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Andrew LJ, Lizundia E, MacLachlan MJ. Designing for Degradation: Transient Devices Enabled by (Nano)Cellulose. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2401560. [PMID: 39221689 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202401560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 08/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Transient technology involves materials and devices that undergo controlled degradation after a reliable operation period. This groundbreaking strategy offers significant advantages over conventional devices based on non-renewable materials by limiting environmental exposure to potentially hazardous components after disposal, and by increasing material circularity. As the most abundant naturally occurring polymer on Earth, cellulose is an attractive material for this purpose. Besides, (nano)celluloses are inherently biodegradable and have competitive mechanical, optical, thermal, and ionic conductivity properties that can be exploited to develop sustainable devices and avoid the end-of-life issues associated with conventional systems. Despite its potential, few efforts have been made to review current advances in cellulose-based transient technology. Therefore, this review catalogs the state-of-the-art developments in transient devices enabled by cellulosic materials. To provide a wide perspective, the various degradation mechanisms involved in cellulosic transient devices are introduced. The advanced capabilities of transient cellulosic systems in sensing, photonics, energy storage, electronics, and biomedicine are also highlighted. Current bottlenecks toward successful implementation are discussed, with material circularity and environmental impact metrics at the center. It is believed that this review will serve as a valuable resource for the proliferation of cellulose-based transient technology and its implementation into fully integrated, circular, and environmentally sustainable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas J Andrew
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Erlantz Lizundia
- Life Cycle Thinking Group, Department of Graphic Design and Engineering Projects, Faculty of Engineering in Bilbao, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, 48013, Spain
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications, and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, Leioa, 48940, Spain
| | - Mark J MacLachlan
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
- Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute, University of British Columbia, 2355 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
- UBC BioProducts Institute, 2385 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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2
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Souto-Lopes M, Grenho L, Manrique Y, Dias MM, Lopes JCB, Fernandes MH, Monteiro FJ, Salgado CL. Bone regeneration driven by a nano-hydroxyapatite/chitosan composite bioaerogel for periodontal regeneration. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1355950. [PMID: 39139296 PMCID: PMC11319155 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1355950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The most recent progress in reconstructive therapy for the management of periodontitis and peri-implantitis bone defects has relied on the development of highly porous biodegradable bioaerogels for guided bone regeneration. The objective of this work was to evaluate in vitro the osteoinduction of periodontal-originating cells (human dental follicle mesenchymal cells, DFMSCs) promoted by a nano-hydroxyapatite/chitosan (nHAp/CS) bioaerogel, which was purified and sterilized by a sustainable technique (supercritical CO2). Moreover, the in vivo bone regeneration capacity of the nHAp/CS bioaerogel was preliminarily assessed as a proof-of-concept on a rat calvaria bone defect model. The quantification of DNA content of DFMSCs seeded upon nHAp/CS and CS scaffolds (control material) showed a significant increase from the 14th to the 21st day of culture. These results were corroborated through confocal laser scanning microscopy analysis (CLSM). Furthermore, the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity increased significantly on the 21st day, similarly for both materials. Moreover, the presence of nHAp promoted a significantly higher expression of osteogenic genes after 21 days when compared to CS scaffolds and control. CLSM images of 21 days of culture also showed an increased deposition of OPN over the nHAp/CS surface. The in vivo bone formation was assessed by microCT and histological analysis. The in vivo evaluation showed a significant increase in bone volume in the nHAp/CS test group when compared to CS and the empty control, as well as higher new bone formation and calcium deposition within the nHAp/CS structure. Overall, the present study showed that the nHAp/CS bioaerogel could offer a potential solution for periodontal and peri-implant bone regeneration treatments since the in vitro results demonstrated that it provided favorable conditions for DFMSC proliferation and osteogenic differentiation, while the in vivo outcomes confirmed that it promoted higher bone ingrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Souto-Lopes
- i3S–Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto (FEUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - L. Grenho
- Faculdade de Medicina Dentária da Universidade do Porto (FMDUP), Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde (LAQV), Rede de Química e Tecnologia (REQUIMTE), Porto, Portugal
| | - Y. Manrique
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering (LSRE), Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LCM), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering (ALiCE), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - M. M. Dias
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering (LSRE), Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LCM), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering (ALiCE), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - J. C. B. Lopes
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering (LSRE), Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LCM), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering (ALiCE), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - M. H. Fernandes
- Faculdade de Medicina Dentária da Universidade do Porto (FMDUP), Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde (LAQV), Rede de Química e Tecnologia (REQUIMTE), Porto, Portugal
| | - F. J. Monteiro
- i3S–Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto (FEUP), Porto, Portugal
- Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (P.CCC), Porto, Portugal
| | - C. L. Salgado
- i3S–Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Fendi F, Abdullah B, Suryani S, Usman AN, Tahir D. Development and application of hydroxyapatite-based scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration: A systematic literature review. Bone 2024; 183:117075. [PMID: 38508371 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2024.117075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite [HA, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2], with its robust biocompatibility and bioactivity, has found extensive utility in bone grafting, replacement therapies, and supplemental medical materials. HA is highly regarded for its osteoconductive properties because it boasts hydrophilicity, nontoxicity, non-allergenicity, and non-mutagenicity. Nevertheless, HA's intrinsic mechanical weakness has spurred efforts to enhance its properties. This enhancement is achieved through ion incorporation, with elements such as magnesium, zinc, lithium, strontium, boron, and others being integrated into the HA structure. In the domain of orthopedics, HA-based scaffolds have emerged as a solution for addressing prevalent issues like bone deformities and defects stemming from congenital anomalies, injuries, trauma, infections, or tumors. The fabrication of three-dimensional scaffolds (3D scaffolds) has enabled advancements in bone regeneration and replacement, with a focus on practical applications such as repairing calvarial, skull, and femoral defects. In vitro and in vivo assessments have substantiated the effectiveness of 3D scaffolds for bone defect repair, regeneration, and tissue engineering. Beyond bone-related applications, scaffolds demonstrate versatility in enhancing cartilage healing and serving as bioimplants. The wide array of scaffold applications underscores their ongoing potential for further development in the realm of medical science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fendi Fendi
- Department of Physics, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Bualkar Abdullah
- Department of Physics, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Sri Suryani
- Department of Physics, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | | | - Dahlang Tahir
- Department of Physics, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia.
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Xiang JY, Kang L, Li ZM, Tseng SL, Wang LQ, Li TH, Li ZJ, Huang JZ, Yu NZ, Long X. Biological scaffold as potential platforms for stem cells: Current development and applications in wound healing. World J Stem Cells 2024; 16:334-352. [PMID: 38690516 PMCID: PMC11056631 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v16.i4.334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Wound repair is a complex challenge for both clinical practitioners and researchers. Conventional approaches for wound repair have several limitations. Stem cell-based therapy has emerged as a novel strategy to address this issue, exhibiting significant potential for enhancing wound healing rates, improving wound quality, and promoting skin regeneration. However, the use of stem cells in skin regeneration presents several challenges. Recently, stem cells and biomaterials have been identified as crucial components of the wound-healing process. Combination therapy involving the development of biocompatible scaffolds, accompanying cells, multiple biological factors, and structures resembling the natural extracellular matrix (ECM) has gained considerable attention. Biological scaffolds encompass a range of biomaterials that serve as platforms for seeding stem cells, providing them with an environment conducive to growth, similar to that of the ECM. These scaffolds facilitate the delivery and application of stem cells for tissue regeneration and wound healing. This article provides a comprehensive review of the current developments and applications of biological scaffolds for stem cells in wound healing, emphasizing their capacity to facilitate stem cell adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, and paracrine functions. Additionally, we identify the pivotal characteristics of the scaffolds that contribute to enhanced cellular activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Yu Xiang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Lin Kang
- Biomedical Engineering Facility, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Zi-Ming Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Song-Lu Tseng
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Li-Quan Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Tian-Hao Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Zhu-Jun Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jiu-Zuo Huang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Nan-Ze Yu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xiao Long
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China.
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Lv X, Yu H, Han J, Hou Y, Sun Y, Liu K, Zhou W, Chen J. Tunicate cellulose nanocrystals reinforced modified calcium sulfate bone cement with enhanced mechanical properties for bone repair. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 323:121380. [PMID: 37940276 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Considering the poor mechanical properties of bone cement, its practical application has always been limited. In this study, we introduced tunicate cellulose nanocrystals (TCNCs) into calcium sulfate bone cement for the first time, and multiple enhanced composite bone cement was prepared by the condensation reflux method. Firstly, high-strength modified calcium sulfate hemihydrate (CSH) bone cement was successfully prepared by using tartaric acid, a crystal modifier with a chiral structure. Secondly, the inclusion of TCNCs not only exhibited significant reinforcement and toughening effects but also stimulated the adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of related osteoblasts. Furthermore, TCNCs encapsulated the CSH particles, overcoming the limitations of excessive degradation rates in bone cement and enabling sustained release of Ca2+, promoting the healing of bone defects. Overall, this study presents novel ideas and methodologies for designing bone cement with exceptional performance. It also provides a new platform for the development of bone tissue engineering and is expected to become a new type of bone regeneration material. The utilization of oceanic resources in this context holds high-value potential, alleviating environmental burdens and providing clinically applicable bone tissue repair materials with broad application prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Lv
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Hui Yu
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Jianing Han
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Yage Hou
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Kaihua Liu
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Wutong Zhou
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Jingdi Chen
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China.
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Liu Y, Liu H, Guo S, Qi J, Zhang R, Liu X, Sun L, Zong M, Cheng H, Wu X, Li B. Applications of Bacterial Cellulose-Based Composite Materials in Hard Tissue Regenerative Medicine. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2023; 20:1017-1039. [PMID: 37688748 PMCID: PMC10645761 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-023-00575-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cartilage, bone, and teeth, as the three primary hard tissues in the human body, have a significant application value in maintaining physical and mental health. Since the development of bacterial cellulose-based composite materials with excellent biomechanical strength and good biocompatibility, bacterial cellulose-based composites have been widely studied in hard tissue regenerative medicine. This paper provides an overview of the advantages of bacterial cellulose-based for hard tissue regeneration and reviews the recent progress in the preparation and research of bacterial cellulose-based composites in maxillofacial cartilage, dentistry, and bone. METHOD A systematic review was performed by searching the PubMed and Web of Science databases using selected keywords and Medical Subject Headings search terms. RESULTS Ideal hard tissue regenerative medicine materials should be biocompatible, biodegradable, non-toxic, easy to use, and not burdensome to the human body; In addition, they should have good plasticity and processability and can be prepared into materials of different shapes; In addition, it should have good biological activity, promoting cell proliferation and regeneration. Bacterial cellulose materials have corresponding advantages and disadvantages due to their inherent properties. However, after being combined with other materials (natural/ synthetic materials) to form composite materials, they basically meet the requirements of hard tissue regenerative medicine materials. We believe that it is worth being widely promoted in clinical applications in the future. CONCLUSION Bacterial cellulose-based composites hold great promise for clinical applications in hard tissue engineering. However, there are still several challenges that need to be addressed. Further research is needed to incorporate multiple disciplines and advance biological tissue engineering techniques. By enhancing the adhesion of materials to osteoblasts, providing cell stress stimulation through materials, and introducing controlled release systems into matrix materials, the practical application of bacterial cellulose-based composites in clinical settings will become more feasible in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyu Liu
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Haiyan Liu
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Susu Guo
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Jin Qi
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Ran Zhang
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Lingxiang Sun
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Mingrui Zong
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Huaiyi Cheng
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiuping Wu
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China.
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China.
| | - Bing Li
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China.
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China.
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Wang Z, Xu Z, Yang X, Li M, Yip RCS, Li Y, Chen H. Current application and modification strategy of marine polysaccharides in tissue regeneration: A review. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 154:213580. [PMID: 37634336 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Marine polysaccharides (MPs) are exceptional bioactive materials that possess unique biochemical mechanisms and pharmacological stability, making them ideal for various tissue engineering applications. Certain MPs, including agarose, alginate, carrageenan, chitosan, and glucan have been successfully employed as biological scaffolds in animal studies. As carriers of signaling molecules, scaffolds can enhance the adhesion, growth, and differentiation of somatic cells, thereby significantly improving the tissue regeneration process. However, the biological benefits of pure MPs composite scaffold are limited. Therefore, physical, chemical, enzyme modification and other methods are employed to expand its efficacy. Chemically, the structural properties of MPs scaffolds can be altered through modifications to functional groups or molecular weight reduction, thereby enhancing their biological activities. Physically, MPs hydrogels and sponges emulate the natural extracellular matrix, creating a more conducive environment for tissue repair. The porosity and high permeability of MPs membranes and nanomaterials expedite wound healing. This review explores the distinctive properties and applications of select MPs in tissue regeneration, highlighting their structural versatility and biological applicability. Additionally, we provide a brief overview of common modification strategies employed for MP scaffolds. In conclusion, MPs have significant potential and are expected to be a novel regenerative material for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaokun Wang
- Marine College, Shandong University, NO. 180 Wenhua West Road, Gao Strict, Weihai 264209, China.
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- Marine College, Shandong University, NO. 180 Wenhua West Road, Gao Strict, Weihai 264209, China.
| | - Xuan Yang
- Marine College, Shandong University, NO. 180 Wenhua West Road, Gao Strict, Weihai 264209, China.
| | - Man Li
- Marine College, Shandong University, NO. 180 Wenhua West Road, Gao Strict, Weihai 264209, China.
| | - Ryan Chak Sang Yip
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Stocking Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Hao Chen
- Marine College, Shandong University, NO. 180 Wenhua West Road, Gao Strict, Weihai 264209, China; The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, NO. 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China.
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8
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Shao H, Zhang Q, Sun M, Wu M, Sun X, Wang Q, Tong S. Effects of hydroxyapatite-coated porous titanium scaffolds functionalized by exosomes on the regeneration and repair of irregular bone. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1283811. [PMID: 38026868 PMCID: PMC10644107 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1283811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
As a traditional bone implant material, titanium (Ti) and its alloys have the disadvantages of lack of biological activity and susceptibility to stress shielding effect. Adipose stem cells (ADSCs) and exosomes were combined with the scaffold material in the current work to effectively create a hydroxyapatite (HA) coated porous titanium alloy scaffold that can load ADSCs and release exosomes over time. The composite made up for the drawbacks of traditional titanium alloy materials with higher mechanical characteristics and a quicker rate of osseointegration. Exosomes (Exos) are capable of promoting the development of ADSCs in porous titanium alloy scaffolds with HA coating, based on experimental findings from in vitro and in vivo research. Additionally, compared to pure Ti implants, the HA scaffolds loaded with adipose stem cell exosomes demonstrated improved bone regeneration capability and bone integration ability. It offers a theoretical foundation for the combined use of stem cell treatment and bone tissue engineering, as well as a design concept for the creation and use of novel clinical bone defect repair materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyu Shao
- Department of Plastic Surgery, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qiyue Zhang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Mingman Sun
- Department of Plastic Surgery, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ming Wu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xu Sun
- Department of Plastic Surgery, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shuang Tong
- Department of Plastic Surgery, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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9
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Lin SP, Singajaya S, Lo TY, Santoso SP, Hsu HY, Cheng KC. Evaluation of porous bacterial cellulose produced from foam templating with different additives and its application in 3D cell culture. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 234:123680. [PMID: 36801225 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial cellulose (BC) is used in biomedical applications due to its unique material properties such as mechanical strength with a high water-absorbing capacity and biocompatibility. Nevertheless, native BC lacks porosity control which is crucial for regenerative medicine. Hence, developing a simple technique to change the pore sizes of BC has become an important issue. This study combined current foaming BC (FBC) production with incorporation of different additives (avicel, carboxymethylcellulose, and chitosan) to form novel porous additive-altered FBC. Results demonstrated that the FBC samples provided greater reswelling rates (91.57 % ~ 93.67 %) compared to BC samples (44.52 % ~ 67.5 %). Moreover, the FBC samples also showed excellent cell adhesion and proliferation abilities for NIH-3T3 cells. Lastly, FBC allowed cells to penetrate to deep layers for cell adhesion due to its porous structure, providing a competitive scaffold for 3D cell culture in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ping Lin
- School of Food Safety, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; TMU Research Center for Digestive Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; Research Center of Biomedical Device, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Stephanie Singajaya
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Rd., Sec. 4, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Tsui-Yun Lo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Shella Permatasari Santoso
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Widya Mandala Surabaya Catholic University, Kalijudan 37, Surabaya 60114, Indonesia; Collaborative Research Center for Sustainable and Zero Waste Industries, Kalijudan 37, Surabaya 60114, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Hsien-Yi Hsu
- School of Energy and Environment, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong 518057, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Kuan-Chen Cheng
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Rd., Sec. 4, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Rd., Sec. 4, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, 91 Hsueh-Shih Rd., Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Department of Optometry, Asia University, 500, Lioufeng Rd., Wufeng, Taichung 41354, Taiwan.
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10
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Samyn P, Meftahi A, Geravand SA, Heravi MEM, Najarzadeh H, Sabery MSK, Barhoum A. Opportunities for bacterial nanocellulose in biomedical applications: Review on biosynthesis, modification and challenges. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 231:123316. [PMID: 36682647 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) is a natural polysaccharide produced as extracellular material by bacterial strains and has favorable intrinsic properties for primary use in biomedical applications. In this review, an update on state-of-the art and challenges in BNC production, surface modification and biomedical application is given. Recent insights in biosynthesis allowed for better understanding of governing parameters improving production efficiency. In particular, introduction of different carbon/nitrogen sources from alternative feedstock and industrial upscaling of various production methods is challenging. It is important to have control on the morphology, porosity and forms of BNC depending on biosynthesis conditions, depending on selection of bacterial strains, reactor design, additives and culture conditions. The BNC is intrinsically characterized by high water absorption capacity, good thermal and mechanical stability, biocompatibility and biodegradability to certain extent. However, additional chemical and/or physical surface modifications are required to improve cell compatibility, protein interaction and antimicrobial properties. The novel trends in synthesis include the in-situ culturing of hybrid BNC nanocomposites in combination with organic material, inorganic material or extracellular components. In parallel with toxicity studies, the applications of BNC in wound care, tissue engineering, medical implants, drug delivery systems or carriers for bioactive compounds, and platforms for biosensors are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Samyn
- SIRRIS, Department Innovations in Circular Economy, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Amin Meftahi
- Department of Polymer and Textile Engineering, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Nanotechnology Research Center, Islamic Azad University, South Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Abbasi Geravand
- Department of Technical & Engineering, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hamideh Najarzadeh
- Department of Textile Engineering, Science And Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ahmed Barhoum
- NanoStruc Research Group, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, 11795 Cairo, Egypt; School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, D09 Y074 Dublin, Ireland.
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11
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Jia Z, Ma H, Liu J, Yan X, Liu T, Cheng YY, Li X, Wu S, Zhang J, Song K. Preparation and Characterization of Polylactic Acid/Nano Hydroxyapatite/Nano Hydroxyapatite/Human Acellular Amniotic Membrane (PLA/nHAp/HAAM) Hybrid Scaffold for Bone Tissue Defect Repair. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:1937. [PMID: 36903052 PMCID: PMC10003763 DOI: 10.3390/ma16051937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Bone tissue engineering is a novel and efficient repair method for bone tissue defects, and the key step of the bone tissue engineering repair strategy is to prepare non-toxic, metabolizable, biocompatible, bone-induced tissue engineering scaffolds of suitable mechanical strength. Human acellular amniotic membrane (HAAM) is mainly composed of collagen and mucopolysaccharide; it has a natural three-dimensional structure and no immunogenicity. In this study, a polylactic acid (PLA)/Hydroxyapatite (nHAp)/Human acellular amniotic membrane (HAAM) composite scaffold was prepared and the porosity, water absorption and elastic modulus of the composite scaffold were characterized. After that, the cell-scaffold composite was constructed using newborn Sprague Dawley (SD) rat osteoblasts to characterize the biological properties of the composite. In conclusion, the scaffolds have a composite structure of large and small holes with a large pore diameter of 200 μm and a small pore diameter of 30 μm. After adding HAAM, the contact angle of the composite decreases to 38.7°, and the water absorption reaches 249.7%. The addition of nHAp can improve the scaffold's mechanical strength. The degradation rate of the PLA+nHAp+HAAM group was the highest, reaching 39.48% after 12 weeks. Fluorescence staining showed that the cells were evenly distributed and had good activity on the composite scaffold; the PLA+nHAp+HAAM scaffold has the highest cell viability. The adhesion rate to HAAM was the highest, and the addition of nHAp and HAAM could promote the rapid adhesion of cells to scaffolds. The addition of HAAM and nHAp can significantly promote the secretion of ALP. Therefore, the PLA/nHAp/HAAM composite scaffold can support the adhesion, proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts in vitro which provide sufficient space for cell proliferation, and is suitable for the formation and development of solid bone tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilin Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian R&D Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
| | - Hailin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian R&D Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian R&D Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xinyu Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian R&D Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Tianqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian R&D Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yuen Yee Cheng
- Institute for Biomedical Materials and Devices, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Xiangqin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian R&D Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Shuo Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang 110042, China
| | - Jingying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Technology in Stomatology, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Kedong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian R&D Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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12
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Raut MP, Asare E, Syed Mohamed SMD, Amadi EN, Roy I. Bacterial Cellulose-Based Blends and Composites: Versatile Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:986. [PMID: 36674505 PMCID: PMC9865793 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24020986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellulose of bacterial origin, known as bacterial cellulose (BC), is one of the most versatile biomaterials that has a huge potential in tissue engineering due to its favourable mechanical properties, high hydrophilicity, crystallinity, and purity. Additional properties such as porous nano-fibrillar 3D structure and a high degree of polymerisation of BC mimic the properties of the native extracellular matrix (ECM), making it an excellent material for the fabrication of composite scaffolds suitable for cell growth and tissue development. Recently, the fabrication of BC-based scaffolds, including composites and blends with nanomaterials, and other biocompatible polymers has received particular attention owing to their desirable properties for tissue engineering. These have proven to be promising advanced materials in hard and soft tissue engineering. This review presents the latest state-of-the-art modified/functionalised BC-based composites and blends as advanced materials in tissue engineering. Their applicability as an ideal biomaterial in targeted tissue repair including bone, cartilage, vascular, skin, nerve, and cardiac tissue has been discussed. Additionally, this review briefly summarises the latest updates on the production strategies and characterisation of BC and its composites and blends. Finally, the challenges in the future development and the direction of future research are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ipsita Roy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HQ, UK
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13
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Iroegbu AC, Ray SS. Nanocellulosics in Transient Technology. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:47547-47566. [PMID: 36591168 PMCID: PMC9798511 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Envisage a world where discarded electrical/electronic devices and single-use consumables can dematerialize and lapse into the environment after the end-of-useful life without constituting health and environmental burdens. As available resources are consumed and human activities build up wastes, there is an urgency for the consolidation of efforts and strategies in meeting current materials needs while assuaging the concomitant negative impacts of conventional materials exploration, usage, and disposal. Hence, the emerging field of transient technology (Green Technology), rooted in eco-design and closing the material loop toward a friendlier and sustainable materials system, holds enormous possibilities for assuaging current challenges in materials usage and disposability. The core requirements for transient materials are anchored on meeting multicomponent functionality, low-cost production, simplicity in disposability, flexibility in materials fabrication and design, biodegradability, biocompatibility, and environmental benignity. In this regard, biorenewables such as cellulose-based materials have demonstrated capacity as promising platforms to fabricate scalable, renewable, greener, and efficient materials and devices such as membranes, sensors, display units (for example, OLEDs), and so on. This work critically reviews the recent progress of nanocellulosic materials in transient technologies toward mitigating current environmental challenges resulting from traditional material exploration, usage, and disposal. While spotlighting important fundamental properties and functions in the material selection toward practicability and identifying current difficulties, we propose crucial research directions in advancing transient technology and cellulose-based materials in closing the loop for conventional materials and sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austine
Ofondu Chinomso Iroegbu
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
- Centre
for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, DSI-CSIR Nanotechnology
Innovation Centre, Council for Scientific
& Industrial Research, CSIR, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Suprakas Sinha Ray
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
- Centre
for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, DSI-CSIR Nanotechnology
Innovation Centre, Council for Scientific
& Industrial Research, CSIR, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
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14
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Shrivastav P, Pramanik S, Vaidya G, Abdelgawad MA, Ghoneim MM, Singh A, Abualsoud BM, Amaral LS, Abourehab MAS. Bacterial cellulose as a potential biopolymer in biomedical applications: a state-of-the-art review. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:3199-3241. [PMID: 35445674 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb02709c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Throughout history, natural biomaterials have benefited society. Nevertheless, in recent years, tailoring natural materials for diverse biomedical applications accompanied with sustainability has become the focus. With the progress in the field of materials science, novel approaches for the production, processing, and functionalization of biomaterials to obtain specific architectures have become achievable. This review highlights an immensely adaptable natural biomaterial, bacterial cellulose (BC). BC is an emerging sustainable biopolymer with immense potential in the biomedical field due to its unique physical properties such as flexibility, high porosity, good water holding capacity, and small size; chemical properties such as high crystallinity, foldability, high purity, high polymerization degree, and easy modification; and biological characteristics such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, excellent biological affinity, and non-biotoxicity. The structure of BC consists of glucose monomer units polymerized via cellulose synthase in β-1-4 glucan chains, creating BC nano fibrillar bundles with a uniaxial orientation. BC-based composites have been extensively investigated for diverse biomedical applications due to their similarity to the extracellular matrix structure. The recent progress in nanotechnology allows the further modification of BC, producing novel BC-based biomaterials for various applications. In this review, we strengthen the existing knowledge on the production of BC and BC composites and their unique properties, and highlight the most recent advances, focusing mainly on the delivery of active pharmaceutical compounds, tissue engineering, and wound healing. Further, we endeavor to present the challenges and prospects for BC-associated composites for their application in the biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Shrivastav
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 160 062, India.,Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kolivery Village, Mathuradas Colony, Kalina, Vakola, Santacruz East, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400 098, India
| | - Sheersha Pramanik
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Gayatri Vaidya
- Department of Studies in Food Technology, Davangere University, Davangere 577007, Karnataka, India
| | - Mohamed A Abdelgawad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Al Jouf 72341, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M Ghoneim
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Ad Diriyah 13713, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ajeet Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, J.S. University, Shikohabad, Firozabad, UP 283135, India.
| | - Bassam M Abualsoud
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, 19328, Jordan
| | - Larissa Souza Amaral
- Department of Bioengineering (USP ALUMNI), University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13566590, São Carlos (SP), Brazil
| | - Mohammed A S Abourehab
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 11566, Egypt
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15
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Burdușel AC, Gherasim O, Andronescu E, Grumezescu AM, Ficai A. Inorganic Nanoparticles in Bone Healing Applications. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:770. [PMID: 35456604 PMCID: PMC9027776 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14040770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern biomedicine aims to develop integrated solutions that use medical, biotechnological, materials science, and engineering concepts to create functional alternatives for the specific, selective, and accurate management of medical conditions. In the particular case of tissue engineering, designing a model that simulates all tissue qualities and fulfills all tissue requirements is a continuous challenge in the field of bone regeneration. The therapeutic protocols used for bone healing applications are limited by the hierarchical nature and extensive vascularization of osseous tissue, especially in large bone lesions. In this regard, nanotechnology paves the way for a new era in bone treatment, repair and regeneration, by enabling the fabrication of complex nanostructures that are similar to those found in the natural bone and which exhibit multifunctional bioactivity. This review aims to lay out the tremendous outcomes of using inorganic nanoparticles in bone healing applications, including bone repair and regeneration, and modern therapeutic strategies for bone-related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra-Cristina Burdușel
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1–7 Gheorghe Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-C.B.); (O.G.); (A.M.G.); (A.F.)
| | - Oana Gherasim
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1–7 Gheorghe Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-C.B.); (O.G.); (A.M.G.); (A.F.)
- Lasers Department, National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomiștilor Street, 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Ecaterina Andronescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1–7 Gheorghe Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-C.B.); (O.G.); (A.M.G.); (A.F.)
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 3 Ilfov Street, 050044 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1–7 Gheorghe Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-C.B.); (O.G.); (A.M.G.); (A.F.)
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 3 Ilfov Street, 050044 Bucharest, Romania
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest—ICUB, University of Bucharest, 90–92 Panduri Road, 050657 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anton Ficai
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1–7 Gheorghe Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-C.B.); (O.G.); (A.M.G.); (A.F.)
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 3 Ilfov Street, 050044 Bucharest, Romania
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