1
|
Kim K, Zhang W, Chen P, Li C, Li B. Identification of potent inhibitors targeting Tribolium castaneum GSTe2 via structure-based screening and molecular dynamics simulation. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38268222 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2024.2306499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, has a major negative impact during storage of agricultural products and reveals the negative impacts on human health. Insect-specific epsilon glutathione S-transferase (GSTs) which requires reduced glutathione (GSH) as an essential substrate not only develop insecticide resistance but also play important role in insect metamorphosis. Inhibition of the insect metamorphosis and the development of insecticide resistance could play an important role in pest control, so T. castaneum GSTe2 (TcGSTe2) in our previous study could be an important target protein for this purpose. This study aimed to find a potential TcGSTe2 inhibitors through in silico mothods, including molecular modeling, molecular docking, ADMET assay, followed by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, principal component analysis and MM/PBSA analysis. The results showed that ZINC000169293362 and ZINC000095566957 were selected as potential TcGSTe2 inhibitors with high-binding affinity and without any toxicity from 3618 of GSH-like compounds obtained from ZINC database. MD simulation results revealed that TcGSTe2-ZINC000169293362 had more stability than that of reference GSH. Moreover, TcGSTe2-ZINC000169293362 and TcGSTe2-ZINC000095566957 showed lower binding free energy (-27.53 ± 0.16 kcal/mol and -18.83 ± 0.15 kcal/mol, respectively) compared with TcGSTe2-GSH (-8.90 ± 0.30 kcal/mol). This study could provide new insight into reduction of insecticide resistance and be used to design new inhibitors of insect GSTs.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- KumChol Kim
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Life Science, University of Science, Pyongyang, Democratic People's Republic of Korea
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chengjun Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kozelková T, Dyčka F, Lu S, Urbanová V, Frantová H, Sojka D, Šíma R, Horn M, Perner J, Kopáček P. Insight Into the Dynamics of the Ixodes ricinus Nymphal Midgut Proteome. Mol Cell Proteomics 2023; 22:100663. [PMID: 37832788 PMCID: PMC10665701 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2023.100663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ticks are ectoparasites that feed on blood and have an impressive ability to consume and process enormous amounts of host blood, allowing extremely long periods of starvation between blood meals. The central role in the parasitic lifestyle of ticks is played by the midgut. This organ efficiently stores and digests ingested blood and serves as the primary interface for the transmission of tick-borne pathogens. In this study, we used a label-free quantitative approach to perform a novel dynamic proteomic analysis of the midgut of Ixodesricinus nymphs, covering their development from unfed to pre-molt stages. We identified 1534 I. ricinus-specific proteins with a relatively low proportion of host proteins. This proteome dataset, which was carefully examined by manual scrutiny, allowed precise annotation of proteins important for blood meal processing and their dynamic changes during nymphal ontogeny. We focused on midgut molecules related to lipid hydrolysis, storage, and transport, opening a yet unexplored avenue for studying lipid metabolism in ticks. Further dynamic profiling of the tick's multi-enzyme digestive network, protease inhibitors, enzymes involved in redox homeostasis and detoxification, antimicrobial peptides, and proteins responsible for midgut colonization by Borrelia spirochetes promises to uncover new targets for targeting tick nymphs, the most critical life stage for transmission the pathogens that cause tick-borne diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Kozelková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Dyčka
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Stephen Lu
- Vector Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Veronika Urbanová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Frantová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Sojka
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Šíma
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; Bioptic Laboratory, Ltd, Plzen, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Horn
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Perner
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kopáček
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rangubpit W, Suwan E, Sangthong D, Wongpanit K, Stich RW, Pongprayoon P, Jittapalapong S. Elucidating structure and dynamics of glutathione S-transferase from Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:7309-7317. [PMID: 36093982 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2120079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is tick parasite that affects the cattle industry worldwide. In R. (B.) microplus, acaricide resistance develops rapidly against many commercial acaricides. One of main resistance strategies is to enhance the metabolic detoxification mediated by R. (B.) microplus glutathione-S-transferase (RmGST). RmGST detoxifies acaricides by catalyzing the conjugation of glutathione to acaricides. Although structural and dynamic details of RmGST are expected to elucidate the biologic activity of this molecule, these data have not been available to date. Thus, Molecular Dynamics simulations were employed to study ligand-free RmGST at an atomic level. Like other m-class GSTs, the flexible m loop (m1) of RmGST was observed. M1 seems to shield the active sites from the bulk. A RmGST dimer is stabilized by the lock-and-key motif (F57 as "key") and hydrogen bonds of R82-E91 and R82-D98 at the dimer interface. Without substrates, conserved catalytic Y116 and N209 can interact with V112, G210 (for Y116) and F215 (for N209). Overall, most residues involving in RmGST function and stability are similar to other m-class GSTs. This implies similar structural stability and catalytic activity of RmGST to other GSTs. An insight obtained here will be useful for management of acaricide resistance and tick control.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Warin Rangubpit
- Department of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Eukote Suwan
- Department of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Danai Sangthong
- Department of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kannika Wongpanit
- Department of Agriculture and Resources, Faculty of Natural Resources and Agro-Industry, Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Kasetsart University, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
| | - Roger W Stich
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Prapasiri Pongprayoon
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center for Advanced Studies in Nanotechnology for Chemical, Food and Agricultural Industries, KU Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sathaporn Jittapalapong
- Department of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ruiz-May E, Álvarez-Sánchez ME, Aguilar-Tipacamú G, Elizalde-Contreras JM, Bojórquez-Velázquez E, Zamora-Briseño JA, Vázquez-Carrillo LI, López-Esparza A. Comparative proteome analysis of the midgut of Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) strains with contrasting resistance to ivermectin reveals the activation of proteins involved in the detoxification metabolism. J Proteomics 2022; 263:104618. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2022.104618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
5
|
Paspati A, Urbaneja A, González-Cabrera J. Transcriptomic profile of the predatory mite Amblyseius swirskii (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on different host plants. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2022; 86:479-498. [PMID: 35534782 PMCID: PMC9110503 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-022-00715-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae) is a predatory mite, effective at controlling whiteflies and thrips in protected crops. However, on tomato its efficacy as a biocontrol agent is hindered, most probably by the plant trichomes and their exudates. Our aim was to characterize the response of A. swirskii to the tomato trichome exudates and identify three major detoxification gene sets in this species: cytochromes P450 (CYPs), glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) and carboxyl/cholinesterases (CCEs). Mites were exposed separately to tomato and pepper, a favourable host plant for A. swirskii, after which their transcriptional responses were analysed and compared. The de novo transcriptome assembly resulted in 71,336 unigenes with 66.1% of them annotated. Thirty-nine A. swirskii genes were differentially expressed after transfer on tomato leaves when compared to pepper leaves; some of the expressed genes were associated with the metabolism of tomato exudates. Our results illustrate that the detoxification gene sets CYPs, GSTs and CCEs are abundant in A. swirskii, but do not play a significant role when in contact with the tomato exudates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki Paspati
- Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Unidad Mixta Gestión Biotecnológica de Plagas UV-IVIA, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Carretera Moncada-Náquera km 4,5, Moncada, 46113, Valencia, Spain
- HAO-DEMETER, Institute of Olive, Subtropical Crops and Viticulture, IOSV, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Alberto Urbaneja
- Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Unidad Mixta Gestión Biotecnológica de Plagas UV-IVIA, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Carretera Moncada-Náquera km 4,5, Moncada, 46113, Valencia, Spain
| | - Joel González-Cabrera
- Department of Genetics, Institute BIOTECMED, Unidad Mixta Gestión Biotecnológica de Plagas UV-IVIA, Universitat de València, Dr Moliner 50, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hernandez EP, Talactac MR, Vitor RJS, Yoshii K, Tanaka T. An Ixodes scapularis glutathione S-transferase plays a role in cell survival and viability during Langat virus infection of a tick cell line. Acta Trop 2021; 214:105763. [PMID: 33242485 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ticks are important vectors of diseases affecting both humans and animals. To be an efficient vector, ticks have to survive infection by pathogens such as the Langat virus (LGTV). One method utilized by ticks is their complex antioxidant mechanism. Included in the vast antioxidant processes are several enzymes involved in redox homeostasis. The ubiquitous glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) belong to the antioxidant family of enzymes. In this study, we evaluated the role of a GST during LGTV infection. ISE6 cells were infected with LGTV with a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.01 and observed daily. The infection success was monitored via indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT) for LGTV for up to 4 days. The gene expression of IsGST1 was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using IsGST1 gene-specific primers. Knockdown of the IsGST1 gene with subsequent LGTV infection was also performed. Afterward, ISE6 cell mortality and viability were checked daily until the fourth day. The virus titer from supernatants of IsGST1-knockdown cells was quantified using a focus-formation assay. IFAT data showed that LGTV infects ISE6 cells in a time-dependent manner with increasing infection from day 0 to day 4. The IsGST1 genes showed an increasing expression until day 2 of infection, while decreased expression was observed from day 3 to day 4 post-infection. Knockdown of the IsGST1 resulted in increased mortality on the third day of infection, while the cell viability was also negatively affected by the knockdown of the IsGST1 genes from day 0 to day 4 post-infection. Knockdown of the IsGST1 genes also resulted in a decreased viral titer from the supernatants of the ISE6 cells infected with LGTV. Based on the results, GSTs are possibly utilized both by cells and the virus for mutual survival and proliferation.
Collapse
|
7
|
Ma Y, Hao Y, Li M, Hu Z, Song R, Wei L, Fan S, Chen S, Fan X, Zhai X, Guo Q, Bayin C. Sequence identification and expression profile of seven Dermacentor marginatus glutathione S-transferase genes. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2020; 82:295-308. [PMID: 32995924 PMCID: PMC7524029 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-020-00546-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Dermacentor marginatus is a widespread tick species and a vector of many pathogens in Eurasia. Due to the medical importance of D. marginatus, control measures are needed for this tick species. Currently tick control approaches rely mostly on acaricide application, whereas wrong and irrational acaricide use may result in drug resistance and residue problems. Vaccination as an alternative approach for tick control has been proven to be effective towards some tick species. However, immunization against D. marginatus has not yet reached satisfactory protection. The effort of in silico based analysis could predict antigenicity and identify candidates for anti-tick vaccine development. We carried out an in silico analysis of D. marginatus glutathione S-transferases (DmGSTs) in order to identify blood-feeding induced GSTs as antigens that can be used in anti-tick vaccine development. Phylogenetic analysis, linear B-cell epitope prediction, homology modeling, and conformational B-cell epitope mapping on the GST models were performed to identify highly antigenic DmGSTs. Relative gene expressions of the seven GSTs were profiled through real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) to outline GSTs up-regulated during blood feeding. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that the seven GSTs belonged to four classes of GST, including one in epsilon-class, one in zeta-class, one in omega-class, and four in mu-class. Linear B-cell epitope prediction revealed mu-class GSTs share similar conserved antigenic regions. The conformational B-cell epitope mapped on the homology model of the GSTs displayed that GSTs of mu-class showed stronger antigenicity than that of other classes. RT-qPCR revealed DmGSTM1 and DmGSTM2 were positively related to blood feeding. In sum, the data suggest that DmGSTM1 and DmGSTM2 could be tested for potential anti-tick vaccine trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, No.311 Nongda Road, Ürümqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yunwei Hao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, No.311 Nongda Road, Ürümqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Min Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, No.311 Nongda Road, Ürümqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zhengxiang Hu
- Bayingol Vocational and Technical College, Korla, 841000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Ruiqi Song
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Ürümqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, No.311 Nongda Road, Ürümqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Liting Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, No.311 Nongda Road, Ürümqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Shilong Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, No.311 Nongda Road, Ürümqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Songqin Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, No.311 Nongda Road, Ürümqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xinli Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, No.311 Nongda Road, Ürümqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xuejie Zhai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, No.311 Nongda Road, Ürümqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Qingyong Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, No.311 Nongda Road, Ürümqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Chahan Bayin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, No.311 Nongda Road, Ürümqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ndawula C, Amaral Xavier M, Villavicencio B, Cortez Lopes F, Juliano MA, Parizi LF, Verli H, da Silva Vaz I, Ligabue-Braun R. Prediction, mapping and validation of tick glutathione S-transferase B-cell epitopes. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2020; 11:101445. [PMID: 32354639 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In search of ways to address the increasing incidence of global acaricide resistance, tick control through vaccination is regarded as a sustainable alternative approach. Recently, a novel cocktail antigen tick-vaccine was developed based on the recombinant glutathione S-transferase (rGST) anti-sera cross-reaction to glutathione S-transferases of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (GST-Ra), Amblyomma variegatum (GST-Av), Haemaphysalis longicornis (GST-Hl), Rhipicephalus decoloratus (GST-Rd) and Rhipicephalus microplus (GST-Rm). Therefore, the current study aimed to predict the shared B-cell epitopes within the GST sequences of these tick species. Prediction of B-cell epitopes and proteasomal cleavage sites were performed using immunoinformatics algorithms. The conserved epitopes predicted within the sequences were mapped on the homodimers of the respective tick GSTs, and the corresponding peptides were independently used for rabbit immunization experiments. Based on the dot blot assay, the immunogenicity of the peptides and their potential to be recognized by corresponding rGST anti-sera raised by rabbit immunization in a previous work were investigated. This study revealed that the predicted conserved B-cell epitopes within the five tick GST sequences were localized on the surface of the respective GST homodimers. The epitopes of GST-Ra, GST-Rd, GST-Av, and GST-Hl were also shown to contain a seven residue-long peptide sequence with no proteasomal cleavage sites, whereas proteasomal digestion of GST-Rm was predicted to yield a 4-residue fragment. Given that a few proteasomal cleavage sites were found within the conserved epitope sequences of the four GSTs, the sequences could also contain a T-cell epitope. Finally, the peptide and rGST anti-sera reacted against the corresponding peptide, confirming their immunogenicity. These data support the claim that the rGSTs, used in the previous study, contain conserved B-cell epitopes, which elucidates why the rGST anti-sera cross-reacted to non-homologous tick GSTs. Taken together, the data suggest that the B-cell epitopes predicted in this study could be useful for constituting epitope-based GST tick vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles Ndawula
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marina Amaral Xavier
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Bianca Villavicencio
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Cortez Lopes
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria Aparecida Juliano
- Departamento de Biofísica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luís Fernando Parizi
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Hugo Verli
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Itabajara da Silva Vaz
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo Ligabue-Braun
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Farmacociências, Universidade Federal das Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hernandez EP, Shimazaki K, Niihara H, Umemiya-Shirafuji R, Fujisaki K, Tanaka T. Expression analysis of glutathione S-transferases and ferritins during the embryogenesis of the tick Haemaphysalis longicornis. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03644. [PMID: 32258487 PMCID: PMC7114739 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the tick life cycle, embryogenesis is the only stage of development wherein no blood meal is required. Nevertheless, even in the absence of a blood meal, which is the source of nutrients as well as the ferrous iron and heme that could cause oxidative stress in ticks, malondialdehyde (MDA) has been reported to increase during this period. Additionally, the knockdown of some oxidative stress-related molecules such as ferritin has resulted in abnormal eggs and embryonic death. Here, we investigate the gene and protein expression profiles of the identified glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) and ferritins (Fers) of the tick H. longicornis during embryogenesis through quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and Western blotting, respectively. We also confirm the lipid peroxidation and ferrous iron concentration level using a thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assay. Finally, we attempt to correlate these findings with the events occurring by establishing a staging process in H. longicornis embryos. Lipid peroxidation increased during the course of embryogenesis, as does the amount of GST proteins. On the other hand, the GST genes have high expression at the 1st day post-oviposition, during the early stage of embryogenesis and at day 10 during the period wherein the germ band is observable. Fer gene expression also starts to increase at day 10 and peaks at day 15. In the ferritin proteins, only the secretory ferritin (Fer2) is detected and constitutively expressed during embryogenesis. Events occurring during embryogenesis, such as energy production and iron metabolism for cellular proliferation and differentiation cause oxidative stress in the embryo. To counteract oxidative stress, it is possible that the embryo may utilize oxidative stress-related molecules such as GSTs and Fer2, which could be either maternally or embryo-derived.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Pacia Hernandez
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0056, Japan
- Department of Pathological and Preventive Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Kei Shimazaki
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0056, Japan
| | - Hiroko Niihara
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0056, Japan
| | - Rika Umemiya-Shirafuji
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Kozo Fujisaki
- National Agricultural and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Tanaka
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0056, Japan
- Department of Pathological and Preventive Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Xu G, Teng ZW, Gu GX, Guo L, Wang F, Xiao S, Wang JL, Wang BB, Fang Q, Wang F, Song QS, Stanley D, Ye GY. Genomic and transcriptomic analyses of glutathione S-transferases in an endoparasitoid wasp, Pteromalus puparum. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 103:e21634. [PMID: 31587360 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pteromalus puparum is a gregarious pupal endoparasitoid with a wide host range. It deposits eggs into pierid and papilionid butterfly pupae. Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are a family of multifunctional detoxification enzymes that act in xenobiotic metabolism in insects. Insect genome projects have facilitated identification and characterization of GST family members. We identified 20 putative GSTs in the P. puparum genome, including 19 cytosolic and one microsomal. Phylogenetic analysis showed that P. puparum GSTs are clustered into Hymenoptera-specific branches. Transcriptomic data of embryos, larvae, female pupae, male pupae, female adults, male adults, venom glands, carcass, salivary glands, and ovaries revealed stage-, sex-, and tissue-specific expression patterns of GSTs in P. puparum. This is the most comprehensive study of genome-wide identification, characterization, and expression profiling of GST family in hymenopterans. Our results provide valuable information for understanding the metabolic adaptation of this wasp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zi-Wen Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gui-Xiang Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Le Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bei-Bei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qi Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qi-Sheng Song
- Division of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - David Stanley
- USDA/ARS Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Gong-Yin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Huercha, Song R, Li M, Fan X, Hu Z, Wu L, Li Y, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Ma Y, Bayin C. Caracterization of glutathione S-transferase of Dermacantor marginatus and effect of the recombinant antigen as a potential anti-tick vaccine. Vet Parasitol 2020; 279:109043. [PMID: 32070900 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Dermacentor marginatus is one of the main tick species in northwestern China, and is a vector of various tick-borne pathogens. Tick control method largely depends on chemical agents, but the disadvantages of using such approach would cause environmental damage and the risk of developing tick resistance to acaricides. Vaccination of tick protective antigen is an eco-friendly approach which is an alternative and promising method to mitigate tick infestation in livestock. In the study, a mu-class glutathione S-transferase (GST) sequence of D. marginatus was cloned and the recombinant protein (rDmGST) was expressed. Transcriptional level of the GST was measured together with native GST activity of the tick. Finally, A vaccine trial on rabbits against D. marginatus was proceeded to evaluate the anti-tick effect of rDmGST. Results reveled that the CDs of the D. margiantus glutathione S-transferase mu 1 gene has 669 base pair nucleotide sequence encoding a 223 amino acid. The deduced GST protein sequence had over 95 % similarity with that of D. variabilis. The rDmGST was efficiently expressed soluble and purified by His trap affinity chromatography. Enzyme activity of native GST and transcriptional profiles of the GST showed up-regulation in different stages and organs of D. marginaus during blood feeding. Polyclonal antibody reacted with rDmGST in Western blotting. Tick challenge on rDmGST inoculated rabbits showed reductions in adult female engorgement rate, total egg mass and egg hatching rate with an overall vaccine efficacy of 43.69 %. The results of the experiment indicated the GST has potential value to be an effective protective antigen of D. marginatus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huercha
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830053, Xinjiang, China; Parasitology Laboratory, College of Veterinary, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830053, Xinjiang, China
| | - Ruiqi Song
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830053, Xinjiang, China; Parasitology Laboratory, College of Veterinary, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830053, Xinjiang, China
| | - Min Li
- Parasitology Laboratory, College of Veterinary, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830053, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xinli Fan
- Parasitology Laboratory, College of Veterinary, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830053, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zhengxiang Hu
- Bayingol Vocational and Technical College, Korla 841000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Lijiang Wu
- Parasitology Laboratory, College of Veterinary, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830053, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yongchang Li
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Wei Zhang
- Parasitology Laboratory, College of Veterinary, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830053, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Parasitology Laboratory, College of Veterinary, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830053, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yuhui Ma
- Parasitology Laboratory, College of Veterinary, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830053, Xinjiang, China
| | - Chahan Bayin
- Parasitology Laboratory, College of Veterinary, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830053, Xinjiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Liu W, Tian J, Hou N, Yu N, Zhang Y, Liu Z. Identification, genomic organization and expression pattern of glutathione transferase in Pardosa pseudoannulata. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2019; 32:100626. [PMID: 31669773 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2019.100626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The pond wolf spider, Pardosa pseudoannulata, is one of the dominant natural enemies in farmlands and plays important roles in controlling a range of insect pests. The spider is less sensitive to many insecticides than the target pests such as the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens. The different sensitivity to a certain insecticide between species is mostly attributed to the differences in both molecular targets and detoxification enzymes. As one of the most important detoxification enzymes, glutathione transferases (GSTs) play a key role as phase II enzyme in the enzymic detoxification in organisms. Until now, there are few studies on spiders' GSTs, limiting the understanding of insecticide selectivity between insect pests and natural enemy spiders. In this study, based on the transcriptome and genome sequencing of P. pseudoannulata, thirteen full-length transcripts encoding GSTs were identified and analyzed. Interestingly, Delta family, which is thought to be specific to the Insecta, was identified in P. pseudoannulata. Further, vertebrate/mammalian-specific Mu family was also identified in P. pseudoannulata. The mRNA expression levels of cytosolic GSTs in different tissues were determined, and most GST genes were abundant in the gut and the fat body. To investigate GST candidates involving in insecticide detoxification, the mRNA levels of cytosolic GSTs were tested after spiders' exposure to either imidacloprid or deltamethrin. The results showed that PpGSTD3 and PpGSTT1 responded to at least one of these two insecticides. The present study helped understand the function of GSTs in P. pseudoannulata and enriched the genetic information of natural enemy spiders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jiahua Tian
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Nannan Hou
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Na Yu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yixi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Zewen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hernandez EP, Kusakisako K, Talactac MR, Galay RL, Hatta T, Fujisaki K, Tsuji N, Tanaka T. Glutathione S-transferases play a role in the detoxification of flumethrin and chlorpyrifos in Haemaphysalis longicornis. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:460. [PMID: 30092823 PMCID: PMC6085608 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3044-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Haemaphysalis longicornis is a tick of importance to health, as it serves as a vector of several pathogens, including Theileria orientalis, Babesia ovata, Rickettsia japonica and the severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV). Presently, the major method of control for this tick is the use of chemical acaricides. The glutathione S-transferase (GST) system is one mechanism through which the tick metabolizes these acaricides. Two GSTs from H. longicornis (HlGST and HlGST2) have been previously identified. Results Enzyme kinetic studies were performed to determine the interaction of acaricides with recombinant H. longicornis GSTs. Recombinant HlGST activity was inhibited by flumethrin and cypermethrin, while recombinant HlGST2 activity was inhibited by chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin. Using real-time RT-PCR, the upregulation of the HlGST gene was observed upon exposure to sublethal doses of flumethrin, while the HlGST2 gene was upregulated when exposed to sublethal doses of chlorpyrifos. Sex and strain dependencies in the induction of GST gene expression by flumethrin were also observed. Knockdown of the HlGST gene resulted in the increased susceptibility of larvae and adult male ticks to sublethal doses of flumethrin and the susceptibility of larvae against sublethal doses of chlorpyrifos was increased upon knockdown of HlGST2. Conclusions HlGST could be vital for the metabolism of flumethrin in larvae and adult male ticks, while HlGST2 is important in the detoxification of chlorpyrifos in larval ticks. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-3044-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Pacia Hernandez
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0056, Japan.,Department of Pathological and Preventive Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
| | - Kodai Kusakisako
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0056, Japan.,Department of Pathological and Preventive Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
| | - Melbourne Rio Talactac
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0056, Japan.,Department of Pathological and Preventive Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan.,Department of Clinical and Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Cavite State University, 4122, Cavite, Philippines
| | - Remil Linggatong Galay
- Department of Veterinary Paraclinical Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, 3004, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Takeshi Hatta
- Department of Parasitology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kitasato, Minami, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Kozo Fujisaki
- National Agricultural and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Naotoshi Tsuji
- Department of Parasitology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kitasato, Minami, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Tanaka
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0056, Japan. .,Department of Pathological and Preventive Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Perner J, Kotál J, Hatalová T, Urbanová V, Bartošová-Sojková P, Brophy PM, Kopáček P. Inducible glutathione S-transferase (IrGST1) from the tick Ixodes ricinus is a haem-binding protein. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018. [PMID: 29526768 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Blood-feeding parasites are inadvertently exposed to high doses of potentially cytotoxic haem liberated upon host blood digestion. Detoxification of free haem is a special challenge for ticks, which digest haemoglobin intracellularly. Ticks lack a haem catabolic mechanism, mediated by haem oxygenase, and need to dispose of vast majority of acquired haem via its accumulation in haemosomes. The knowledge of individual molecules involved in the maintenance of haem homeostasis in ticks is still rather limited. RNA-seq analyses of the Ixodes ricinus midguts from blood- and serum-fed females identified an abundant transcript of glutathione S-transferase (gst) to be substantially up-regulated in the presence of red blood cells in the diet. Here, we have determined the full sequence of this encoding gene, ir-gst1, and found that it is homologous to the delta-/epsilon-class of GSTs. Phylogenetic analyses across related chelicerates revealed that only one clear IrGST1 orthologue could be found in each available transcriptome from hard and soft ticks. These orthologues create a well-supported clade clearly separated from other ticks' or mites' delta-/epsilon-class GSTs and most likely evolved as an adaptation to tick blood-feeding life style. We have confirmed that IrGST1 expression is induced by dietary haem(oglobin), and not by iron or other components of host blood. Kinetic properties of recombinant IrGST1 were evaluated by model and natural GST substrates. The enzyme was also shown to bind haemin in vitro as evidenced by inhibition assay, VIS spectrophotometry, gel filtration, and affinity chromatography. In the native state, IrGST1 forms a dimer which further polymerises upon binding of excessive amount of haemin molecules. Due to susceptibility of ticks to haem as a signalling molecule, we speculate that the expression of IrGST1 in tick midgut functions as intracellular buffer of labile haem pool to ameliorate its cytotoxic effects upon haemoglobin intracellular hydrolysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Perner
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Kotál
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Hatalová
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Urbanová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Bartošová-Sojková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Peter M Brophy
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DA, UK
| | - Petr Kopáček
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hernandez EP, Kusakisako K, Talactac MR, Galay RL, Hatta T, Matsuo T, Fujisaki K, Tsuji N, Tanaka T. Characterization and expression analysis of a newly identified glutathione S-transferase of the hard tick Haemaphysalis longicornis during blood-feeding. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:91. [PMID: 29422079 PMCID: PMC5806375 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2667-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ticks are obligate hematophagous parasites important economically and to health. Ticks consume large amounts of blood for their survival and reproduction; however, large amounts of iron in blood could lead to oxidative stress. Ticks use several molecules such as glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), ferritins, and peroxiredoxins to cope with oxidative stress. This study aimed to identify and characterize the GSTs of the hard tick Haemaphysalis longicornis in order to determine if they have a role in coping with oxidative stress. Methods Genes encoding GSTs of H. longicornis were isolated from the midgut CDNA library. Genes have been cloned and recombinant GSTs have been expressed. The enzymatic activities, enzyme kinetic constants, and optimal pH of the recombinant GSTs toward 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) were determined. The gene transcription and protein expression profiles were determined in the whole ticks and internal organs, and developmental stages using real time RT-PCR and Western blotting during blood feeding. The localization of GST proteins in organs was also observed using immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT). Results We have isolated two genes encoding GSTs (HlGST and HlGST2). The enzymatic activity toward CDNB is 9.75 ± 3.04 units/mg protein for recombinant HlGST and 11.63 ± 4.08 units/mg protein for recombinant HlGST2. Kinetic analysis of recombinant HlGST showed Km values of 0.82 ± 0.14 mM and 0.64 ± 0.32 mM for the function of CDNB and GSH, respectively. Meanwhile, recombinant HlGST2 has Km values of 0.61 ± 0.20 mM and 0.53 ± 0.02 mM for the function of CDNB and GSH, respectively. The optimum pH of recombinant HlGST and recombinant HlGST2 activity was 7.5–8.0. Transcription of both GSTs increases in different developmental stages and organs during blood-feeding. GST proteins are upregulated during blood-feeding but decreased upon engorgement in whole ticks and in some organs, such as the midgut and hemocytes. Interestingly, salivary glands, ovaries, and fat bodies showed decreasing protein expression during blood-feeding to engorgement. Varying localization of GSTs in the midgut, salivary glands, fat bodies, ovaries, and hemocytes was observed depending on the feeding state, especially in the midgut and salivary glands. Conclusions In summary, a novel GST of H. longicornis has been identified. Characterization of the GSTs showed that GSTs have positive correlation with the degree and localization of oxidative stress during blood-feeding. This could indicate their protective role during oxidative stress. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-2667-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Pacia Hernandez
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0056, Japan.,Department of Pathological and Preventive Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
| | - Kodai Kusakisako
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0056, Japan.,Department of Pathological and Preventive Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
| | - Melbourne Rio Talactac
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0056, Japan.,Department of Pathological and Preventive Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan.,Department of Clinical and Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Cavite State University, 4122, Cavite, Philippines
| | - Remil Linggatong Galay
- Department of Veterinary Paraclinical Sciences, University of the Philippines at Los Baños, College, 3004, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Takeshi Hatta
- Department of Parasitology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kitasato, Minami, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Tomohide Matsuo
- Department of Pathological and Preventive Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan.,Laboratory of Parasitology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0056, Japan
| | - Kozo Fujisaki
- National Agricultural and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Naotoshi Tsuji
- Department of Parasitology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kitasato, Minami, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Tanaka
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0056, Japan. .,Department of Pathological and Preventive Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tick Haller's Organ, a New Paradigm for Arthropod Olfaction: How Ticks Differ from Insects. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071563. [PMID: 28718821 PMCID: PMC5536051 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticks are the vector of many human and animal diseases; and host detection is critical to this process. Ticks have a unique sensory structure located exclusively on the 1st pairs of legs; the fore-tarsal Haller’s organ, not found in any other animals, presumed to function like the insect antennae in chemosensation but morphologically very different. The mechanism of tick chemoreception is unknown. Utilizing next-generation sequencing and comparative transcriptomics between the 1st and 4th legs (the latter without the Haller’s organ), we characterized 1st leg specific and putative Haller’s organ specific transcripts from adult American dog ticks, Dermacentor variabilis. The analysis suggested that the Haller’s organ is involved in olfaction, not gustation. No known odorant binding proteins like those found in insects, chemosensory lipocalins or typical insect olfactory mechanisms were identified; with the transcriptomic data only supporting a possible olfactory G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signal cascade unique to the Haller’s organ. Each component of the olfactory GPCR signal cascade was identified and characterized. The expression of GPCR, Gαo and β-arrestin transcripts identified exclusively in the 1st leg transcriptome, and putatively Haller’s organ specific, were examined in unfed and blood-fed adult female and male D. variabilis. Blood feeding to repletion in adult females down-regulated the expression of all three chemosensory transcripts in females but not in males; consistent with differences in post-feeding tick behavior between sexes and an expected reduced chemosensory function in females as they leave the host. Data are presented for the first time of the potential hormonal regulation of tick chemosensation; behavioral assays confirmed the role of the Haller’s organ in N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET) repellency but showed no role for the Haller’s organ in host attachment. Further research is needed to understand the potential role of the GPCR cascade in olfaction.
Collapse
|
17
|
Landulfo GA, Patané JSL, Silva DGND, Junqueira-de-Azevedo ILM, Mendonca RZ, Simons SM, Carvalho ED, Barros-Battesti DM. Gut transcriptome analysis on females of Ornithodoros mimon (Acari: Argasidae) and phylogenetic inference of ticks. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2017; 26:185-204. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612017027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Ornithodoros mimon is an argasid tick that parasitizes bats, birds and opossums and is also harmful to humans. Knowledge of the transcripts present in the tick gut helps in understanding the role of vital molecules in the digestion process and parasite-host relationship, while also providing information about the evolution of arthropod hematophagy. Thus, the present study aimed to know and ascertain the main molecules expressed in the gut of argasid after their blood meal, through analysis on the gut transcriptome of engorged females of O. mimon using 454-based RNA sequencing. The gut transcriptome analysis reveals several transcripts associated with hemoglobin digestion, such as serine, cysteine, aspartic proteases and metalloenzymes. The phylogenetic analysis on the peptidases confirmed that most of them are clustered with other tick genes. We recorded the presence a cathepsin O peptidase-coding transcript in ticks. The topology of the phylogenetic inferences, based on transcripts of inferred families of homologues, was similar to that of previous reports based on mitochondrial genome and nuclear rRNA sequences. We deposited 2,213 sequence of O. mimon to the public databases. Our findings may help towards better understanding of important argasid metabolic processes, such as digestion, nutrition and immunity.
Collapse
|
18
|
Wu K, Hoy MA. The Glutathione-S-Transferase, Cytochrome P450 and Carboxyl/Cholinesterase Gene Superfamilies in Predatory Mite Metaseiulus occidentalis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160009. [PMID: 27467523 PMCID: PMC4965064 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pesticide-resistant populations of the predatory mite Metaseiulus (= Typhlodromus or Galendromus) occidentalis (Arthropoda: Chelicerata: Acari: Phytoseiidae) have been used in the biological control of pest mites such as phytophagous Tetranychus urticae. However, the pesticide resistance mechanisms in M. occidentalis remain largely unknown. In other arthropods, members of the glutathione-S-transferase (GST), cytochrome P450 (CYP) and carboxyl/cholinesterase (CCE) gene superfamilies are involved in the diverse biological pathways such as the metabolism of xenobiotics (e.g. pesticides) in addition to hormonal and chemosensory processes. In the current study, we report the identification and initial characterization of 123 genes in the GST, CYP and CCE superfamilies in the recently sequenced M. occidentalis genome. The gene count represents a reduction of 35% compared to T. urticae. The distribution of genes in the GST and CCE superfamilies in M. occidentalis differs significantly from those of insects and resembles that of T. urticae. Specifically, we report the presence of the Mu class GSTs, and the J’ and J” clade CCEs that, within the Arthropoda, appear unique to Acari. Interestingly, the majority of CCEs in the J’ and J” clades contain a catalytic triad, suggesting that they are catalytically active. They likely represent two Acari-specific CCE clades that may participate in detoxification of xenobiotics. The current study of genes in these superfamilies provides preliminary insights into the potential molecular components that may be involved in pesticide metabolism as well as hormonal/chemosensory processes in the agriculturally important M. occidentalis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wu
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, PO Box 11620, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Marjorie A. Hoy
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, PO Box 11620, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Schama R, Pedrini N, Juárez MP, Nelson DR, Torres AQ, Valle D, Mesquita RD. Rhodnius prolixus supergene families of enzymes potentially associated with insecticide resistance. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 69:91-104. [PMID: 26079630 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Chagas disease or American trypanosomiasis, is a potentially life-threatening illness caused by the protozoan parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi. Once known as an endemic health problem of poor rural populations in Latin American countries, it has now spread worldwide. The parasite is transmitted by triatomine bugs, of which Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) is one of the vectors and a model organism. This species occurs mainly in Central and South American countries where the disease is endemic. Disease prevention focuses on vector control programs that, in general, rely intensely on insecticide use. However, the massive use of chemical insecticides can lead to resistance. One of the major mechanisms is known as metabolic resistance that is associated with an increase in the expression or activity of detoxification genes. Three of the enzyme families that are involved in this process - carboxylesterases (CCE), glutathione s-transferases (GST) and cytochrome P450s (CYP) - are analyzed in the R. prolixus genome. A similar set of detoxification genes to those of the Hemipteran Acyrthosiphon pisum but smaller than in most dipteran species was found in R. prolixus genome. All major CCE classes (43 genes found) are present but the pheromone/hormone processing class had fewer genes than usual. One main expansion was detected on the detoxification/dietary class. The phosphotriesterase family, recently associated with insecticide resistance, was also represented with one gene. One microsomal GST gene was found and the cytosolic GST gene count (14 genes) is extremely low when compared to the other hemipteran species with sequenced genomes. However, this is similar to Apis mellifera, a species known for its deficit in detoxification genes. In R. prolixus 88 CYP genes were found, with representatives in the four clans (CYP2, CYP3, CYP4 and mitochondrial) usually found in insects. R. prolixus seems to have smaller species-specific expansions of CYP genes than mosquitoes and beetles, among others. The number of R. prolixus CYP genes is similar to the hemipteran Ac. pisum, although with a bigger expansion in CYP3 and CYP4 clans, along with several gene fragments, mostly in CYP4 clan. Eleven founding members of new families were detected, consisting of ten genes in the CYP3 clan and 1 gene in the CYP4 clan. Members of these clans were proposed to have important detoxification roles in insects. The identification of CCE, GST and CYP genes is of utmost importance for directing detoxification studies on triatomines that can help insecticide management strategies in control programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renata Schama
- Laboratório de Biologia Computacional e de Sistemas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Brazil.
| | - Nicolás Pedrini
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (CONICET-CCT La Plata) - Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina.
| | - M Patricia Juárez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (CONICET-CCT La Plata) - Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - David R Nelson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - André Q Torres
- Laboratório de Biologia Computacional e de Sistemas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Denise Valle
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Brazil
| | - Rafael D Mesquita
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Bajda S, Dermauw W, Greenhalgh R, Nauen R, Tirry L, Clark RM, Van Leeuwen T. Transcriptome profiling of a spirodiclofen susceptible and resistant strain of the European red mite Panonychus ulmi using strand-specific RNA-seq. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:974. [PMID: 26581334 PMCID: PMC4652392 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-2157-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The European red mite, Panonychus ulmi, is among the most important mite pests in fruit orchards, where it is controlled primarily by acaricide application. However, the species rapidly develops pesticide resistance, and the elucidation of resistance mechanisms for P. ulmi has not kept pace with insects or with the closely related spider mite Tetranychus urticae. The main reason for this lack of knowledge has been the absence of genomic resources needed to investigate the molecular biology of resistance mechanisms. RESULTS Here, we provide a comprehensive strand-specific RNA-seq based transcriptome resource for P. ulmi derived from strains susceptible and resistant to the widely used acaricide spirodiclofen. From a de novo assembly of the P. ulmi transcriptome, we manually annotated detoxification enzyme families, target-sites of commonly used acaricides, and horizontally transferred genes implicated in plant-mite interactions and pesticide resistance. In a comparative analysis that incorporated sequences available for Panonychus citri, T. urticae, and insects, we identified radiations for detoxification gene families following the divergence of Panonychus and Tetranychus genera. Finally, we used the replicated RNA-seq data from the spirodiclofen susceptible and resistant strains to describe gene expression changes associated with resistance. A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, as well as multiple carboxylcholinesterases, were differentially expressed between the susceptible and resistant strains, and provide a molecular entry point for understanding resistance to spirodiclofen, widely used to control P. ulmi populations. CONCLUSIONS The new genomic resources and data that we present in this study for P. ulmi will substantially facilitate molecular studies of underlying mechanisms involved in acaricide resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Bajda
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 9424, 1090, GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wannes Dermauw
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Robert Greenhalgh
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, 257 South 1400 East, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Ralf Nauen
- Bayer CropScience AG, Research Pest Control, Alfred Nobel Str. 50, D-40789, Monheim, Germany
| | - Luc Tirry
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Richard M Clark
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, 257 South 1400 East, UT, 84112, USA.,Center for Cell and Genome Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, 257 South 1400 East, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 9424, 1090, GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Scian M, Le Trong I, Mazari AMA, Mannervik B, Atkins WM, Stenkamp RE. Comparison of epsilon- and delta-class glutathione S-transferases: the crystal structures of the glutathione S-transferases DmGSTE6 and DmGSTE7 from Drosophila melanogaster. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA. SECTION D, BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2015; 71:2089-98. [PMID: 26457432 PMCID: PMC4601370 DOI: 10.1107/s1399004715013929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cytosolic glutathione transferases (GSTs) comprise a large family of enzymes with canonical structures that diverge functionally and structurally among mammals, invertebrates and plants. Whereas mammalian GSTs have been characterized extensively with regard to their structure and function, invertebrate GSTs remain relatively unstudied. The invertebrate GSTs do, however, represent potentially important drug targets for infectious diseases and agricultural applications. In addition, it is essential to fully understand the structure and function of invertebrate GSTs, which play important roles in basic biological processes. Invertebrates harbor delta- and epsilon-class GSTs, which are not found in other organisms. Drosophila melanogaster GSTs (DmGSTs) are likely to contribute to detoxication or antioxidative stress during development, but they have not been fully characterized. Here, the structures of two epsilon-class GSTs from Drosophila, DmGSTE6 and DmGSTE7, are reported at 2.1 and 1.5 Å resolution, respectively, and are compared with other GSTs to identify structural features that might correlate with their biological functions. The structures of DmGSTE6 and DmGSTE7 are remarkably similar; the structures do not reveal obvious sources of the minor functional differences that have been observed. The main structural difference between the epsilon- and delta-class GSTs is the longer helix (A8) at the C-termini of the epsilon-class enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Scian
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 357610, Seattle, WA 98195-7610, USA
| | - Isolde Le Trong
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Box 357420, Seattle, WA 98195-7420, USA
- Biomolecular Structure Center, University of Washington, Box 357742, Seattle, WA 98195-7742, USA
| | - Aslam M. A. Mazari
- Department of Neurochemistry, Arrhenius Laboratories, Stockholm University, SE-10 691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bengt Mannervik
- Department of Neurochemistry, Arrhenius Laboratories, Stockholm University, SE-10 691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - William M. Atkins
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 357610, Seattle, WA 98195-7610, USA
| | - Ronald E. Stenkamp
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Box 357420, Seattle, WA 98195-7420, USA
- Biomolecular Structure Center, University of Washington, Box 357742, Seattle, WA 98195-7742, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Box 357430, Seattle, WA 98195-7430, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bifano TD, Ueti MW, Esteves E, Reif KE, Braz GRC, Scoles GA, Bastos RG, White SN, Daffre S. Knockdown of the Rhipicephalus microplus cytochrome c oxidase subunit III gene is associated with a failure of Anaplasma marginale transmission. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98614. [PMID: 24878588 PMCID: PMC4039488 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhipicephalus microplus is an obligate hematophagous ectoparasite of cattle and an important biological vector of Anaplasma marginale in tropical and subtropical regions. The primary determinants for A. marginale transmission are infection of the tick gut, followed by infection of salivary glands. Transmission of A. marginale to cattle occurs via infected saliva delivered during tick feeding. Interference in colonization of either the tick gut or salivary glands can affect transmission of A. marginale to naïve animals. In this study, we used the tick embryonic cell line BME26 to identify genes that are modulated in response to A. marginale infection. Suppression-subtractive hybridization libraries (SSH) were constructed, and five up-regulated genes {glutathione S-transferase (GST), cytochrome c oxidase sub III (COXIII), dynein (DYN), synaptobrevin (SYN) and phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate 3-phosphatase (PHOS)} were selected as targets for functional in vivo genomic analysis. RNA interference (RNAi) was used to determine the effect of tick gene knockdown on A. marginale acquisition and transmission. Although RNAi consistently knocked down all individually examined tick genes in infected tick guts and salivary glands, only the group of ticks injected with dsCOXIII failed to transmit A. marginale to naïve calves. To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating that RNAi of a tick gene is associated with a failure of A. marginale transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thais D. Bifano
- Department of Parasitology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Massaro W. Ueti
- Animal Diseases Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Pullman, Washington United States of America
| | - Eliane Esteves
- Department of Parasitology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Kathryn E. Reif
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Glória R. C. Braz
- Department of Biochemistry, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Glen A. Scoles
- Animal Diseases Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Pullman, Washington United States of America
| | - Reginaldo G. Bastos
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Stephen N. White
- Animal Diseases Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Pullman, Washington United States of America
| | - Sirlei Daffre
- Department of Parasitology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Duscher GG, Galindo RC, Tichy A, Hummel K, Kocan KM, de la Fuente J. Glutathione S-transferase affects permethrin detoxification in the brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2014; 5:225-33. [PMID: 24548526 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Control of ticks on dogs is often done by application of repellents that contain permethrin as the active ingredient. In this research, we studied the role of a glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene in detoxification of permethrin by ticks using a gene silencing method RNA interference (RNAi). The brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, used in these studies, has a notable host preference for dogs, but also infests other mammals. In this research, R. sanguineus females were injected with gst double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) to effect gene silencing by RNAi and then exposed to sublethal doses of permethrin. Sixty hours after injection, the females were allowed to feed on sheep. The female ticks subjected to RNAi proved to be more susceptible to permethrin than the untreated controls. The effect of gene silencing was most notable in the highest dose group (50.3 ppm) in which all ticks died, while in the corresponding controls that were not subjected to RNAi this dose was not lethal. The acaricide treatment of the ticks resulted in a change in tick attachment behavior. Acaricide-treated ticks attached in a scattered pattern in contrast to the control ticks that attached and fed tightly clustered together. The time required for repletion for both the injected and non-injected females exposed to the higher permethrin level was shorter than that observed in the lower-dose groups and unexposed controls, and this more rapid attachment and feeding would likely favor more rapid transmission of pathogens. However, engorgement and egg mass weights were not significantly different among the experimental groups. This research demonstrated that the silencing of the gst gene increased the tick's susceptibility to permethrin. Overall, these results have contributed to our understanding of the detoxification mechanism of ticks and provide new considerations for the formulation of treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georg Gerhard Duscher
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Ruth Cecilia Galindo
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, USA; Institute for Population Genetics, Department for Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Tichy
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Karin Hummel
- VetCore Facility for Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Katherine M Kocan
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, USA
| | - José de la Fuente
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, USA; Institute for Population Genetics, Department for Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Identification and characterization of seven glutathione S-transferase genes from citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (McGregor). Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:24255-70. [PMID: 24351815 PMCID: PMC3876109 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141224255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (McGregor), is a global citrus pest, and has developed severe resistance to several types of acaricides. However, the molecular mechanisms of resistance in this mite remain unknown. In this study, seven full-length cDNAs encoding glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) genes were identified and characterized in P. citri. The effects of pyridaben and fenpropathrin exposure on the expression of these genes were also investigated. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the seven GSTs genes in P. citri cloned in this study belong to three different cytosolic classes, including four in mu, two in delta and one in zeta. Among these seven GSTs genes, the relative expression level of PcGSTm1 was significantly higher in adult than in the other life stages (egg, larvae and nymph). Compared with the control, the mRNA levels of the seven GST genes did not change significantly following exposure to pyridaben at LC10. However, RT-qPCR results showed that, when exposed to LC10 of fenpropathrin, six GSTs gene (PcGSTm1, PcGSTm3, PcGSTm4, PcGSTd1, PcGSTd2 and PcGSTz1) transcripts increased in a time-dependent manner. This is the first insight into the molecular characteristics of GSTs gene cDNAs in P. citri. The elevated GSTs gene transcripts following exposure to fenpropathrin might be one of the mechanisms involved in detoxification of this acaricide.
Collapse
|
25
|
Dermauw W, Osborne EJ, Clark RM, Grbić M, Tirry L, Van Leeuwen T. A burst of ABC genes in the genome of the polyphagous spider mite Tetranychus urticae. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:317. [PMID: 23663308 PMCID: PMC3724490 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The ABC (ATP-binding cassette) gene superfamily is widespread across all living species. The majority of ABC genes encode ABC transporters, which are membrane-spanning proteins capable of transferring substrates across biological membranes by hydrolyzing ATP. Although ABC transporters have often been associated with resistance to drugs and toxic compounds, within the Arthropoda ABC gene families have only been characterized in detail in several insects and a crustacean. In this study, we report a genome-wide survey and expression analysis of the ABC gene superfamily in the spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, a chelicerate ~ 450 million years diverged from other Arthropod lineages. T. urticae is a major agricultural pest, and is among of the most polyphagous arthropod herbivores known. The species resists a staggering array of toxic plant secondary metabolites, and has developed resistance to all major classes of pesticides in use for its control. Results We identified 103 ABC genes in the T. urticae genome, the highest number discovered in a metazoan species to date. Within the T. urticae ABC gene set, all members of the eight currently described subfamilies (A to H) were detected. A phylogenetic analysis revealed that the high number of ABC genes in T. urticae is due primarily to lineage-specific expansions of ABC genes within the ABCC, ABCG and ABCH subfamilies. In particular, the ABCC subfamily harbors the highest number of T. urticae ABC genes (39). In a comparative genomic analysis, we found clear orthologous relationships between a subset of T. urticae ABC proteins and ABC proteins in both vertebrates and invertebrates known to be involved in fundamental cellular processes. These included members of the ABCB-half transporters, and the ABCD, ABCE and ABCF families. Furthermore, one-to-one orthologues could be distinguished between T. urticae proteins and human ABCC10, ABCG5 and ABCG8, the Drosophila melanogaster sulfonylurea receptor and ecdysone-regulated transporter E23. Finally, expression profiling revealed that ABC genes in the ABCC, ABCG ABCH subfamilies were differentially expressed in multi-pesticide resistant mite strains and/or in mites transferred to challenging (toxic) host plants. Conclusions In this study we present the first comprehensive analysis of ABC genes in a polyphagous arthropod herbivore. We demonstrate that the broad plant host range and high levels of pesticide resistance in T. urticae are associated with lineage-specific expansions of ABC genes, many of which respond transcriptionally to xenobiotic exposure. This ABC catalogue will serve as a basis for future biochemical and toxicological studies. Obtaining functional evidence that these ABC subfamilies contribute to xenobiotic tolerance should be the priority of future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wannes Dermauw
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Reddy BPN, Rao BP, Prasad GBKS, Raghavendra K. Identification and classification of detoxification enzymes from Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). Bioinformation 2012; 8:430-6. [PMID: 22715314 PMCID: PMC3374374 DOI: 10.6026/97320630008430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular characterization of the insecticide resistance has become a hot research topic ever since the first disease transmitting arthropod (Anopheles gambiae) genome sequence has unveiled in 2002. A recent publication of the Culex quinquefasciatus genome sequence has opened up new opportunities for molecular and comparative genomic analysis of multiple mosquito genomes to characterize the insecticide resistance. Here, we utilized a whole genome sequence of Cx. quinquefasciatus to identify putatively active members of the detoxification supergene families, namely cytochrome P450s (P450s), glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs), and choline/carboxylesterases (CCEs). The Culex genome analysis revealed 166 P450s, 40 GSTs, and 62 CCEs. Further, the comparative genomic analysis shows that these numbers are considerably higher than the other dipteran mosquitoes. These observed speciesspecific expansions of the detoxification super gene family members endorse the popular understanding of the involvement of these gene families in protecting the organism against multitudinous classes of toxic substances during its complex (aquatic and terrestrial) life cycle. Thus, the generated data set may provide an initial point to start with to characterize the insecticide resistance at a molecular level which could then lead the development of an easy to use molecular marker to monitor the incipient insecticide resistance in field environs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- BP Niranjan Reddy
- Vector Control Division, Insectary and Insecticide resistance lab, National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR), Sector 8, Dwarka,
New Delhi, India
| | - B Prasad Rao
- Vector Control Division, Insectary and Insecticide resistance lab, National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR), Sector 8, Dwarka,
New Delhi, India
| | - GBKS Prasad
- School of Studies in Biotechnology, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, MP, India
| | - K Raghavendra
- Vector Control Division, Insectary and Insecticide resistance lab, National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR), Sector 8, Dwarka,
New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|