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Zhou Z, Zhang Z, Feng S, Liu L, Deng W, Wu L. Effective separation of dyes/salts by sulfonated covalent organic framework membranes based on phenolamine network conditioning. RSC Adv 2024; 14:14593-14605. [PMID: 38708106 PMCID: PMC11066737 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra01736f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
This study developed a modified polyacrylonitrile (PAN) membrane controlled by a phenol-amine network and enhanced with a sulfonated covalent organic framework (SCOF), aimed at improving the efficiency of textile wastewater treatment. Utilizing a phenol-amine network control strategy allows for precise manipulation of interfacial reactions in the synthesis of SCOF, achieving highly uniform modification on the surface of the PAN membrane. This modified membrane demonstrated high rejection of over 98% for various water-soluble dyes, including Alcian blue 8GX, Coomassie Brilliant Blue G250, methyl blue, congo red, and rose bengal, and also exhibited specific selectivity in processing salt-containing wastewater. By adjusting the deposition time of the phenol-amine and the concentration of SCOF monomers, optimal retention performance and permeate flux were achieved, effectively separating dyes and salts. This research provides a new and effective solution for treating textile wastewater, especially in separating and recovering dyes and salts, offering broad application prospects in environmental management and water resource management, and highlighting its significant practical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zekun Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Zezhen Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Shuman Feng
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital Zhengzhou Henan 450003 China
| | - Lulu Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Weishan Deng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Lili Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China
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2
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Chen S, Bao J, Hu Z, Liu X, Cheng S, Zhao W, Zhao C. Porous Microspheres as Pathogen Traps for Sepsis Therapy: Capturing Active Pathogens and Alleviating Inflammatory Reactions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38682663 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c01270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response syndrome caused by pathogen infection, while the current antibiotics mainly utilized in clinical practice to combat infection result in the release of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in the body. Herein, we provide an innovative strategy for controlling sepsis, namely, capturing active pathogens by means of extracorporeal blood purification. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were modified with dimethyldiallylammonium chloride (DDA) through γ-ray irradiation-induced graft polymerization to confer a positive charge. Then, CNT-DDAs are blended with polyurethane (PU) to prepare porous microspheres using the electro-spraying method. The obtained microspheres with a pore diameter of 2 μm served as pathogen traps and are termed as PU-CNT-DDA microspheres. Even at a high flow rate of 50 mL·min-1, the capture efficiencies of the PU-CNT-DDAs for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus remained 94.7% and 98.8%, respectively. This approach circumvents pathogen lysis and mortality, significantly curtails the release of PAMPs, and hampers the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, hemoperfusion using porous PU-CNT-DDAs as pathogen traps to capture active pathogens and alleviate inflammation opens a new route for sepsis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifan Chen
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jianxu Bao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zhen Hu
- Radiation Chemistry Department, Sichuan Institute of Atomic Energy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610101, PR China
| | - Xianda Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Shengjun Cheng
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Weifeng Zhao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Changsheng Zhao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Hu S, Qin L, Yi H, Lai C, Yang Y, Li B, Fu Y, Zhang M, Zhou X. Carbonaceous Materials-Based Photothermal Process in Water Treatment: From Originals to Frontier Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2305579. [PMID: 37788902 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202305579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
The photothermal process has attracted considerable attention in water treatment due to its advantages of low energy consumption and high efficiency. In this respect, photothermal materials play a crucial role in the photothermal process. Particularly, carbonaceous materials have emerged as promising candidates for this process because of exceptional photothermal performance. While previous research on carbonaceous materials has primarily focused on photothermal evaporation and sterilization, there is now a growing interest in exploring the potential of photothermal effect-assisted advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). However, the underlying mechanism of the photothermal effect assisted by carbonaceous materials remains unclear. This review aims to provide a comprehensive review of the photothermal process of carbonaceous materials in water treatment. It begins by introducing the photothermal properties of carbonaceous materials, followed by a discussion on strategies for enhancing these properties. Then, the application of carbonaceous materials-based photothermal process for water treatment is summarized. This includes both direct photothermal processes such as photothermal evaporation and sterilization, as well as indirect photothermal processes that assisted AOPs. Meanwhile, various mechanisms assisted by the photothermal effect are summarized. Finally, the challenges and opportunities of using carbonaceous materials-based photothermal processes for water treatment are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyuan Hu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Lei Qin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Huan Yi
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Cui Lai
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Bisheng Li
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, P. R. China
| | - Yukui Fu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Xuerong Zhou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
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Dual-crosslinked bioadhesive hydrogel as NIR/pH stimulus-responsiveness platform for effectively accelerating wound healing. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 637:20-32. [PMID: 36682115 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.01.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Adhesive hydrogels have emerged as promising candidates to solve life-threatening infectious skin injuries. However, the inadequate mechanical characteristics and biological adherence limit the traditional wound dressing unable to adapt to high-frequency movement and real-time monitoring of wound healing, calling for the development of bioadhesive materials guided wound healing. In this work, a multifunctional bioadhesive hydrogel with double colorimetric-integrated of polyethylene glycol (PVA)-dextran (Dex)-borax-bromothymol blue (BTB)-fluorescein thiocyanate (FITC) and functionalization by tungsten disulfide-catechol nanozyme (CL/WS2) was created. Hydrogel is a perfect biological adhesive, which can achieve repeatable and strong tissue adhesion strength (8.3 ± 0.6 kPa), which is 1.66 times that of commercial dressings. Based on the strong biological adhesion of the hydrogel, a sensor is integrated into the hydrogel to collect visual image of bacterial infection from a smartphone and transform it into an on-site pH signal for remote evaluation of the wound's dynamic status in real time. Ultimately, the adhesiveness hydrogel has high worth in managing the burden related to wound healing and paving the way for intelligent wound management in the future.
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Xu Y, Hu J, Zhang X, Yuan D, Duan G, Li Y. Robust and multifunctional natural polyphenolic composites for water remediation. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:2496-2517. [PMID: 35920729 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh00768a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The scarcity of clean water has become a global environmental problem which constrains the development of public health, economy, and sustainability. In recent years, natural polyphenols have drawn increasing interests as promising platforms towards diverse water remediation composites and devices, owing to their abundant and renewable resource in nature, highly active surface chemistry, and multifunctionality. This review aims to summarize the most recent advances and highlights of natural polyphenol-based composite materials (e.g., nanofibers, membranes, particles, and hydrogels) for water remediation, by focusing on their structural and functional features, as well as their diversified applications including membrane filtration, solar distillation, adsorption, advanced oxidation processes, and disinfection. Finally, the future challenges in this field are also prospected. It is anticipated that this review will provide new opportunities towards the future development of natural polyphenols and other kinds of naturally occurring molecules in water purification applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanting Xu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
| | - Junfei Hu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
| | - Xueqian Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
| | - Dandan Yuan
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
| | - Gaigai Duan
- Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Yiwen Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
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Tang Z, Ma D, Chen Q, Wang Y, Sun M, Lian Q, Shang J, Wong PK, He C, Xia D, Wang T. Nanomaterial-enabled photothermal-based solar water disinfection processes: Fundamentals, recent advances, and mechanisms. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 437:129373. [PMID: 35728326 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenic microorganisms in water pose a great threat to human health. Photothermal and photothermocatalytic disinfection using nanomaterials (NPs) has offered a promising and effective strategy to address the challenges in solar water disinfection (SODIS), especially in the point-of-use operations. This review aims at providing comprehensive and state-of-the-art knowledge of photothermal-based disinfection by NPs. The fundamentals and principles of photothermal-based disinfection were first introduced. Then, recent advances in developing photothermal/photothermocatalytic catalysts were systematically summarized. The light-to-heat conversion and disinfection performance of a large variety of photothermal materials were presented. Given the complicated mechanisms of photothermal-based disinfection, the attacks from reactive oxygen species and heat, the destruction of bacterial cells, and the antibacterial effects of released metal ions were highlighted. Finally, future challenges and opportunities associated with the development of cost-effective photothermal/photothermocatalytic disinfection systems were outlined. This review will provide guidance in designing future NPs and inspire more research efforts from environmental nano-communities to move towards practical water disinfection operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoyun Tang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Dingren Ma
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Qi Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yongyi Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Mingzhe Sun
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, 8 Yuexing 1st Road, Shenzhen Hi-Tech Industrial Park, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Qiyu Lian
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jin Shang
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, 8 Yuexing 1st Road, Shenzhen Hi-Tech Industrial Park, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Po Keung Wong
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China; Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chun He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Dehua Xia
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Tianqi Wang
- National Observation and Research Station of Coastal Ecological Environments in Macao, Macao Environmental Research Institute, Macau University of Science and Technology, 999078, Macao Special Administrative Region of China; City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, 8 Yuexing 1st Road, Shenzhen Hi-Tech Industrial Park, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518060, China.
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Recent Progress on Bioinspired Antibacterial Surfaces for Biomedical Application. Biomimetics (Basel) 2022; 7:biomimetics7030088. [PMID: 35892358 PMCID: PMC9326651 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics7030088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface bacterial fouling has become an urgent global challenge that calls for resilient solutions. Despite the effectiveness in combating bacterial invasion, antibiotics are susceptible to causing microbial antibiotic resistance that threatens human health and compromises the medication efficacy. In nature, many organisms have evolved a myriad of surfaces with specific physicochemical properties to combat bacteria in diverse environments, providing important inspirations for implementing bioinspired approaches. This review highlights representative natural antibacterial surfaces and discusses their corresponding mechanisms, including repelling adherent bacteria through tailoring surface wettability and mechanically killing bacteria via engineering surface textures. Following this, we present the recent progress in bioinspired active and passive antibacterial strategies. Finally, the biomedical applications and the prospects of these antibacterial surfaces are discussed.
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Zhang Z, Wang L, Chan TKF, Chen Z, Ip M, Chan PKS, Sung JJY, Zhang L. Micro-/Nanorobots in Antimicrobial Applications: Recent Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2101991. [PMID: 34907671 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202101991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of drug-resistant pathogenic bacteria remains one of the most urgent threats to public health worldwide. Even worse, the bacterial cells commonly form biofilms through aggregation and adhesion, preventing antibiotic penetration and resisting environmental stress. Moreover, biofilms tend to grow in some hard-to-reach regions, bringing difficulty for antibiotic delivery at the infected site. The drug-resistant pathogenic bacteria and intractable biofilm give rise to chronic and recurrent infections, exacerbating the challenge in combating bacterial infections. Micro/nanorobots (MNRs) are capable of active cargo delivery, targeted treatment with high precision, and motion-assisted mechanical force, which enable transport and enhance penetration of antibacterial agents into the targeted site, thus showing great promise in emerging as an attractive alternative to conventional antibacterial therapies. This review summarizes the recent advances in micro-/nanorobots for antibacterial applications, with emphasis on those novel strategies for drug-resistance bacterium and stubborn biofilm infections. Insights on the future development of MNRs with good functionality and biosafety offer promising approaches to address infections in the clinic setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zifeng Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR 999077 China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR 999077 China
| | - Tony K. F. Chan
- Chow Yuk Ho Technology Center for Innovative Medicine The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR 999077 China
| | - Zigui Chen
- Department of Microbiology The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR 999077 China
| | - Margaret Ip
- Department of Microbiology The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR 999077 China
| | - Paul K. S. Chan
- Department of Microbiology The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR 999077 China
- Stanley Ho Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases Faculty of Medicine The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR 999077 China
| | - Joseph J. Y. Sung
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine Nanyang Technological University Singapore 636921 Singapore
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR 999077 China
- Chow Yuk Ho Technology Center for Innovative Medicine The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR 999077 China
- CUHK T Stone Robotics Institute The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR 999077 China
- Department of Surgery The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR 999077 China
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An injectable adhesive antibacterial hydrogel wound dressing for infected skin wounds. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 134:112584. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Gao R, Su L, Yu T, Liu J, van der Mei HC, Ren Y, Chen G, Shi L, Peterson BW, Busscher HJ. Encapsulation of Photothermal Nanoparticles in Stealth and pH-Responsive Micelles for Eradication of Infectious Biofilms In Vitro and In Vivo. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:3180. [PMID: 34947529 PMCID: PMC8706488 DOI: 10.3390/nano11123180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Photothermal nanoparticles can be used for non-antibiotic-based eradication of infectious biofilms, but this may cause collateral damage to tissue surrounding an infection site. In order to prevent collateral tissue damage, we encapsulated photothermal polydopamine-nanoparticles (PDA-NPs) in mixed shell polymeric micelles, composed of stealth polyethylene glycol (PEG) and pH-sensitive poly(β-amino ester) (PAE). To achieve encapsulation, PDA-NPs were made hydrophobic by electrostatic binding of indocyanine green (ICG). Coupling of ICG enhanced the photothermal conversion efficacy of PDA-NPs from 33% to 47%. Photothermal conversion was not affected by micellar encapsulation. No cytotoxicity or hemolytic effects of PEG-PAE encapsulated PDA-ICG-NPs were observed. PEG-PAE encapsulated PDA-ICG-NPs showed good penetration and accumulation in a Staphylococcus aureus biofilm. Penetration and accumulation were absent when nanoparticles were encapsulated in PEG-micelles without a pH-responsive moiety. PDA-ICG-NPs encapsulated in PEG-PAE-micelles found their way through the blood circulation to a sub-cutaneous infection site after tail-vein injection in mice, yielding faster eradication of infections upon near-infrared (NIR) irradiation than could be achieved after encapsulation in PEG-micelles. Moreover, staphylococcal counts in surrounding tissue were reduced facilitating faster wound healing. Thus, the combined effect of targeting and localized NIR irradiation prevented collateral tissue damage while eradicating an infectious biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifang Gao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China;
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands; (L.S.); (T.Y.); (H.C.v.d.M.); (B.W.P.)
| | - Linzhu Su
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands; (L.S.); (T.Y.); (H.C.v.d.M.); (B.W.P.)
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education State, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Tianrong Yu
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands; (L.S.); (T.Y.); (H.C.v.d.M.); (B.W.P.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China;
| | - Jian Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China;
| | - Henny C. van der Mei
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands; (L.S.); (T.Y.); (H.C.v.d.M.); (B.W.P.)
| | - Yijin Ren
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Orthodontics, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Gaojian Chen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China;
| | - Linqi Shi
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education State, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Brandon W. Peterson
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands; (L.S.); (T.Y.); (H.C.v.d.M.); (B.W.P.)
| | - Henk J. Busscher
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands; (L.S.); (T.Y.); (H.C.v.d.M.); (B.W.P.)
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