used in locally implanted medical devices. Therefore, an ET-PLGA microcapsule may help local delivery and prolong the activity of healing ABD. In this paper, a preparation method of ET-PLGA microcapsule was optimized by the single-factor investigation and response surface method. Subsequently, the rat ABD model was used to evaluate the enhancement effect of these microcapsules. Finally, the optimum parameters were determined as follows: 40% dichloromethane, 160 mg/mL PLGA, 10% internal aqua/oil phase, 4% PVA, and emulsifying for 10 min. These microcapsules were spherical in shape and fairly monodisperse in a particle size of 27,51 μm (PDI = 0.3), encapsulation rate 96.6%, and drug loading 4.58%. Compared with the ET groups, the total healing volume of ABD in ET-PLGA groups was significantly increased (P < 0.05). ET-PLGA microcapsules significantly enhanced the effect of ET on ABD. This study provided important technical support for the treatment of ABD with bisphosphonates by local administration. This paper has an exploratory significance for the development of water-soluble bioactive components with low bioavailability for ABD.
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Sawant A, Kamath S, KG H, Kulyadi GP. Solid-in-Oil-in-Water Emulsion: An Innovative Paradigm to Improve Drug Stability and Biological Activity. AAPS PharmSciTech 2021; 22:199. [PMID: 34212274 PMCID: PMC8249250 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-021-02074-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract An emulsion is a biphasic dosage form comprising of dispersed phase containing droplets that are uniformly distributed into a surrounding liquid which forms the continuous phase. An emulsifier is added at the interface of two immiscible liquids to stabilize the thermodynamically unstable emulsion. Various types of emulsions such as water-in-oil (w-o), oil-in-water (o-w), microemulsions, and multiple emulsions are used for delivering certain drugs in the body. Water (aqueous) phase is commonly used for encapsulating proteins and several other drugs in water-in-oil-in-water (w-o-w) emulsion technique. But this method has posed certain problems such as decreased stability, burst release, and low entrapment efficiency. Thus, a novel “solid-in-oil-in-water” (s-o-w) emulsion system was developed for formulating certain drugs, probiotics, proteins, antibodies, and tannins to overcome these issues. In this method, the active ingredient is encapsulated as a solid and added to an oil phase, which formed a solid-oil dispersion. This dispersion was then mixed with water to form a continuous phase for enhancing the drug absorption. This article focuses on the various studies done to investigate the effectiveness of formulations prepared as solid-oil-water emulsions in comparison to conventional water-oil-water emulsions. A summary of the results obtained in each study is presented in this article. The s-o-w emulsion technique may become beneficial in near future as it has shown to improve the stability and efficacy of the entrapped active ingredient. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Omidi M, Mansouri V, Mohammadi Amirabad L, Tayebi L. Impact of Lipid/Magnesium Hydroxide Hybrid Nanoparticles on the Stability of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-Loaded PLGA Microspheres. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:24370-24384. [PMID: 34006111 PMCID: PMC9328745 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c22140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study is to characterize poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) composite microcarriers for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) delivery. To reduce the initial burst release and protect the bioactivity, VEGF is encapsulated in soybean l-α-phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and l-α-phosphatidylcholine (PC) anhydrous reverse micelle (VEGF-RM) nanoparticles. Also, mesoporous nano-hexagonal Mg(OH)2 nanostructure (MNS)-loaded PE/PC anhydrous reverse micelle (MNS-RM) nanoparticles are synthesized to suppress the induced inflammation of PLGA acidic byproducts and regulate the release profile. The flow-focusing microfluidic geometry platforms are used to fabricate different combinations of PLGA composite microspheres (PLGA-CMPs) with MNSs, MNS-RM, VEGF-RM, and native VEGF. The essential parameters of each formulation, such as release profiles, encapsulation efficacy, bioactivity, inflammatory response, and cytotoxicity, are investigated by in vitro and in vivo studies. The results indicate that generated acidic byproducts during the hydrolytic degradation process of PLGA can be buffered, and pH values inside and outside microspheres can remain steady during degradation by MNSs. Furthermore, the significant improvement in the stability of the encapsulated VEGF is confirmed by the bioactivity assay. In vitro release study shows that the VEGF initial burst release is well minimized in the present microcarriers. The present monodisperse PLGA-CMPs can be widely used in various tissue engineering and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meisam Omidi
- Marquette University School of Dentistry, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201-1881, United States
- Protein Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University G.C., Tehran 19839-69411, Iran
| | - Vahid Mansouri
- Proteomics Research Center, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical sciences, Tehran 19857-17443, Iran
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 19857-17443, Iran
| | | | - Lobat Tayebi
- Marquette University School of Dentistry, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201-1881, United States
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Bizeau J, Mertz D. Design and applications of protein delivery systems in nanomedicine and tissue engineering. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 287:102334. [PMID: 33341459 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2020.102334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Proteins are biological macromolecules involved in a wide range of biological functions, which makes them very appealing as therapeutics agents. Indeed, compared to small molecule drugs, their endogenous nature ensures their biocompatibility and biodegradability, they can be used in a large range of applications and present a higher specificity and activity. However, they suffer from unfolding, enzymatic degradation, short half-life and poor membrane permeability. To overcome such drawbacks, the development of protein delivery systems to protect, carry and deliver them in a controlled way have emerged importantly these last years. In this review, the formulation of a wide panel of protein delivery systems either in the form of polymer or inorganic nanoengineered colloids and scaffolds are presented and the protein loading and release mechanisms are addressed. A section is also dedicated to the detection of proteins and the characterization methods of their release. Then, the main protein delivery systems developed these last three years for anticancer, tissue engineering or diabetes applications are presented, as well as the major in vivo models used to test them. The last part of this review aims at presenting the perspectives of the field such as the use of protein-rich material or the sequestration of proteins. This part will also deal with less common applications and gene therapy as an indirect method to deliver protein.
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Omidi M, Almeida L, Tayebi L. Microfluidic-assisted fabrication of reverse micelle/PLGA hybrid microspheres for sustained vascular endothelial growth factor delivery. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2020; 68:616-625. [PMID: 32533571 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, poly (d, l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) composite microspheres containing anhydrous reverse micelle (R.M.) dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) nanoparticles loaded vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were produced using microfluidic platforms. The VEGF-loaded R.M. nanoparticles (VRM) were achieved by initial self-assembly and subsequent lipid inversion of the DPPC vesicles. The fabricated VRMs were encapsulated into the PLGA matrix by flow-focusing geometry microfluidic platforms. The encapsulation efficiency, in vitro release profile, and the bioactivity of the produced composite microspheres were investigated. The release study showed that VEGF was slowly released from the PLGA composite microspheres over 28 days with a reduced initial burst (18 ± 4.17% in the first 24 H). The VEGF stability during encapsulation and release period was also investigated, and the results indicated that encapsulated VEGF was well preserved. Also, the bioactivity assay of the PLGA composite microspheres on human umbilical vein endothelial cells was confirmed that the encapsulated VEGF was utterly active. The present monodisperse and controllable VEGF-loaded microspheres with reproducible manner could be widely used in tissue engineering and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meisam Omidi
- Marquette University School of Dentistry, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Luis Almeida
- Marquette University School of Dentistry, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Lobat Tayebi
- Marquette University School of Dentistry, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Li J, Yang L, Zhu C, Peng T, Huang D, Ma X, Pan X, Wu C. Release mechanisms of bovine serum albumin loaded-PLGA microspheres prepared by ultra-fine particle processing system. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2020; 10:1267-1277. [PMID: 32378176 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-020-00774-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The ultra-fine particle processing system (UPPS) previously developed by our lab has been used to prepare various microparticulate formulations. Microspheres prepared by UPPS can achieve sustained release with a reduced initial burst compared to the microspheres prepared by the conventional water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) double emulsion technique. However, the in vitro drug release mechanism of the microspheres prepared by UPPS is still uninvestigated. This study aimed to investigate the mechanisms of bovine serum albumin (BSA) released from poly (D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres prepared by UPPS in comparison with microspheres prepared by the W/O/W double emulsion technique. The morphology, in vitro drug release, water uptake, and structural evolution of microspheres prepared by both techniques were evaluated. UPPS microspheres showed solid and compact internal structures without any pores or channels thereby exhibiting a reduced rate of water permeation in the release medium. In addition, the release of BSA in UPPS microspheres was mainly controlled by the erosion of the polymer matrix during the entire process, while BSA was released from W/O/W microspheres by both drug diffusion and matrix erosion. Moreover, the observed surface and internal structural evolution also confirmed their different release mechanisms. This work elaborates the release mechanism of PLGA microspheres prepared by UPPS and facilitates the design of microparticulate formulations. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Li Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Chune Zhu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Tingting Peng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Di Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Xiangyu Ma
- College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, 2409 University Avenue, Mail Stop A1920, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Xin Pan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Chuanbin Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Yang Y, Huang Z, Li J, Mo Z, Huang Y, Ma C, Wang W, Pan X, Wu C. PLGA Porous Microspheres Dry Powders for Codelivery of Afatinib-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles and Paclitaxel: Novel Therapy for EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors Resistant Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1900965. [PMID: 31664795 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201900965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Combination therapy of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR TKIs) with other chemotherapeutic agents is a feasible strategy to overcome resistance that often occurs after 9-13 months of EGFR TKIs administration in nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In this study, a pulmonary microspheres system that codelivers afatinib and paclitaxel (PTX) is developed for treatment of EGFR TKIs resistant NSCLC. In this system, afatinib is loaded in stearic acid-based solid lipid nanoparticles, then these nanoparticles and PTX are loaded in poly-lactide-co-glycolide-based porous microspheres. These inhaled microspheres systems are characterized including geometric particle size, drug encapsulation efficiency, morphology by scanning electron microscopy, specific surface area, in vitro drug release, and aerodynamic particle size. Cell experiments indicate that afatinib and PTX have a synergistic effect and the codelivery system shows a superior treatment effect in drug-resistant NSCLC cells. The biocompatibility, pharmacokinetic, and tissue distribution experiments in Sprague-Dawley rats show that afatinib and PTX in the system can maintain 96 h of high lung concentration but low concentration in other tissues, with acceptable safety. These results demonstrate that this system may be a prospective delivery strategy for drug combination treatment in cancers developing resistance, especially drug-resistant lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesSun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Zhengwei Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesSun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Jinyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer MedicineSun Yat‐Sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou 510060 P. R. China
| | - Ziran Mo
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesSun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Ying Huang
- School of PharmacyJinan University Guangzhou 510632 P. R. China
| | - Cheng Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesSun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Wenhao Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesSun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Xin Pan
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesSun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Chuanbin Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesSun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
- School of PharmacyJinan University Guangzhou 510632 P. R. China
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Liu J, Xu Y, Liu Z, Ren H, Meng Z, Liu K, Liu Z, Yong J, Wang Y, Li X. A modified hydrophobic ion-pairing complex strategy for long-term peptide delivery with high drug encapsulation and reduced burst release from PLGA microspheres. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 144:217-229. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Kang SH, Kim BY, Kwon HI, Kim HM, Cho SH, Park JS, Han HD, Shin BC. PLGA Microsphere Addition to 1‐Hydroxy‐2‐napthoic Acid Enhances the Sustained Release of Escitalopram. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seok Hee Kang
- Bio/Drug Discovery DivisionKorea Research Institute of Chemical Technology Daejeon 305‐060 South Korea
- Medicinal Chemistry and PharmacologyUniversity of Science and Technology Yuseong 305‐350 South Korea
| | - Bo Yeon Kim
- Bio/Drug Discovery DivisionKorea Research Institute of Chemical Technology Daejeon 305‐060 South Korea
| | - Hyuk Il Kwon
- Bio/Drug Discovery DivisionKorea Research Institute of Chemical Technology Daejeon 305‐060 South Korea
- College of PharmacyChungnam National University Daejeon 305‐764 South Korea
| | - Hye Min Kim
- Bio/Drug Discovery DivisionKorea Research Institute of Chemical Technology Daejeon 305‐060 South Korea
- College of PharmacyChungnam National University Daejeon 305‐764 South Korea
| | - Sun Hang Cho
- Bio/Drug Discovery DivisionKorea Research Institute of Chemical Technology Daejeon 305‐060 South Korea
| | - Jeong Sook Park
- College of PharmacyChungnam National University Daejeon 305‐764 South Korea
| | - Hee Dong Han
- Department of Immunology, School of MedicineKonkuk University Chungju 380‐701 South Korea
| | - Byung Cheol Shin
- Bio/Drug Discovery DivisionKorea Research Institute of Chemical Technology Daejeon 305‐060 South Korea
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Mechanistic Evaluation of the Opposite Effects on Initial Burst Induced by Two Similar Hydrophilic Additives From Octreotide Acetate–Loaded PLGA Microspheres. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:2367-2376. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Wang T, Zhang C, Zhong W, Yang X, Wang A, Liang R. Modification of Three-Phase Drug Release Mode of Octreotide PLGA Microspheres by Microsphere-Gel Composite System. AAPS PharmSciTech 2019; 20:228. [PMID: 31227940 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-019-1438-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to obtain sustained release of biodegradable microspheres, the purpose of this study was to design and characterize an injectable octreotide microsphere-gel composite system. The octreotide microspheres were prepared by phase separation method, which used PLGA as a carrier material, dimethyl silicone oil as a phase separation reagent, and n-heptane-Span 80 as a hardener. In addition, we used poloxamer 407 (PL 407) and poloxamer 188 (PL 188) as the thermosensitive gel matrix material. The composite system was obtained by scattering octreotide microspheres in a poloxamer gel. In vitro data showed that the release time of the composite system could last for about 50 days. Because of the blocking and control actions of the poloxamer gel, the initial burst release was significantly reduced and the plateau phase was eliminated. Pharmacokinetic data showed that the burst release of the composite system was significantly less than that of the microspheres, i.e., Cmax1 was reduced by about half. From day 2 to day 50, higher plasma concentration levels and more stable drug release behavior were exhibited. In addition, the good biocompatibility of the composite system in vivo was also demonstrated by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. Therefore, the octreotide microsphere-gel composite system will be a new direction for hydrophilic polypeptide/protein-loaded sustained release dosage forms with high pharmacological activity.
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Liu J, Xu Y, Wang Y, Ren H, Meng Z, Liu K, Liu Z, Huang H, Li X. Proton Oriented-"Smart Depot" for Responsive Release of Ca 2+ to Inhibit Peptide Acylation in PLGA Microspheres. Pharm Res 2019; 36:119. [PMID: 31165279 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-019-2640-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to characterize and detail the mechanism of a smart Ca2+ release depot (Ca3(PO4)2) about its ability for sustainable inhibition on peptide acylation within PLGA microspheres. METHODS The octreotide acetate release and acylation kinetics were analyzed by RP-HPLC. Changes of Ca2+ concentration and adsorption behavior were determined by a Calcium Colorimetric Assay Kit. The inner pH changes were delineated by a classic pH sensitive probe, Lysosensor yellow/ blue® dextran. Morphological changes of microspheres, adsorption between polymer and additive, transformation of Ca3(PO4)2 were characterized using SEM, FTIR and SSNMR separately. RESULTS Before and after microspheres formulation, the property and effectiveness of Ca3(PO4)2 were investigated. Compared with a commonly used calcium salt (CaCl2), high encapsulation efficiency (96.56%) of Ca3(PO4)2 guarantees lasting effectiveness. In an increasingly acidic environment that simulated polymer degradation, the poorly water-soluble Ca3(PO4)2 could absorb protons and transform into the more and more soluble CaHPO4 and Ca(H2PO4)2 to produce sufficient Ca2+ according to severity of acylation. The corresponding Ca2+ produce capacity fully met the optimum inhibition requirement since the real-time adsorption sites (water-soluble carboxylic acids) inside the degrading microspheres were rare. A sustained retention of three switchable calcium salts and slow release of Ca2+ were observed during the microsphere incubation. FTIR results confirmed the long-term inhibition effect induced by Ca3(PO4)2 on the adsorption between drug and polymer. CONCLUSIONS With the presence of the smart Ca2+ depot (Ca3(PO4)2) in the microspheres, a sustainable and long-term inhibition of peptide acylation was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwei Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Yan Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Yonglu Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Hao Ren
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Zhengjie Meng
- School of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Kuntang Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Zhe Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - He Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, 211816, China.
| | - Xueming Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, 211816, China.
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Sharma R, Mody N, Kushwah V, Jain S, Vyas S. Development, characterization and ex vivo assessment of lipid-polymer based nanocomposite(s) as a potential carrier for site-specific delivery of immunogenic molecules. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Liu C, Zhang S, McClements DJ, Wang D, Xu Y. Design of Astaxanthin-Loaded Core-Shell Nanoparticles Consisting of Chitosan Oligosaccharides and Poly(lactic- co-glycolic acid): Enhancement of Water Solubility, Stability, and Bioavailability. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:5113-5121. [PMID: 31013074 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b06963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Astaxanthin, a hydrophobic carotenoid found in marine plants and animals, is claimed to exhibit various beneficial biological activities. Its use as a nutraceutical in foods, however, is currently limited by its low water-solubility and poor bioavailability. The goal of this paper was to fabricate astaxanthin-loaded colloidal particles to overcome these challenges. Astaxanthin was encapsulated in poly(lactic- co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles coated with chitosan oligosaccharides (COS). The properties of the loaded nanoparticles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and dynamic light scattering. The influence of PLGA properties on the loading capacity, water solubility, stability, and release of the astaxanthin were determined. The nanoparticles were smooth spheres with mean particle diameters around 150 nm and positive surface potentials (ζ = +30 mV). The encapsulation efficiency (>85%) and loading capacity (>15%) of the astaxanthin in the nanoparticles was relatively high. X-ray analysis suggested that the encapsulated astaxanthin was in an amorphous form. The nanoparticles had good dispersibility and stability in aqueous solutions, as well as high cytocompatibility. In vitro studies showed that the astaxanthin was released from the nanoparticles under simulated gastric and small intestinal conditions. Overall, our results suggest the core-shell nanoparticles developed in this study may be suitable for encapsulating this important nutraceutical in functional foods and cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengzhen Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , 5 Yushan Road , Shinan District, Qingdao , Shandong Province 266003 , China
| | - Shuaizhong Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , 5 Yushan Road , Shinan District, Qingdao , Shandong Province 266003 , China
| | - David Julian McClements
- Department of Food Science , University of Massachusetts , Amherst , Massachusetts 01060 , United States
| | - Dongfeng Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , 5 Yushan Road , Shinan District, Qingdao , Shandong Province 266003 , China
| | - Ying Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , 5 Yushan Road , Shinan District, Qingdao , Shandong Province 266003 , China
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Development of composite PLGA microspheres containing exenatide-encapsulated lecithin nanoparticles for sustained drug release. Asian J Pharm Sci 2019; 15:347-355. [PMID: 32636952 PMCID: PMC7327764 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PLGA microspheres based on exenatide encapsulated in nanoparticles were developed. Ex-NPs-PLGA-Ms was prepared by modified S/O/W method with a low initial burst. Ex-NPs-PLGA-Ms achieved zero-order controlled release. S/O/W method could preserve the bioactivity of exenatide without cytotoxicity.
This study aimed to prepare poly (D, L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) microspheres (PLGA-Ms) by a modified solid-in-oil-in-water (S/O/W) multi-emulsion technique in order to achieve sustained release with reduced initial burst and maintain efficient drug concentration for a prolonged period of time. Composite PLGA microspheres containing exenatide-encapsulated lecithin nanoparticles (Ex-NPs-PLGA-Ms) were obtained by initial fabrication of exenatide-loaded lecithin nanoparticles (Ex-NPs) via the alcohol injection method, followed by encapsulation of Ex-NPs into PLGA microspheres. Compared to Ms prepared by the conventional water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) technique (Ex-PLGA-Ms), Ex-NPs-PLGA-Ms showed a more uniform particle size distribution, reduced initial burst release, and sustained release for over 60 d in vitro. Cytotoxicity studies showed that Ms prepared by both techniques had superior biocompatibility without causing any detectable cytotoxicity. In pharmacokinetic studies, the effective drug concentration was maintained for over 30 d following a single subcutaneous injection of two types of Ms formulation in rats, potentially prolonging the therapeutic action of Ex. In addition, administration of Ex-NPs-PLGA-Ms resulted in a more smooth plasma concentration-time profile with a higher area under the curve (AUC) compared to that of Ex-PLGA-Ms. Overall, Ex-NPs-PLGA-Ms prepared by the novel S/O/W method could be a promising sustained drug release system with reduced initial burst release and prolonged therapeutic efficacy.
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Sharma R, Vyas SP. Mannose functionalized plain and endosomolytic nanocomposite(s)-based approach for the induction of effective antitumor immune response in C57BL/6 mice melanoma model. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2019; 45:1089-1100. [PMID: 30913925 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2019.1593442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The goal of present study to assess the antigen specific immunopotentiation effect of mannose functionalized endosomolytic and conventional nanocomposite(s) based combination approach using C57BL/6 mice melanoma model. Endosomolytic and conventional nanocomposite(s) were prepared by double emulsification method. The optimized formulation was extensively characterized for average particle size, zeta potential and PDI of nanocomposite(s) which were measured in range of ≈200 nm, 0.111 ± 0.024, -23.4 ± 2.0 mV, respectively. pH-dependent morphological changes in the surface of MRPRPNs and PRPNs were analyzed by using surface electron microscopy at different time intervals. The cellular uptake assessment of developed formulations were followed by using RAW 264.7 macrophage cell lines. Results revealed that after immunizing B16F10 melanoma cells implanted C57BL/6 mice with combination [endosomolytic and conventional nanocomposite(s)] of nanocomposite(s), a significant increase in the interleukins level i.e. IL-2, IFN-ϒ, IL-12 and IL-6 and OVA Ag(s) specific antibody responses were recorded. Consequently, a strong immunological response was elicited with specific polarization contributing to humoral and activation of CD8+ to cellular responses. Finding of histological examination also support the potential of therapeutic outcome. The present approach based on mannose surface functionalization for targeting to antigen presenting cells and pH-dependent prompt endosomal release and escape can be a promising system for efficient cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Sharma
- a Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Dr. H. S. Gour University (A Central University) , Sagar , India
| | - S P Vyas
- a Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Dr. H. S. Gour University (A Central University) , Sagar , India
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Zhu C, Peng T, Huang D, Feng D, Wang X, Pan X, Tan W, Wu C. Formation Mechanism, In vitro and In vivo Evaluation of Dimpled Exenatide Loaded PLGA Microparticles Prepared by Ultra-Fine Particle Processing System. AAPS PharmSciTech 2019; 20:64. [PMID: 30627822 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-1208-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Spherical poly (D, L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) microparticles (PLGA-MPs) have long been investigated in order to achieve sustained delivery of proteins/peptides. However, the formation mechanism and release characteristics of the specific shape MPs were still unknown. This study aimed to develop a novel-dimpled exenatide-loaded PLGA-MPs (Exe-PLGA-MPs) using an ultra-fine particle processing system (UPPS) and investigate the formation mechanism and release characteristics. Exe-PLGA-MPs were prepared by UPPS and optimized based on their initial burst within the first 24 h and drug release profiles. Physicochemical properties of Exe-PLGA-MPs, including morphology, particle size, and structural integrity of Exe extracted from Exe-PLGA-MPs, were evaluated. Furthermore, pharmacokinetic studies of the optimal formulation were conducted in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats to establish in vitro-in vivo correlations (IVIVC) of drug release. Exe-PLGA-MPs with dimpled shapes and uniform particle sizes achieved a high encapsulation efficiency (EE%, 91.50 ± 2.65%) and sustained drug release for 2 months in vitro with reduced initial burst (20.42 ± 1.64%). Moreover, the pharmacokinetic studies revealed that effective drug concentration could be maintained for 3 weeks following a single injection of dimpled Exe-PLGA-MPs with high IVIVC. Dimpled PLGA-MPs prepared using the UPPS technique could thus have great potential for sustained delivery of macromolecular proteins/peptides.
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Hydrogel wound dressings loaded with PLGA/ciprofloxacin hydrochloride nanoparticles for use on pressure ulcers. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2018.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Sharma R, Dubey S, Mody N, Sharma G, Kushwah V, Jain S, Katare OP, Vyas SP. Release promoter-based systematically designed nanocomposite(s): a novel approach for site-specific delivery of tumor-associated antigen(s) (TAAs). ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 46:776-789. [DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2018.1469137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Sharma
- Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. H. S. Gour Central University, Sagar, India
| | - Surabhi Dubey
- Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. H. S. Gour Central University, Sagar, India
| | - Nishi Mody
- Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. H. S. Gour Central University, Sagar, India
| | - Gajanand Sharma
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC-Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Varun Kushwah
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Sanyog Jain
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Om Prakash Katare
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC-Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Suresh P. Vyas
- Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. H. S. Gour Central University, Sagar, India
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