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Sturari S, Andreana I, Aprà P, Bincoletto V, Kopecka J, Mino L, Zurletti B, Stella B, Riganti C, Arpicco S, Picollo F. Designing functionalized nanodiamonds with hyaluronic acid-phospholipid conjugates for enhanced cancer cell targeting and fluorescence imaging capabilities. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:11610-11622. [PMID: 38855987 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr00932k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Nanomedicine aims to develop smart approaches for treating cancer and other diseases to improve patient survival and quality of life. Novel nanoparticles as nanodiamonds (NDs) represent promising candidates to overcome current limitations. In this study, NDs were functionalized with a 200 kDa hyaluronic acid-phospholipid conjugate (HA/DMPE), enhancing the stability of the nanoparticles in water-based solutions and selectivity for cancer cells overexpressing specific HA cluster determinant 44 (CD44) receptors. These nanoparticles were characterized by diffuse reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and photoluminescence spectroscopy, confirming the efficacy of the functionalization process. Scanning electron microscopy was employed to evaluate the size distribution of the dry particles, while dynamic light scattering and zeta potential measurements were utilized to evaluate ND behavior in a water-based medium. Furthermore, the ND biocompatibility and uptake mediated by CD44 receptors in three different models of human adenocarcinoma cells were assessed by performing cytofluorimetric assay and confocal microscopy. HA-functionalized nanodiamonds demonstrated the advantage of active targeting in the presence of cancer cells expressing CD44 on the surface, suggesting higher drug delivery to tumors over non-tumor tissues. Even CD44-poorly expressing cancers could be targeted by the NDs, thanks to their good passive diffusion within cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Sturari
- Department of Physics, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy.
- National Institute of Nuclear Physics, Sect. Torino, via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Ilaria Andreana
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 9, 10125, Torino, Italy.
| | - Pietro Aprà
- National Institute of Nuclear Physics, Sect. Torino, via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Valeria Bincoletto
- NIS Inter-Departmental Centre, via G. Quarello 15/a, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Joanna Kopecka
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Piazza Nizza 44, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Mino
- NIS Inter-Departmental Centre, via G. Quarello 15/a, 10135 Torino, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Beatrice Zurletti
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 9, 10125, Torino, Italy.
| | - Barbara Stella
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 9, 10125, Torino, Italy.
| | - Chiara Riganti
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Piazza Nizza 44, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Silvia Arpicco
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 9, 10125, Torino, Italy.
| | - Federico Picollo
- Department of Physics, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy.
- National Institute of Nuclear Physics, Sect. Torino, via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy
- NIS Inter-Departmental Centre, via G. Quarello 15/a, 10135 Torino, Italy
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Ghasemlou M, Pn N, Alexander K, Zavabeti A, Sherrell PC, Ivanova EP, Adhikari B, Naebe M, Bhargava SK. Fluorescent Nanocarbons: From Synthesis and Structure to Cancer Imaging and Therapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2312474. [PMID: 38252677 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202312474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Nanocarbons are emerging at the forefront of nanoscience, with diverse carbon nanoforms emerging over the past two decades. Early cancer diagnosis and therapy, driven by advanced chemistry techniques, play a pivotal role in mitigating mortality rates associated with cancer. Nanocarbons, with an attractive combination of well-defined architectures, biocompatibility, and nanoscale dimension, offer an incredibly versatile platform for cancer imaging and therapy. This paper aims to review the underlying principles regarding the controllable synthesis, fluorescence origins, cellular toxicity, and surface functionalization routes of several classes of nanocarbons: carbon nanodots, nanodiamonds, carbon nanoonions, and carbon nanohorns. This review also highlights recent breakthroughs regarding the green synthesis of different nanocarbons from renewable sources. It also presents a comprehensive and unified overview of the latest cancer-related applications of nanocarbons and how they can be designed to interface with biological systems and work as cancer diagnostics and therapeutic tools. The commercial status for large-scale manufacturing of nanocarbons is also presented. Finally, it proposes future research opportunities aimed at engendering modifiable and high-performance nanocarbons for emerging applications across medical industries. This work is envisioned as a cornerstone to guide interdisciplinary teams in crafting fluorescent nanocarbons with tailored attributes that can revolutionize cancer diagnostics and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Ghasemlou
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
- Center for Sustainable Products, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Navya Pn
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Industrial Chemistry (CAMIC), School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
| | - Katia Alexander
- School of Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Ali Zavabeti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Peter C Sherrell
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Elena P Ivanova
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
| | - Benu Adhikari
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Industrial Chemistry (CAMIC), School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
| | - Minoo Naebe
- Carbon Nexus, Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Suresh K Bhargava
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Industrial Chemistry (CAMIC), School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
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Dey T, Ghosh A, Sanyal A, Charles CJ, Pokharel S, Nair L, Singh M, Kaity S, Ravichandiran V, Kaur K, Roy S. Surface engineered nanodiamonds: mechanistic intervention in biomedical applications for diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Biomed Mater 2024; 19:032003. [PMID: 38574581 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ad3abb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
In terms of biomedical tools, nanodiamonds (ND) are a more recent innovation. Their size typically ranges between 4 to 100 nm. ND are produced via a variety of methods and are known for their physical toughness, durability, and chemical stability. Studies have revealed that surface modifications and functionalization have a significant influence on the optical and electrical properties of the nanomaterial. Consequently, surface functional groups of NDs have applications in a variety of domains, including drug administration, gene delivery, immunotherapy for cancer treatment, and bio-imaging to diagnose cancer. Additionally, their biocompatibility is a critical requisite for theirin vivoandin vitrointerventions. This review delves into these aspects and focuses on the recent advances in surface modification strategies of NDs for various biomedical applications surrounding cancer diagnosis and treatment. Furthermore, the prognosis of its clinical translation has also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanima Dey
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneshwar 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Anushikha Ghosh
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneshwar 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Arka Sanyal
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneshwar 751024, Odisha, India
| | | | - Sahas Pokharel
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneshwar 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Lakshmi Nair
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Assam Central University, Silchar 788011, Assam, India
| | - Manjari Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Assam Central University, Silchar 788011, Assam, India
| | - Santanu Kaity
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical, Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal 700054, India
| | - Velayutham Ravichandiran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical, Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal 700054, India
| | - Kulwinder Kaur
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin 2 D02YN77, Ireland
- Department of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Science, Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin 2 D02YN77, Ireland
| | - Subhadeep Roy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical, Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal 700054, India
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Bartkowski M, Bincoletto V, Salaroglio IC, Ceccone G, Arenal R, Nervo S, Rolando B, Riganti C, Arpicco S, Giordani S. Enhancing pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) therapy with targeted carbon nano-onion (CNO)-mediated delivery of gemcitabine (GEM)-derived prodrugs. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 659:339-354. [PMID: 38176243 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.12.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Nanotechnology's potential in revolutionising cancer treatments is evident in targeted drug delivery systems (DDSs) engineered to optimise therapeutic efficacy and minimise toxicity. This study examines a novel nanocarrier constructed with carbon nano-onions (CNOs), engineered and evaluated for its ability to selectively target cancer cells overexpressing the hyaluronic acid receptor; CD44. Our results highlighted that the CNO-based nanocarrier coupled with hyaluronic acid as the targeting agent demonstrated effective uptake by CD44+ PANC-1 and MIA PaCa-2 cells, while avoiding CD44- Capan-1 cells. The CNO-based nanocarrier also exhibited excellent biocompatibility in all tested pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells, as well as healthy cells. Notably, the CNO-based nanocarrier was successfully loaded with chemotherapeutic 4-(N)-acyl- sidechain-containing prodrugs derived from gemcitabine (GEM). These prodrugs alone exhibited remarkable efficacy in killing PDAC cells which are known to be GEM resistant, and their efficacy was amplified when combined with the CNO-based nanocarrier, particularly in targeting GEM-resistant CD44+ PDAC cells. These findings demonstrate the potential of CNOs as promising scaffolds in advancing targeted DDSs, signifying the translational potential of carbon nanoparticles for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Bartkowski
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Valeria Bincoletto
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 9, Torino, Italy
| | | | | | - Raul Arenal
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragon (INMA), CSIC-U. de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; Laboratorio de Microscopias Avanzadas (LMA), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; ARAID Foundation, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sara Nervo
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 9, Torino, Italy
| | - Barbara Rolando
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 9, Torino, Italy
| | - Chiara Riganti
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Via Nizza 44, Torino, Italy; Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, Italy
| | - Silvia Arpicco
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 9, Torino, Italy
| | - Silvia Giordani
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.
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Yang Z, Xu T, Li H, She M, Chen J, Wang Z, Zhang S, Li J. Zero-Dimensional Carbon Nanomaterials for Fluorescent Sensing and Imaging. Chem Rev 2023; 123:11047-11136. [PMID: 37677071 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Advances in nanotechnology and nanomaterials have attracted considerable interest and play key roles in scientific innovations in diverse fields. In particular, increased attention has been focused on carbon-based nanomaterials exhibiting diverse extended structures and unique properties. Among these materials, zero-dimensional structures, including fullerenes, carbon nano-onions, carbon nanodiamonds, and carbon dots, possess excellent bioaffinities and superior fluorescence properties that make these structures suitable for application to environmental and biological sensing, imaging, and therapeutics. This review provides a systematic overview of the classification and structural properties, design principles and preparation methods, and optical properties and sensing applications of zero-dimensional carbon nanomaterials. Recent interesting breakthroughs in the sensitive and selective sensing and imaging of heavy metal pollutants, hazardous substances, and bioactive molecules as well as applications in information encryption, super-resolution and photoacoustic imaging, and phototherapy and nanomedicine delivery are the main focus of this review. Finally, future challenges and prospects of these materials are highlighted and envisaged. This review presents a comprehensive basis and directions for designing, developing, and applying fascinating fluorescent sensors fabricated based on zero-dimensional carbon nanomaterials for specific requirements in numerous research fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, P. R. China
| | - Tiantian Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, P. R. China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, P. R. China
| | - Mengyao She
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, P. R. China
| | - Jiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, P. R. China
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Shengyong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Jianli Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
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Tan YZ, Thomsen LR, Shrestha N, Camisasca A, Giordani S, Rosengren R. Short-Term Intravenous Administration of Carbon Nano-Onions is Non-Toxic in Female Mice. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:3897-3912. [PMID: 37483316 PMCID: PMC10361275 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s414438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A nanoscale drug carrier could have a variety of therapeutic and diagnostic uses provided that the carrier is biocompatible in vivo. Carbon nano-onions (CNOs) have shown promising results as a nanocarrier for drug delivery. However, the systemic effect of CNOs in rodents is unknown. Therefore, we investigated the toxicity of CNOs following intravenous administration in female BALB/c mice. Results Single or repeated administration of oxi-CNOs (125, 250 or 500 µg) did not affect mouse behavior or organ weight and there was also no evidence of hepatotoxicity or nephrotoxicity. Histological examination of organ slices revealed a significant dose-dependent accumulation of CNO aggregates in the spleen, liver and lungs (p<0.05, ANOVA), with a trace amount of aggregates appearing in the kidneys. However, CNO aggregates in the liver did not affect CYP450 enzymes, as total hepatic CYP450 as well as CYP3A catalytic activity, as meased by erythromycin N-demethylation, and protein levels showed no significant changes between the treatment groups compared to vehicle control. CNOs also failed to act as competitive inhibitors of CYP3A in vitro in both mouse and human liver microsomes. Furthermore, CNOs did not cause oxidative stress, as indicated by the unchanged malondialdehyde levels and superoxide dismutase activity in liver microsomes and organ homogenates. Conclusion This study provides the first evidence that short-term intravenous administration of oxi-CNOs is non-toxic to female mice and thus could be a promising novel and safe drug carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhen Tan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
| | - Lucy R Thomsen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
| | - Nensi Shrestha
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
| | - Adalberto Camisasca
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, D09 NA55, Ireland
| | - Silvia Giordani
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, D09 NA55, Ireland
| | - Rhonda Rosengren
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
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Mohan H, Bincoletto V, Arpicco S, Giordani S. Supramolecular Functionalisation of B/N Co-Doped Carbon Nano-Onions for Novel Nanocarrier Systems. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15175987. [PMID: 36079368 PMCID: PMC9456768 DOI: 10.3390/ma15175987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Boron/nitrogen co-doped carbon nano-onions (BN-CNOs) are spherical nanoparticles that consist of multiple inter-nestled fullerene layers, giving them an onion-like internal structure. They have potential as nanocarriers due to their small size, aqueous dispersibility, and biocompatibility. The non-covalent attachment of a biocompatible polymer to BN-CNOs is a simple and effective method of creating a scaffold for a novel nanocarrier system as it allows for increased aqueous dispersibility whilst preventing the immune system from recognising the particle as a foreign object. The non-covalent approach also preserves the electronic and structural properties of the BN-CNOs. In this study, we attached a hyaluronic acid-phospholipid (HA-DMPE) conjugate polymer to the BN-CNO's surface to improve its hydrophilicity and provide targetability toward HA-receptor overexpressing cancer cells. To this end, various ratios of HA-DMPE to BN-CNOs were investigated. The resulting supramolecular systems were characterised via UV-Vis absorption and FTIR spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and zeta potential techniques. It was found that the HA-DMPE conjugate polymer was permanently wrapped around the BN-CNO nanoparticle surface. Moreover, the resulting BN-CNO/HA-DMPE supramolecular systems displayed enhanced aqueous solubility compared to unfunctionalised BN-CNOs, with excellent long-term stability observed in aqueous dispersions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh Mohan
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, D09 NA55 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Valeria Bincoletto
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Silvia Arpicco
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Silvia Giordani
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, D09 NA55 Dublin, Ireland
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Jia W, Xu L, Xu W, Yang M, Zhang Y. Application of nanotechnology in the diagnosis and treatment of acute pancreatitis. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:1949-1961. [PMID: 36133408 PMCID: PMC9419146 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00020b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a common digestive system disease. The severity of AP ranges from mild edema in the pancreas to severe systemic inflammatory responses leading to peripancreatic/pancreatic necrosis, multi-organ failure and death. Improving the sensitivity of AP diagnosis and developing alternatives to traditional methods to treat AP have gained the attention of researchers. With the continuous rise of nanotechnology, it is being widely used in daily life, biomedicine, chemical energy and many other fields. Studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of nanotechnology in the diagnosis and treatment of AP. Nanotechnology has the advantages of simplicity, rapidity and sensitivity in detecting biomarkers of AP, as well as enhancing imaging, which helps in the early diagnosis of AP. On the other hand, nanoparticles (NPs) have oxidative stress inhibiting and anti-inflammatory effects, and can also be loaded with drugs as well as being used in anti-infection therapy, providing a new approach for the treatment of AP. In this article, we elaborate and summarize on the potential of nanoparticles for diagnostic and therapeutic applications in AP from the current reported literature and experimental results to provide useful guidelines for further research on the application of nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- WeiLu Jia
- Medical School, Southeast University Nanjing 210009 China
| | - LinFeng Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing 210009 China
| | - WenJing Xu
- Medical School, Southeast University Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Meng Yang
- Department of Ultrasound, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100730 China
| | - YeWei Zhang
- Medical School, Southeast University Nanjing 210009 China
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing 210009 China
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Carbon Nanomaterials (CNMs) and Enzymes: From Nanozymes to CNM-Enzyme Conjugates and Biodegradation. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15031037. [PMID: 35160982 PMCID: PMC8838330 DOI: 10.3390/ma15031037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) and enzymes differ significantly in terms of their physico-chemical properties—their handling and characterization require very different specialized skills. Therefore, their combination is not trivial. Numerous studies exist at the interface between these two components—especially in the area of sensing—but also involving biofuel cells, biocatalysis, and even biomedical applications including innovative therapeutic approaches and theranostics. Finally, enzymes that are capable of biodegrading CNMs have been identified, and they may play an important role in controlling the environmental fate of these structures after their use. CNMs’ widespread use has created more and more opportunities for their entry into the environment, and thus it becomes increasingly important to understand how to biodegrade them. In this concise review, we will cover the progress made in the last five years on this exciting topic, focusing on the applications, and concluding with future perspectives on research combining carbon nanomaterials and enzymes.
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Kearns O, Camisasca A, Giordani S. Hyaluronic Acid-Conjugated Carbon Nanomaterials for Enhanced Tumour Targeting Ability. Molecules 2021; 27:48. [PMID: 35011272 PMCID: PMC8746509 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA) has been implemented for chemo and photothermal therapy to target tumour cells overexpressing the CD44+ receptor. HA-targeting hybrid systems allows carbon nanomaterial (CNM) carriers to efficiently deliver anticancer drugs, such as doxorubicin and gemcitabine, to the tumour sites. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene, graphene oxide (GO), and graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are grouped for a detailed review of the novel nanocomposites for cancer therapy. Some CNMs proved to be more successful than others in terms of stability and effectiveness at removing relative tumour volume. While the literature has been focused primarily on the CNTs and GO, other CNMs such as carbon nano-onions (CNOs) proved quite promising for targeted drug delivery using HA. Near-infrared laser photoablation is also reviewed as a primary method of cancer therapy-it can be used alone or in conjunction with chemotherapy to achieve promising chemo-photothermal therapy protocols. This review aims to give a background into HA and why it is a successful cancer-targeting component of current CNM-based drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Silvia Giordani
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, D09 E432 Dublin, Ireland; (O.K.); (A.C.)
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Bagheri AR, Aramesh N, Bilal M, Xiao J, Kim HW, Yan B. Carbon nanomaterials as emerging nanotherapeutic platforms to tackle the rising tide of cancer - A review. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 51:116493. [PMID: 34781082 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer has become one of the main reasons for human death in recent years. Around 18 million new cancer cases and approximately 9.6 million deaths from cancer reported in 2018, and the annual number of cancer cases will have increased to 22 million in the next two decades. These alarming facts have rekindled researchers' attention to develop and apply different approaches for cancer therapy. Unfortunately, most of the applied methods for cancer therapy not only have adverse side effects like toxicity and damage of healthy cells but also have a short lifetime. To this end, introducing innovative and effective methods for cancer therapy is vital and necessary. Among different potential materials, carbon nanomaterials can cope with the rising threats of cancer. Due to unique physicochemical properties of different carbon nanomaterials including carbon, fullerene, carbon dots, graphite, single-walled carbon nanotube and multi-walled carbon nanotubes, they exhibit possibilities to address the drawbacks for cancer therapy. Carbon nanomaterials are prodigious materials due to their ability in drug delivery or remedial of small molecules. Functionalization of carbon nanomaterials can improve the cancer therapy process and decrement the side effects. These exceptional traits make carbon nanomaterials as versatile and prevalent materials for application in cancer therapy. This article spotlights the recent findings in cancer therapy using carbon nanomaterials (2015-till now). Different types of carbon nanomaterials and their utilization in cancer therapy were highlighted. The plausible mechanisms for the action of carbon nanomaterials in cancer therapy were elucidated and the advantages and disadvantages of each material were also illustrated. Finally, the current problems and future challenges for cancer therapy based on carbon nanomaterials were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nahal Aramesh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 81746-73441, Iran.
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China.
| | - Jiafu Xiao
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Antibody-based Drug and Intelligent Delivery System, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 418000, PR China
| | - Hae-Won Kim
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea; Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Kore; Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea; UCL Eastman-Korea Dental Medicine Innovation Centre, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea; Cell & Matter Institute, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, South Korea
| | - Bing Yan
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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12
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Ravi Kiran AVVV, Kusuma Kumari G, Krishnamurthy PT, Khaydarov RR. Tumor microenvironment and nanotherapeutics: intruding the tumor fort. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:7667-7704. [PMID: 34673853 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm01127h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over recent years, advancements in nanomedicine have allowed new approaches to diagnose and treat tumors. Nano drug delivery systems exploit the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect and enter the tumor tissue's interstitial space. However, tumor barriers play a crucial role, and cause inefficient EPR or the homing effect. Mounting evidence supports the hypothesis that the components of the tumor microenvironment, such as the extracellular matrix, and cellular and physiological components collectively or cooperatively hinder entry and distribution of drugs, and therefore, limit the theragnostic applications of cancer nanomedicine. This abnormal tumor microenvironment plays a pivotal role in cancer nanomedicine and was recently recognized as a promising target for improving nano-drug delivery and their therapeutic outcomes. Strategies like passive or active targeting, stimuli-triggered nanocarriers, and the modulation of immune components have shown promising results in achieving anticancer efficacy. The present review focuses on the tumor microenvironment and nanoparticle-based strategies (polymeric, inorganic and organic nanoparticles) for intruding the tumor barrier and improving therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammu V V V Ravi Kiran
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy (JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research), Ooty, Tamil Nadu, 643001, India
| | - Garikapati Kusuma Kumari
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy (JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research), Ooty, Tamil Nadu, 643001, India
| | - Praveen T Krishnamurthy
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy (JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research), Ooty, Tamil Nadu, 643001, India
| | - Renat R Khaydarov
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences, Tashkent, 100047, Uzbekistan.
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13
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Sinolits AV, Chernysheva MG, Badun GA. Preparation of Tritium-Labeled Hyaluronic Acid by Tritium Thermal Activation Method. RADIOCHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1066362221040147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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14
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Ahlawat J, Masoudi Asil S, Guillama Barroso G, Nurunnabi M, Narayan M. Application of carbon nano onions in the biomedical field: recent advances and challenges. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:626-644. [PMID: 33241797 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01476a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nano onions (CNOs) are carbonaceous nanostructures composed of multiple concentric shells of fullerenes. These cage-within-cage structures remain as one of the most exciting and fascinating carbon forms, along with graphene and its derivatives, due to their unique chemical and physical properties. Their exceptional biocompatibility and biosafety make them an attractive choice in a wide range of areas, including biological systems. This nanomaterial displays low toxicity, high dispersity in aqueous solutions (upon surface functionalization), and high pharmaceutical efficiency. Even though CNOs were discovered almost simultaneously along with carbon nanotubes (CNTs), their potential in biomedical applications still appears unrealized. The existence of CNOs is equally important, just like any other carbon nanostructures such as CNTs and fullerenes, because they display the ability of carbon to form another unique nanostructure with wonderful properties. Therefore, this mini-review summarizes recent studies geared towards developing CNOs for various biomedical applications, including sensing, drug delivery, imaging, tissue engineering, and as a therapeutic drug. It concludes by discussing other potential applications of this unique nanomaterial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Ahlawat
- The Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, TX: 79968, USA.
| | - Shima Masoudi Asil
- The Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, TX: 79968, USA
| | | | - Md Nurunnabi
- The Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at El Paso, TX: 79968, USA
| | - Mahesh Narayan
- The Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, TX: 79968, USA.
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15
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Debnath SK, Srivastava R. Drug Delivery With Carbon-Based Nanomaterials as Versatile Nanocarriers: Progress and Prospects. FRONTIERS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fnano.2021.644564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
With growing interest, a large number of researches have been conducted on carbon-based nanomaterials (CBNs). However, their uses are limited due to comprehensive potential environmental and human health effects. It is often confusing for researchers to make an informed choice regarding the versatile carbon-based nanocarrier system and its potential applications. This review has highlighted emerging applications and cutting-edge progress of CBNs in drug delivery. Some critical factors like enzymatic degradation, surface modification, biological interactions, and bio-corona have been discussed here. These factors will help to fabricate CBNs for effective drug delivery. This review also addresses recent advancements in carbon-based target specific and release controlled drug delivery to improve disease treatment. The scientific community has turned their research efforts into the development of novel production methods of CBNs to make their production more attractive to the industrial sector. Due to the nanosize and diversified physical properties, these CBNs have demonstrated distinct biological interaction. Thus long-term preclinical toxicity study is recommended before finally translating to clinical application.
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Abstract
The family of carbon nanostructures comprises several members, such as fullerenes, nano-onions, nanodots, nanodiamonds, nanohorns, nanotubes, and graphene-based materials. Their unique electronic properties have attracted great interest for their highly innovative potential in nanomedicine. However, their hydrophobic nature often requires organic solvents for their dispersibility and processing. In this review, we describe the green approaches that have been developed to produce and functionalize carbon nanomaterials for biomedical applications, with a special focus on the very latest reports.
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Bartkowski M, Giordani S. Carbon nano-onions as potential nanocarriers for drug delivery. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:2300-2309. [PMID: 33471000 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt04093b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nanocarriers are nano-sized delivery vesicles that can transport desired molecules to a specific location. The utilisation of nanocarriers for targeted drug-delivery is an emerging field that aims to solve certain disadvantages of free drug delivery; including premature drug degradation, non-specific toxicity, lack of tissue penetration, undesired side-effects, and multi-drug resistance. The nanocarrier approach has proven effective in this regard, with some examples of FDA approved nanocarrier systems available on the market. In this perspective, we investigate the potential of carbon nano-onions (CNOs) as nanocarriers for drug delivery. The various criteria and considerations for designing a nanocarrier are outlined, and we thoroughly discuss how CNOs fit these criteria. Given the rapidly developing interest in CNOs, this perspective provides a baseline discussion for the use of this novel carbon nanomaterial as a potential nanocarrier for drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Bartkowski
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Ireland.
| | - Silvia Giordani
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Ireland.
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18
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Arpicco S, Bartkowski M, Barge A, Zonari D, Serpe L, Milla P, Dosio F, Stella B, Giordani S. Effects of the Molecular Weight of Hyaluronic Acid in a Carbon Nanotube Drug Delivery Conjugate. Front Chem 2020; 8:578008. [PMID: 33381490 PMCID: PMC7767879 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.578008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a ubiquitous biopolymer involved in many pathophysiological roles. One HA receptor, the cluster of differentiation CD44 protein, is often overexpressed in tumor cells. As such, HA has attracted considerable interest in the development of drug delivery formulations, given its intrinsic targetability toward CD44 overexpressing cells. The present study is focused on examining the correlation of HA molecular weight with its targetability properties. A library of conjugates obtained by linking the amino group of the phospholipid 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DMPE) to the carboxylic residues of HA of different molecular weight (6.4, 17, 51, 200, and 1,500 kDa) were synthesized and fully characterized. The HA-DMPE conjugates were then used to non-covalently functionalize the highly hydrophobic single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNT), and further encapsulate the anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX). Our results show that the complexes DOX/CNT/HA-DMPE maintain very good and stable dispersibility. Drug release studies indicated a pH-responsive release of the drug from the nanocarrier. Cell viability tests demonstrated that all HA modified CNTs have good biocompatibility, and specific targeting toward cells overexpressing the CD44 receptor. Among all the molecular weights tested, the 200 kDa HA showed the highest increase in cellular uptake and cytotoxic activity. All these promising attributes make CNT/HA200-DMPE a “smart” platform for tumor-targeted delivery of anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Arpicco
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Michał Bartkowski
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University (DCU), Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alessandro Barge
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Daniele Zonari
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Loredana Serpe
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Paola Milla
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Franco Dosio
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Barbara Stella
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Giordani
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University (DCU), Dublin, Ireland
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Improved photothermal therapy of brain cancer cells and photogeneration of reactive oxygen species by biotin conjugated gold photoactive nanoparticles. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2020; 215:112102. [PMID: 33388605 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.112102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report on the design and development of functionalized acrylic polymeric nanoparticles with Spiropyrans (SPs) and imidazole moieties via superficial polymerizations. Then, Au3+ ions were immobilized and reduced on their surface to obtain photoresponsive gold-decorated polymer nanoparticles(Au-NPs). The synthesized Au-NPs were surface adapted with biotin as specific targeting tumor penetration cells and enhance the intercellular uptake through the endocytosis. FT-IR (Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy), UV-Vis (Ultra Violet-Visible Spectrophotometer), EDS (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) and HR-TEM (High-resolution transmission electron microscopy) descriptions were engaged to illustrate their spectral analysis and morphological examinations of Bt@Au-NPs. Fluorescence microscopy images of cellular uptake descriptions and ICP-MS (Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry) investigation established the cell lines labeling ability and enhanced targetting efficacy of biotin-conjugated Au-NPs (Bt@Au-NPs) toward C6 glioma cells (brain cancer cells) with 72.5% cellular uptake relative to 30.2% for non-conjugated lone. These were further established through intracellular ROS examinations and in vitro cytotoxicity investigation on the C6 glioma cell line. The solid surface plasmon absorptions of the Au-NPs and Bt@Au-NPs providing raised photothermal therapy under UV irradiation. The synthesized multifunctional Bt@Au-NPs with an inclusive combination of potential resources presented encouraging nanoprobe with targeting capability, improved photodynamic and photothermal cancer therapy.
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Ventrella A, Camisasca A, Fontana A, Giordani S. Synthesis of green fluorescent carbon dots from carbon nano-onions and graphene oxide. RSC Adv 2020; 10:36404-36412. [PMID: 35517947 PMCID: PMC9056988 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra06172g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, carbon dots (CDs) have triggered considerable interest due to their intriguing tunable photoluminescence properties. In this work, we report the synthesis of green-emitting CDs from two different carbon sources, namely carbon nano-onions and graphene oxide. We also investigate the effects of the two starting materials on the physico-chemical properties of the as-synthesised CDs. Our results show that both CDs exhibit remarkable emission properties and different fluorescence behaviour, which is attributed to the differences in size, surface defects, as well as the presence of different surface functional groups. Moreover, we propose an innovative, low-cost and time-saving method for the recovery of CDs from solution by acetone-mediated precipitation. We demonstrate that this methodology can rival the common dialysis-based purification approach; it shows excellent photostability, and the CD fluorescent properties are retained. Our work paves the way for the use of these particles for biomedical applications by exploiting their interesting fluorescent features as well as their oxygen-enriched surface for further functionalization strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Ventrella
- School of Chemical Science, Dublin City University (DCU) Glasnevin, Dublin 9 Ireland
- Department of Pharmacy, G. D'Annunzio University Chieti Italy
| | - Adalberto Camisasca
- School of Chemical Science, Dublin City University (DCU) Glasnevin, Dublin 9 Ireland
| | | | - Silvia Giordani
- School of Chemical Science, Dublin City University (DCU) Glasnevin, Dublin 9 Ireland
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21
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Graphene-Like Layers from Carbon Black: In Vivo Toxicity Assessment. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10081472. [PMID: 32727143 PMCID: PMC7466612 DOI: 10.3390/nano10081472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Graphene-like (GL) layers, a new graphene-related material (GRM), possess peculiar chemical, colloidal, optical and transport properties. Considering the very recent promising application of GL layers in biomedical and bioelectronic fields, it is of utmost importance to investigate the toxicological profile of these nanomaterials. This study represents an important first report of a complete in vivo toxicity assessment of GL layers on embryonic zebrafish (Danio rerio). Our results show that GL layers do not lead to any perturbations in the different biological parameters evaluated, indicating their good biocompatibility on a vertebrate model. The new insight into the biosafety of GL layers will expand their applications in nanomedicine.
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Camisasca A, Giordani S. Surfactant-mediated dispersions of carbon nano-onions in aqueous solution. NANO EXPRESS 2020. [DOI: 10.1088/2632-959x/ab8481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In this work, we investigate the ability of different surfactants to form homogeneous and stable dispersions of carbon nano-onions (CNOs) in water via non-covalent interactions. For our purposes, we select three ionic surfactants, namely the cationic hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and the two anionic deoxycholic acid sodium salt (DCAS) and sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS). We examine the dispersing efficacy at dispersing CNOs and long-term stability by UV–vis absorption spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering and zeta-potential. Among the three surfactants, the anionic surfactants show the best ability to create stable CNO dispersions, with SDBS exhibiting superior efficacy. Our non-covalent strategy provides a valuable approach to enhance the solubility features while preserving the unique properties of CNOs.
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23
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Abstract
Carbon nano-onions (CNOs) are concentric multi-layered fullerenes. Their shape, size and layer count depends on the method of preparation. Their low cytotoxicity allows for high applicability in the biomedical field, in particular, nanomedicine. However, an adequate dispersion of particles in aqueous media is required for the most effective use in this application. Given the hydrophobic nature of pristine CNOs, as is the case with most carbon nanomaterials, they show poor water solubility. Non-covalent functionalisation can be utilised to alter their dispersibility properties, without affecting the intrinsic properties of the sp2 nanomaterial. The use of CNOs in the field of nanomedicine also requires consideration of drug release at the target site. As covalent bonds are inadequate for this purpose, attention is brought towards non-covalent interactions as a viable option for targeted release. This minireview outlines the different methods and approaches for non-covalent modifications of CNOs reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Bartkowski
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Ireland.
| | - Silvia Giordani
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Ireland.
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A novel bi-modal probe based on BaHoF 5 and Cu-doped QDs with enhanced CT contrast efficiency and fluorescent brightness for tumor-targeting imaging. Mikrochim Acta 2020; 187:261. [PMID: 32249330 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-020-04240-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a novel bi-modal imaging probe with enhanced CT contrast efficiency and FL brightness was constructed, in which the combination of a binary CT contrast agent BaHoF5 and Cu-doped QDs served as a vehicle; hyaluronic acid (HA) was employed as a tumor-targeting ligand. With its CT contrast efficiency about 2.1- and 3.9-fold higher than PEG-BaHoF5 and Iohexol, the CT contrast efficiency and the fluorescent brightness of the bi-modal probe were both enhanced. Likewise, its fluorescent brightness is almost 6-fold brighter after Cu-doped QDs loading. The most important contribution of this work lies on the proposed strategy. The inherent contradiction of the imaging sensitivity of CT and FL imaging is well balanced and a great CT/FL bi-modal imaging performance is simultaneously obtained even at low concentration (400 μg/mL) of the probe, which was superior to the previous CT/FL bi-modal probes. Moreover, since BaHoF5 as a binary CT contrast agent was introduced instead of conventional Au and Bi2S3, the CT/FL bi-modal probe would be more suitable for different patients under different operation voltages. In addition, the in vitro tumor cell imaging also demonstrated a good photo-stability, FL brightness, and tumor-targeting capability of the probe, indicating its great potential in practical bi-modal imaging for further tumor diagnosis and therapy. Graphical abstract A novel bi-modal imaging probe with enhanced CT contrast efficiency and FL brightness was fabricated, in which its CT contrast efficiency was about 2.1- and 3.9-fold higher than PEG-BaHoF5 and Iohexol, respectively, and its fluorescent brightness almost 6-fold brighter after Cu-doped QDs loading.
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