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Lin X, Chen J, Xia Y, Chen Y, Gan H, Liu Z, Wu Q, Zhang Y, Guo N. Alginate Cryogels for Rapid Hemostasis and Toluidine Blue-Mediated Photodynamic Inactivation of Bacteria. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:35845-35852. [PMID: 39184519 PMCID: PMC11339824 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c04744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
The development of new wound dressings with fast hemostatic and bactericidal properties for prehospital care is critical. Antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has attracted attention due to its broad-spectrum antibacterial activity and minimal bacterial resistance. However, photosensitizers used in aPDT often face issues such as poor water solubility, short-lived singlet oxygen (1O2), and limited 1O2 diffusion range. In this study, sodium alginate was covalently modified with the photosensitizer toluidine blue O (TBO) and phenylboronic acid (PBA). The modified alginate was then cross-linked with Ca(II) ions and lyophilized to form a cryogel, named SA@Ca(II)@TBO@PBA (SCTP). This cryogel functions as an antibacterial photodynamic wound dressing. The chemical immobilization of TBO and PBA enhanced the cryogel's targeting ability. PBA formed reversible covalent bonds with diol groups on bacterial cell surfaces, allowing the cryogel to capture bacteria effectively and enhance aPDT. The bactericidal efficiency of the cryogel was tested through in vitro antibacterial assays, and its hemostatic properties were confirmed in vivo. The results indicate that this cryogel has excellent hemostatic and antibacterial capabilities, showing great promise as a wound dressing for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocheng Lin
- Dongguan
Children’s Hospital; School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523000, China
| | - Jia Chen
- Dongguan
Children’s Hospital; School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523000, China
| | - Yu Xia
- Dongguan
Children’s Hospital; School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523000, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Dongguan
Children’s Hospital; School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523000, China
| | - Huixuan Gan
- Dongguan
Children’s Hospital; School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523000, China
| | - Zhongjia Liu
- Dongguan
Children’s Hospital; School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523000, China
| | - Quanxin Wu
- Dongguan
Children’s Hospital; School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523000, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Guangdong
Dongguan Quality Supervision Testing Center, Dongguan 523000, China
| | - Ning Guo
- Dongguan
Children’s Hospital; School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523000, China
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Wang X, Huo H, Zhong Y, Yang Y, Lin H, Cao L, Wang Q, Xu C, Lin Z, Li W, Zhang P. Synergistic Antimicrobial Glycyrrhizic Acid-Based Functional Biosensing Composite for Sensitive Glucose Monitoring and Collaborative Wound Healing. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2400580. [PMID: 38574340 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202400580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
High glucose blood and bacterial infection remain major issues for the slow healing of diabetic wounds, so developing functional biosensing composite with excellent antibacterial and remarkable glucose response sensitivity is necessary and prospective. Herein, by in situ synthesis AgNPs on the surface of self-prepared PTIGA elastomers, PTIGA-AgNPs conductive composites are obtained with efficient synergistic antibacterial effect, excellent mechanical and self-healing properties. The strain of the composites can reach 1800%, and its self-healing efficiency exceeds 90% at 60 °C within 8 h. Both elastomers and composites represent excellent biocompatibility and the antibacterial rate against E. coli and S. aureus exceeded 90%. Moreover, the biosensor assembled from the conductive composites exhibits excellent glucose response sensitivity and stability, with a sensitivity coefficient of 0.518 mA mm-1 in the range of 0.2-3.6 × 10-3 m glucose concentration, as well as a low detection limit of 0.08 × 10-3 m. Furthermore, based on the remarkable antibacterial performance and bioactivity derived from GA, the composites reduce the expression of pro-inflammatory factors and promote the production of anti-inflammatory factors, and effectively promote the regeneration of skin and granulation tissue of wounds in a diabetic full-thickness skin defect model, demonstrating the enormous therapeutic potential in diabetic wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wang
- Institute of Advanced Wear and Corrosion Resistant and Functional Materials, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Haoling Huo
- Institute of Advanced Wear and Corrosion Resistant and Functional Materials, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yanming Zhong
- Institute of Advanced Wear and Corrosion Resistant and Functional Materials, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yingfei Yang
- Institute of Advanced Wear and Corrosion Resistant and Functional Materials, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Huaijun Lin
- Institute of Advanced Wear and Corrosion Resistant and Functional Materials, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Lin Cao
- Institute of Advanced Wear and Corrosion Resistant and Functional Materials, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Qiwei Wang
- Institute of Advanced Wear and Corrosion Resistant and Functional Materials, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Congjie Xu
- Institute of Advanced Wear and Corrosion Resistant and Functional Materials, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Zhidan Lin
- Institute of Advanced Wear and Corrosion Resistant and Functional Materials, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Wei Li
- Institute of Advanced Wear and Corrosion Resistant and Functional Materials, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Institute of Advanced Wear and Corrosion Resistant and Functional Materials, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
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Huang Y, Chang Z, Gao Y, Ren C, Lin Y, Zhang X, Wu C, Pan X, Huang Z. Overcoming the Low-Stability Bottleneck in the Clinical Translation of Liposomal Pressurized Metered-Dose Inhalers: A Shell Stabilization Strategy Inspired by Biomineralization. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3261. [PMID: 38542235 PMCID: PMC10970625 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25063261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Currently, several types of inhalable liposomes have been developed. Among them, liposomal pressurized metered-dose inhalers (pMDIs) have gained much attention due to their cost-effectiveness, patient compliance, and accurate dosages. However, the clinical application of liposomal pMDIs has been hindered by the low stability, i.e., the tendency of the aggregation of the liposome lipid bilayer in hydrophobic propellant medium and brittleness under high mechanical forces. Biomineralization is an evolutionary mechanism that organisms use to resist harsh external environments in nature, providing mechanical support and protection effects. Inspired by such a concept, this paper proposes a shell stabilization strategy (SSS) to solve the problem of the low stability of liposomal pMDIs. Depending on the shell material used, the SSS can be classified into biomineralization (biomineralized using calcium, silicon, manganese, titanium, gadolinium, etc.) biomineralization-like (composite with protein), and layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly (multiple shells structured with diverse materials). This work evaluated the potential of this strategy by reviewing studies on the formation of shells deposited on liposomes or similar structures. It also covered useful synthesis strategies and active molecules/functional groups for modification. We aimed to put forward new insights to promote the stability of liposomal pMDIs and shed some light on the clinical translation of relevant products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeqi Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; (Y.H.); (Y.G.); (C.R.); (Y.L.); (C.W.)
| | - Ziyao Chang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (Z.C.); (X.P.)
| | - Yue Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; (Y.H.); (Y.G.); (C.R.); (Y.L.); (C.W.)
| | - Chuanyu Ren
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; (Y.H.); (Y.G.); (C.R.); (Y.L.); (C.W.)
| | - Yuxin Lin
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; (Y.H.); (Y.G.); (C.R.); (Y.L.); (C.W.)
| | - Xuejuan Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; (Y.H.); (Y.G.); (C.R.); (Y.L.); (C.W.)
| | - Chuanbin Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; (Y.H.); (Y.G.); (C.R.); (Y.L.); (C.W.)
| | - Xin Pan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (Z.C.); (X.P.)
| | - Zhengwei Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; (Y.H.); (Y.G.); (C.R.); (Y.L.); (C.W.)
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John Jayeoye T, Supachettapun C, Muangsin N. Ascorbic acid supported Carboxymethyl cellulose stabilized silver nanoparticles as optical nanoprobe for Au3+ detection in environmental sample. ARAB J CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.104552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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Jayeoye TJ, Eze FN, Olatunde OO, Singh S, Zuo J, Olatunji OJ. Multifarious Biological Applications and Toxic Hg 2+ Sensing Potentiality of Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles Based on Securidaca inappendiculata Hassk Stem Extract. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:7557-7574. [PMID: 34803379 PMCID: PMC8597655 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s325996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The use of environmentally benign resources for nanoparticles synthesis is consistently pushed to the front burner in a bid to ensure and enhance environmental protection and beneficiation. In this light, application of different plant parts for the reduction and stabilization of nanoparticles is gaining popularity. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this contribution, we have exploited Securidaca inappendiculata stem extract (SISE), as the reducing and stabilizing agent for room temperature synthesis of highly stable and dispersed AgNPs. The major bioactive compounds in SISE were profiled using an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS-QTOF-MS). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION SISE could reduce silver salts to its nanoparticles almost instantaneously with a maximum absorption spectrum at 423 nm, under the optimal conditions. The fabricated SISE AgNPs was extensively characterized using FTIR, TEM, SEM, XRD, EDS, Zeta analysis/DLS and TGA/DTG analysis. SISE AgNPs with average particles size between 10-15 nm and a zeta potential value of -19.5 ± 1.8 mV was obtained. It was investigated for in-vitro biological applications by carrying out, antimicrobial, antioxidant, hemolytic, cytotoxicity and antidiabetic assays. It was found that SISE AgNPs exhibited potent antimicrobial capacity against some food borne microbes, good antioxidant property, while also demonstrating high biocompatibility. Moreover, with a view to extending further the applications SISE AgNPs, it was tested as a colorimetric nanoprobe for Hg2+ detection in aqueous environment, where good linearity between 0.10 and 10.0 μM, with a detection limit of 26.5 nM, were obtained. The practicality of the probe was investigated by carrying out Hg2+ detection in water sample, with good accuracy and precision. DISCUSSION Overall, this work introduced a new stabilizer for biocompatible AgNPs with far-reaching applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Titilope John Jayeoye
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Science, Alex-Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu-Alike, Abakalilki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
| | - Fredrick Nwude Eze
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand
- Drug Delivery System Excellence of Center, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand
| | - Oladipupo Odunayo Olatunde
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
- Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 6C5, Canada
| | - Sudarshan Singh
- Food Technology and Innovation Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Research and Innovation, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
| | - Jian Zuo
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital), Wuhu, 241001, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Non-Coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institution, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241001, People’s Republic of China
- Research Center of Integration of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Opeyemi Joshua Olatunji
- Faculty of Thai Traditional Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, 90110, Thailand
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Interaction Insight of Pullulan-Mediated Gamma-Irradiated Silver Nanoparticle Synthesis and Its Antibacterial Activity. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13203578. [PMID: 34685342 PMCID: PMC8538642 DOI: 10.3390/polym13203578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of pure silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) with unique properties remains a challenge even today. In the present study, the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) from natural pullulan (PL) was carried out using a radiation-induced method. It is known that pullulan is regarded as a microbial polysaccharide, which renders it suitable to act as a reducing and stabilizing agent during the production of Ag-NPs. Pullulan-assisted synthesis under gamma irradiation was successfully developed to obtain Ag-NPs, which was characterized by UV-Vis, XRD, TEM, and Zeta potential analysis. Pullulan was used as a stabilizer and template for the growth of silver nanoparticles, while gamma radiation was modified to be selective to reduce silver ions. The formation of Ag-NPs was confirmed using UV–Vis spectra by showing a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band in the region of 410–420 nm. As observed by TEM images, it can be said that by increasing the radiation dose, the particle size decreases, resulting in a mean diameter of Ag-NPs ranging from 40.97 to 3.98 nm. The XRD analysis confirmed that silver metal structures with a face-centered cubic (FCC) crystal were present, while TEM images showed a spherical shape with smooth edges. XRD also demonstrated that increasing the dose of gamma radiation increases the crystallinity at a high purity of Ag-NPs. As examined by zeta potential, the synthesized Ag-NP/PL was negatively charged with high stability. Ag-NP/PL was then analysed for antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, and it was found that it had high antibacterial activity. It is found that the adoption of radiation doses results in a stable and green reduction process for silver nanoparticles.
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Tarhan T, Dündar A, Okumuş V, Çulha M. Synthesis and Characterization of Bionanomaterials and Evaluation of Their Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and DNA Cleavage Activities. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202004773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tuba Tarhan
- Mardin Artuklu University Vocational High School of Health Services 47100 Mardin Turkey
| | - Abdurrahman Dündar
- Mardin Artuklu University Vocational High School of Health Services 47100 Mardin Turkey
| | - Veysi Okumuş
- Department of Biology Faculty of Science Siirt University 56100 Siirt Turkey
| | - Mustafa Çulha
- Sabancı University Materials Science and Nanoengineering 34956 Tuzla/İstanbul Turkey
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Jayeoye TJ, Eze FN, Singh S, Olatunde OO, Benjakul S, Rujiralai T. Synthesis of gold nanoparticles/polyaniline boronic acid/sodium alginate aqueous nanocomposite based on chemical oxidative polymerization for biological applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 179:196-205. [PMID: 33675826 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles/polyaniline boronic acid/sodium alginate aqueous nanocomposite ((PABA-SAL)@AuNPs) was fabricated. Aniline boronic acid (ABA) served as reductant of gold salt, all within the SAL solution. While ABA reduced gold salt to its nanoparticles, the ABA monomer was also oxidized to its conducting polymeric form (PABA). The presence of PABA in the reaction mixture exerted solubility and stability challenge, thus SAL was used as stabilizer and solubilizer for PABA. The numerous cis-diol groups of SAL could bind to boronic acid groups of PABA to furnish PABA-SAL repeating polymer structure for AuNPs anchoring. Sparkling ruby red (PABA-SAL)@AuNPs have absorption peaks at 529 and 718 nm. Average particle sizes of nanocomposite were within 15-20 nm, with hydrodynamic diameter of 48.6 ± 0.9 nm, zeta potential of -32.5 ± 1.6 mV and conductivity value of 2015.3 ± 3.2 μS/cm. (PABA-SAL)@AuNPs possessed antibacterial activities against seafood associated bacterial isolates, with MIC and MBC ranging from 4 to 8 μg/mL. The moderate antioxidant capacity of (PABA-SAL)@AuNPs was observed, without any deleterious damages on human red blood cells. It also has good biocompatibility on Caco-2 and RAW 264.7, with cell viability not less than 70%. These results confirm the high prospect of (PABA-SAL)@AuNPs for possible biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Titilope John Jayeoye
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand; Analytical Chemistry and Environment Research Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Pattani 94000, Thailand; Department of Chemistry/Biochemistry/Molecular Biology, Alex-Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike Ikwo, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
| | - Fredrick Nwude Eze
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand; Drug Delivery System Excellence Center, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Sudarshan Singh
- Excellence Research Laboratory on Natural Products, Division of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Oladipupo Odunayo Olatunde
- International Center of Excellence in Seafood Science and Innovation, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Soottawat Benjakul
- International Center of Excellence in Seafood Science and Innovation, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Thitima Rujiralai
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand; Analytical Chemistry and Environment Research Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Pattani 94000, Thailand.
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Ferrag C, Li S, Jeon K, Andoy NM, Sullan RMA, Mikhaylichenko S, Kerman K. Polyacrylamide hydrogels doped with different shapes of silver nanoparticles: Antibacterial and mechanical properties. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 197:111397. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Bedlovičová Z, Strapáč I, Baláž M, Salayová A. A Brief Overview on Antioxidant Activity Determination of Silver Nanoparticles. Molecules 2020; 25:E3191. [PMID: 32668682 PMCID: PMC7397195 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Our objective in this review article is to find out relevant information about methods of determination of antioxidant activity of silver nanoparticles. There are many studies dealing with mentioned problem and herein we summarize the knowledge about methods evaluating the antioxidant activity of silver nanoparticles reported so far. Many authors declare better antioxidant activity of silver nanoparticles compared to the extract used for synthesis of them. In this review, we focused on methods of antioxidant activity determination in detail to find out novel and perspective techniques to solve the general problems associated with the determination of antioxidant activity of silver nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdenka Bedlovičová
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia; (I.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Imrich Strapáč
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia; (I.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Matej Baláž
- Department of Mechanochemistry, Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 45, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia;
| | - Aneta Salayová
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia; (I.S.); (A.S.)
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