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Cao X, Cheng XW, Liu YY, Dai HW, Gan RY. Inhibition of pathogenic microbes in oral infectious diseases by natural products: Sources, mechanisms, and challenges. Microbiol Res 2024; 279:127548. [PMID: 38016378 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
The maintenance of oral health is of utmost importance for an individual's holistic well-being and standard of living. Within the oral cavity, symbiotic microorganisms actively safeguard themselves against potential foreign diseases by upholding a multifaceted equilibrium. Nevertheless, the occurrence of an imbalance can give rise to a range of oral infectious ailments, such as dental caries, periodontitis, and oral candidiasis. Presently, clinical interventions encompass the physical elimination of pathogens and the administration of antibiotics to regulate bacterial and fungal infections. Given the limitations of various antimicrobial drugs frequently employed in dental practice, the rising incidence of oral inflammation, and the escalating bacterial resistance to antibiotics, it is imperative to explore alternative remedies that are dependable, efficacious, and affordable for the prevention and management of oral infectious ailments. There is an increasing interest in the creation of novel antimicrobial agents derived from natural sources, which possess attributes such as safety, cost-effectiveness, and minimal adverse effects. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the impact of natural products on the development and progression of oral infectious diseases. Specifically, these products exert their influences by mitigating dental biofilm formation, impeding the proliferation of oral pathogens, and hindering bacterial adhesion to tooth surfaces. The review also encompasses an examination of the various classes of natural products, their antimicrobial mechanisms, and their potential therapeutic applications and limitations in the context of oral infections. The insights garnered from this review can support the promising application of natural products as viable therapeutic options for managing oral infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cao
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401147, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing 401147, China; Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing 401147, China
| | - Xing-Wang Cheng
- Center for Joint Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Yin-Ying Liu
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A⁎STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138669, Singapore; Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117542, Singapore
| | - Hong-Wei Dai
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401147, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing 401147, China; Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing 401147, China.
| | - Ren-You Gan
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A⁎STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138669, Singapore; Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117542, Singapore.
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2
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Madhukar G, Subbarao N. Potential inhibitors of RPS6KB2 and NRF2 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:1875-1900. [PMID: 37160694 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2205946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Among the major altered pathways in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, AKT/mTORC1/S6K and NRF2/KEAP1 pathway are quite significant. The overexpression and overstimulation of proteins from both these pathways makes them the promising candidates in cancer therapeutics. Inhibiting mTOR has been in research from past several decades but the tumour heterogeneity, and upregulation of several compensatory feed-back mechanisms, encourages to explore other downstream targets for inhibiting the pathway. One such downstream effectors of mTOR is S6K2. It is reported to be overexpressed in cancers such as head and neck cancer, breast cancer and prostate cancer. In case of NRF2/KEAP1 pathway, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NFE2L2 or NRF2) is overexpressed in ∼90% of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cases. It associates with poor survival rate and therapeutic resistance in HNSCC treatment. NRF2 pathway is the primary antioxidant pathway in the cell which also serves pro-tumorigenic functions, such as repression of apoptosis, cell proliferation support and chemoresistance. The aim of this work was to explore S6K2 and NRF2 and identify novel and potential inhibitors against them for treating head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Since the crystal structure of S6K2 was not available at the time of this study, we modelled its structure using homology modelling and performed high throughput screening, molecular dynamics simulations, free energy calculations and protein-ligand interaction studies to identify the inhibitors. We identified natural compounds Crocin and Gypenoside XVII against S6K2 and Chebulinic acid and Sennoside A against NRF2. This study provides a significant in-depth understanding of the two studied pathways and therefore can be used in the development of potential therapeutics against HNSCC.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geet Madhukar
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Naidu Subbarao
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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3
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Piplani P, Kumar A, Kulshreshtha A, Vohra T, Piplani V. Recent Development of DNA Gyrase Inhibitors: An Update. Mini Rev Med Chem 2024; 24:1001-1030. [PMID: 37909434 DOI: 10.2174/0113895575264264230921080718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic or antimicrobial resistance is an urgent global public health threat that occurs when bacterial or fungal infections do not respond to the drug regimen designed to treat these infections. As a result, these microbes are not evaded and continue to grow. Antibiotic resistance against natural and already-known antibiotics like Ciprofloxacin and Novobiocin can be overcome by developing an agent that can act in different ways. The success of agents like Zodiflodacin and Zenoxacin in clinical trials against DNA gyrase inhibitors that act on different sites of DNA gyrase has resulted in further exploration of this target. However, due to the emergence of bacterial resistance against these targets, there is a great need to design agents that can overcome this resistance and act with greater efficacy. This review provides information on the synthetic and natural DNA gyrase inhibitors that have been developed recently and their promising potential for combating antimicrobial resistance. The review also presents information on molecules that are in clinical trials and their current status. It also analysed the SAR studies and mechanisms of action of enlisted agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Piplani
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160017, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160017, India
| | - Akanksha Kulshreshtha
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160017, India
| | - Tamanna Vohra
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160017, India
| | - Vritti Piplani
- Bhojia Dental College and Hospital, Baddi, 173205, India
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Ashraf MV, Pant S, Khan MAH, Shah AA, Siddiqui S, Jeridi M, Alhamdi HWS, Ahmad S. Phytochemicals as Antimicrobials: Prospecting Himalayan Medicinal Plants as Source of Alternate Medicine to Combat Antimicrobial Resistance. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:881. [PMID: 37375828 DOI: 10.3390/ph16060881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Among all available antimicrobials, antibiotics hold a prime position in the treatment of infectious diseases. However, the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has posed a serious threat to the effectiveness of antibiotics, resulting in increased morbidity, mortality, and escalation in healthcare costs causing a global health crisis. The overuse and misuse of antibiotics in global healthcare setups have accelerated the development and spread of AMR, leading to the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens, which further limits treatment options. This creates a critical need to explore alternative approaches to combat bacterial infections. Phytochemicals have gained attention as a potential source of alternative medicine to address the challenge of AMR. Phytochemicals are structurally and functionally diverse and have multitarget antimicrobial effects, disrupting essential cellular activities. Given the promising results of plant-based antimicrobials, coupled with the slow discovery of novel antibiotics, it has become highly imperative to explore the vast repository of phytocompounds to overcome the looming catastrophe of AMR. This review summarizes the emergence of AMR towards existing antibiotics and potent phytochemicals having antimicrobial activities, along with a comprehensive overview of 123 Himalayan medicinal plants reported to possess antimicrobial phytocompounds, thus compiling the existing information that will help researchers in the exploration of phytochemicals to combat AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Vikas Ashraf
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri 185 234, India
| | - Shreekar Pant
- Centre for Biodiversity Studies, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri 185 234, India
| | - M A Hannan Khan
- Department of Zoology, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri 185 234, India
| | - Ali Asghar Shah
- Department of Zoology, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri 185 234, India
| | - Sazada Siddiqui
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mouna Jeridi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Shoeb Ahmad
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri 185 234, India
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Verma SK, Biswas A, Saxena S, Kumar M, Mishra A, Choudhury AD, Mishra T, Rais N, Narender T, Bhatta RS. Development of a sensitive and selective bioanalytical method of chebulinic acid by liquid chromatography‐electrospray tandem mass spectrometry and its pharmacokinetic application. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.202200125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarvesh Kumar Verma
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetic Division CSIR‐Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow India
- Jawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi India
| | - Arpon Biswas
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetic Division CSIR‐Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow India
- Jawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi India
| | - Shivani Saxena
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetic Division CSIR‐Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow India
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetic Division CSIR‐Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow India
- Jawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi India
| | - Anjali Mishra
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetic Division CSIR‐Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research New Delhi India
| | - Abhijit Deb Choudhury
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetic Division CSIR‐Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow India
- Jawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi India
| | - Tripti Mishra
- Jawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi India
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry CSIR‐Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow India
| | - Nisha Rais
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry CSIR‐Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow India
| | - Tadigoppula Narender
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry CSIR‐Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow India
| | - Rabi Sankar Bhatta
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetic Division CSIR‐Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow India
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Suganya T, Packiavathy IASV, Aseervatham GSB, Carmona A, Rashmi V, Mariappan S, Devi NR, Ananth DA. Tackling Multiple-Drug-Resistant Bacteria With Conventional and Complex Phytochemicals. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:883839. [PMID: 35846771 PMCID: PMC9280687 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.883839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging antibiotic resistance in bacteria endorses the failure of existing drugs with chronic illness, complicated treatment, and ever-increasing expenditures. Bacteria acquire the nature to adapt to starving conditions, abiotic stress, antibiotics, and our immune defense mechanism due to its swift evolution. The intense and inappropriate use of antibiotics has led to the development of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains of bacteria. Phytochemicals can be used as an alternative for complementing antibiotics due to their variation in metabolic, genetic, and physiological fronts as well as the rapid evolution of resistant microbes and lack of tactile management. Several phytochemicals from diverse groups, including alkaloids, phenols, coumarins, and terpenes, have effectively proved their inhibitory potential against MDR pathogens through their counter-action towards bacterial membrane proteins, efflux pumps, biofilms, and bacterial cell-to-cell communications, which are important factors in promoting the emergence of drug resistance. Plant extracts consist of a complex assortment of phytochemical elements, against which the development of bacterial resistance is quite deliberate. This review emphasizes the antibiotic resistance mechanisms of bacteria, the reversal mechanism of antibiotic resistance by phytochemicals, the bioactive potential of phytochemicals against MDR, and the scientific evidence on molecular, biochemical, and clinical aspects to treat bacterial pathogenesis in humans. Moreover, clinical efficacy, trial, safety, toxicity, and affordability investigations, current status and developments, related demands, and future prospects are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thangaiyan Suganya
- Department of Microbiology, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, India
| | | | - G. Smilin Bell Aseervatham
- Post Graduate Research Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli, India
| | - Areanna Carmona
- Francis Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Science Center of El Paso, Texas, TX, United States
| | - Vijayaragavan Rashmi
- National Repository for Microalgae and Cyanobacteria (NRMC)- Marine, National Facility for Marine Cyanobacteria, (Sponsored by Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Government of India), Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India
| | | | | | - Devanesan Arul Ananth
- Department of Biotechnology, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, India
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7
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Studies on the antibacterial activities and molecular mechanism of GyrB inhibitors by 3D-QSAR, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.103872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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8
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Han T, Zhang L, Tong W, Zhao J, Wang W. Exploring the interaction of calycosin with cyclin D1 protein as a regulator of cell cycle progression in lung cancer cells. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.103722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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Vaou N, Stavropoulou E, Voidarou C, Tsigalou C, Bezirtzoglou E. Towards Advances in Medicinal Plant Antimicrobial Activity: A Review Study on Challenges and Future Perspectives. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9102041. [PMID: 34683362 PMCID: PMC8541629 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9102041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing incidence of drug- resistant pathogens raises an urgent need to identify and isolate new bioactive compounds from medicinal plants using standardized modern analytical procedures. Medicinal plant-derived compounds could provide novel straightforward approaches against pathogenic bacteria. This review explores the antimicrobial activity of plant-derived components, their possible mechanisms of action, as well as their chemical potential. The focus is put on the current challenges and future perspectives surrounding medicinal plants antimicrobial activity. There are some inherent challenges regarding medicinal plant extracts and their antimicrobial efficacy. Appropriate and optimized extraction methodology plant species dependent leads to upgraded and selective extracted compounds. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests for the determination of the antimicrobial activity of plant extracts may show variations in obtained results. Moreover, there are several difficulties and problems that need to be overcome for the development of new antimicrobials from plant extracts, while efforts have been made to enhance the antimicrobial activity of chemical compounds. Research on the mechanisms of action, interplay with other substances, and the pharmacokinetic and/or pharmacodynamic profile of the medicinal plant extracts should be given high priority to characterize them as potential antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Vaou
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Protection, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Dragana, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece;
- Correspondence: (N.V.); (E.S.)
| | - Elisavet Stavropoulou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Rue du Bugnon, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Correspondence: (N.V.); (E.S.)
| | - Chrysa Voidarou
- Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, 47132 Arta, Greece;
| | - Christina Tsigalou
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Dragana, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece;
| | - Eugenia Bezirtzoglou
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Protection, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Dragana, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece;
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Jubair N, Rajagopal M, Chinnappan S, Abdullah NB, Fatima A. Review on the Antibacterial Mechanism of Plant-Derived Compounds against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria (MDR). EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2021; 2021:3663315. [PMID: 34447454 PMCID: PMC8384518 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3663315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microbial resistance has progressed rapidly and is becoming the leading cause of death globally. The spread of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms has been a significant threat to the successful therapy against microbial infections. Scientists have become more concerned about the possibility of a return to the pre-antibiotic era. Thus, searching for alternatives to fight microorganisms has become a necessity. Some bacteria are naturally resistant to antibiotics, while others acquire resistance mainly by the misuse of antibiotics and the emergence of new resistant variants through mutation. Since ancient times, plants represent the leading source of drugs and alternative medicine for fighting against diseases. Plants are rich sources of valuable secondary metabolites, such as alkaloids, quinones, tannins, terpenoids, flavonoids, and polyphenols. Many studies focus on plant secondary metabolites as a potential source for antibiotic discovery. They have the required structural properties and can act by different mechanisms. This review analyses the antibiotic resistance strategies produced by multidrug-resistant bacteria and explores the phytochemicals from different classes with documented antimicrobial action against resistant bacteria, either alone or in combination with traditional antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najwan Jubair
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Mogana Rajagopal
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Sasikala Chinnappan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | | | - Ayesha Fatima
- Beykoz Institute of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Turuvekere Vittala Murthy N, Agrahari V, Chauhan H. Polyphenols against infectious diseases: Controlled release nano-formulations. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 161:66-79. [PMID: 33588032 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens has become a global threat and a cause of significant morbidity and mortality around the world. Natural products have been used as a promising approach to counter the infectious diseases associated with these pathogens. The application of natural products and their derivatives especially polyphenolic compounds as antibacterial agents is an active area of research, and prior studies have successfully treated a variety of bacterial infections using these polyphenolic compounds. However, delivery of polyphenolic compounds has been challenging due to their physicochemical properties and often poor aqueous solubility. In this regard, nanotechnology-based novel drug delivery systems offer many advantages, including improving bioavailability and the controlled release of polyphenolic compounds. This review summarizes the pharmacological mechanism and use of nano-formulations in developing controlled release delivery systems of naturally occurring polyphenols in infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vibhuti Agrahari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oklahoma University, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, United States
| | - Harsh Chauhan
- School of Pharmacy and Health Professionals, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, United States.
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12
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis topoisomerases and EthR as the targets for new anti-TB drugs development. Future Med Chem 2019; 11:2193-2203. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2018-0232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The significant increase in the detection of drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis caused an urgent need for the discovery new antituberculosis drugs. Development of bioinformatics and computational sciences enabled the progress of new strategies leading to design, discovery and identification of a series of interesting drug candidates. In this short review, we would like to present recently discovered compounds targeting important mycobacterial proteins: DNA topoisomerases and the transcriptional repressor of EthA monooxygenase – EthR.
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Khameneh B, Iranshahy M, Soheili V, Fazly Bazzaz BS. Review on plant antimicrobials: a mechanistic viewpoint. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2019; 8:118. [PMID: 31346459 PMCID: PMC6636059 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-019-0559-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial resistance to classical antibiotics and its rapid progression have raised serious concern in the treatment of infectious diseases. Recently, many studies have been directed towards finding promising solutions to overcome these problems. Phytochemicals have exerted potential antibacterial activities against sensitive and resistant pathogens via different mechanisms of action. In this review, we have summarized the main antibiotic resistance mechanisms of bacteria and also discussed how phytochemicals belonging to different chemical classes could reverse the antibiotic resistance. Next to containing direct antimicrobial activities, some of them have exerted in vitro synergistic effects when being combined with conventional antibiotics. Considering these facts, it could be stated that phytochemicals represent a valuable source of bioactive compounds with potent antimicrobial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahman Khameneh
- 1Department of Pharmaceutical Control, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Milad Iranshahy
- 2Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,3Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vahid Soheili
- 1Department of Pharmaceutical Control, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Bibi Sedigheh Fazly Bazzaz
- 3Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Wang M, Li Y, Hu X. Chebulinic acid derived from triphala is a promising antitumour agent in human colorectal carcinoma cell lines. Altern Ther Health Med 2018; 18:342. [PMID: 30587184 PMCID: PMC6307174 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-018-2412-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triphala is an Ayurvedic rasayana formulation reputed for its antitumour activities, and chebulinic acid and chebulagic acid, along with other phenolic acids, have been proposed to be responsible for its effects. METHODS In this study, the anti-proliferative activities of these agents were evaluated in colorectal carcinoma cell lines with three phenotypes exposed to several batches of triphala samples with different quantities of chebulinic acid and chebulagic acid. The pro-apoptotic and anti-migratory activities and the probable antitumour mechanisms of the more potent anti-proliferative phytochemical were also investigated. RESULTS The results demonstrated that chebulinic acid, which exerts potent anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic and anti-migratory effects, is a key molecule for maintaining the antitumour efficacy of triphala. The antitumour mechanism of chebulinic acid is probably related to the PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK pathways. CONCLUSIONS Chebulinic acid is not only a critical component of the anticancer activities of triphala but also a promising natural multi-target antitumour agent with therapeutic potential.
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Lu Y, Yan H, Teng S, Yang X. A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for preclinical pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of hydrolyzable tannins chebulinic acid and chebulagic acid in rats. Biomed Chromatogr 2018; 33:e4425. [PMID: 30397912 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A simple and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for the simultaneous determination of chebulinic acid and chebulagic acid in rat plasma and tissues and well used in the pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution studies after intraperitoneal injection administration. Samples were processed with methanol by protein precipitation, and chromatographic separation was performed on an Agilent Zorbax SB-C18 column (50 × 2.1 mm, 1.8 μm) with a mobile phase consisting of methanol and water containing 0.1% formic acid (60:40, v/v). Quantification was performed by selected reaction monitoring with m/z 977.1 → 806.8 for chebulagic acid, m/z 979.0 → 808.7 for chebulinic acid and m/z 851.2 → 704.9 for the internal standard. Good linearity was observed over their respective concentration range. The pharmacokinetic study showed that both compounds reached their peak concentration values (605.8 ± 35.6 ng/mL for chebulinic acid and 1327.1 ± 118.6 ng/mL for chebulagic acid) at the same time of 0.9 h following intraperitoneal injection administration. The two compounds could be detected in blood-abundant tissues. The kidney had the highest concentrations (462.6 ± 138.5 ng/g for chebulinic acid and 1651.7 ± 167.7 ng/g for chebulagic acid) at 1 h post-dose, followed by the heart, liver, spleen and lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Huiyu Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Shiyong Teng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Xige Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
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Kumar N, Singh A, Grover S, Kumari A, Kumar Dhar P, Chandra R, Grover A. HHV-5 epitope: A potential vaccine candidate with high antigenicity and large coverage. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2018; 37:2098-2109. [PMID: 30044169 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2018.1477620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Outbreak of Human Herpes virus-5 (HHV-5) infection in emerging countries has raised worldwide health concern owing to prevalence of congenital impairments and life threatening consequences in immunocompromised individuals. Thus, there lies an impending need to develop vaccine against HHV-5. HHV-5 enters into host cells with the help of necessary components glycoprotein B (gB) and H/L. In this study, the conformational linear B-cell and T-cell epitopes for gB of HHV-5 have been predicted using conformational approaches, for their possible collective use as vaccine candidates. We examined epitope's interactions with major histocompatibility complexes using molecular docking and also investigated their stable binding with specific toll like receptor-2 (TLR2), present on host cells during HHV-5 infection. Predicted MHC-I epitope 'LVAIAVVII' with high antigenicity and large coverage of HLA alleles was found to superimpose on MHC-II epitope (Rank 1) and was also identified to be the core sequence of putative B cell epitope 'ILVAIAVVIITYLI'. Resulting epitope was found to have consistent interaction with TLR2 during long term (100 ns) MD run. We also validated this nonamer epitope for its dissimilarity with human genome and high population coverage, suggesting it to be a potential vaccine candidate with higher coverage for both the MHC alleles of Indian population. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Kumar
- a Drug Discovery and Development Laboratory, Department of Chemistry , University of Delhi , New Delhi , India
| | - Aditi Singh
- b Department of Biotechnology , TERI School of Advanced Studies , New Delhi , India.,c School of Biotechnology , Jawaharlal Nehru University , New Delhi , India
| | - Sonam Grover
- d Kusuma School of Biological Sciences , IIT Delhi , New Delhi , India
| | - Anchala Kumari
- b Department of Biotechnology , TERI School of Advanced Studies , New Delhi , India.,c School of Biotechnology , Jawaharlal Nehru University , New Delhi , India
| | - Pawan Kumar Dhar
- c School of Biotechnology , Jawaharlal Nehru University , New Delhi , India
| | - Ramesh Chandra
- a Drug Discovery and Development Laboratory, Department of Chemistry , University of Delhi , New Delhi , India
| | - Abhinav Grover
- c School of Biotechnology , Jawaharlal Nehru University , New Delhi , India
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Khan T, Sankhe K, Suvarna V, Sherje A, Patel K, Dravyakar B. DNA gyrase inhibitors: Progress and synthesis of potent compounds as antibacterial agents. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 103:923-938. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Verma S, Singh A, Kumari A, Pandey B, Jamal S, Goyal S, Sinha S, Grover A. Insight into the inhibitor discrimination by FLT3 F691L. Chem Biol Drug Des 2018; 91:1056-1064. [PMID: 29336115 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) belongs to the receptor tyrosine kinase family and expressed in hematopoietic progenitor cells. FLT3 gene mutations are reported in ~30% of acute myeloid leukemia cases. FLT3 kinase domain mutation F691L is one of the common causes of acquired resistance to the FLT3 inhibitors including quizartinib. MZH29 and crenolanib were previously reported to inhibit FLT3 F691L. However, crenolanib was reported for the moderate inhibition. We found that Glu661and Asp829 were the most significant residues to target the FLT3 F691L which contribute most significantly to the binding energy with MZH29 and crenolanib. These interactions were found absent with quizartinib. Further free energy landscape analysis revealed that FLT3 F691L bound to MZH29 and crenolanib was more stable as compared to quizartinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharad Verma
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Aditi Singh
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.,Department of Biotechnology, TERI School of Advanced Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Anchala Kumari
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.,Department of Biotechnology, TERI School of Advanced Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Bharati Pandey
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Salma Jamal
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.,Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Tonk, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sukriti Goyal
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.,Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Tonk, Rajasthan, India
| | - Siddharth Sinha
- Department of Biotechnology, TERI School of Advanced Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Abhinav Grover
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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Verma S, Goyal S, Kumari A, Singh A, Jamal S, Grover A. Structural investigations on mechanism of lapatinib resistance caused by HER-2 mutants. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190942. [PMID: 29389942 PMCID: PMC5794075 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
HER-2 belongs to the human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) family. Via different signal transduction pathways, HER-2 regulates normal cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation. Recently, it was reported that MCF10A, BT474, and MDA-MB-231 cells bearing the HER2 K753E mutation were resistant to lapatinib. Present study revealed that HER-2 mutant K753E showed some contrasting behaviour as compared to wild, L768S and V773L HER-2 in complex with lapatinib while similar to previously known lapatinib resistant L755S HER-2 mutant. Lapatinib showed stable but reverse orientation in binding site of K753E and the highest binding energy among studied HER2-lapatinib complexes but slightly lesser than L755S mutant. Results indicate that K753E has similar profile as L755S mutant for lapatinib. The interacting residues were also found different from other three studied forms as revealed by free energy decomposition and ligplot analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharad Verma
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Sukriti Goyal
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Tonk, Rajasthan, India
| | - Anchala Kumari
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
- Department of Biotechnology, TERI School of Advanced Studies, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, India
| | - Aditi Singh
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
- Department of Biotechnology, TERI School of Advanced Studies, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, India
| | - Salma Jamal
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Tonk, Rajasthan, India
| | - Abhinav Grover
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail:
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20
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Aswathy V, Alper-Hayta S, Yalcin G, Mary YS, Panicker CY, Jojo P, Kaynak-Onurdag F, Armaković S, Armaković SJ, Yildiz I, Van Alsenoy C. Modification of benzoxazole derivative by bromine-spectroscopic, antibacterial and reactivity study using experimental and theoretical procedures. J Mol Struct 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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21
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Pandey B, Grover S, Tyagi C, Goyal S, Jamal S, Singh A, Kaur J, Grover A. Double Mutants in DNA Gyrase Lead to Ofloxacin Resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:2950-2957. [PMID: 28247939 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Fluoroquinolones are among the most important classes of highly effective antibacterial drugs, exhibiting wide range of activity to cure infectious diseases. Ofloxacin is second generation fluoroquinolone approved by FDA for the treatment of tuberculosis by selectively inhibiting DNA gyrase. However, the emergence of drug resistance owing to mutations in DNA gyrase poses intimidating challenge for the effective therapy of this drug. The double mutants GyrAA90V GyrBD500N and GyrAA90V GyrBT539N are reported to be implicated in conferring higher levels of OFX resistance. The present study was designed to unravel the molecular principles behind development of resistance by the bug against fluoroquinolones. Our results highlighted that polar interactions play critical role in the development of drug resistance and highlight the significant correlation between the free energy calculations predicted by MM-PBSA and stability of the ligand-bound complexes. Modifications at the OFX binding pocket due to amino acid substitution leads to fewer hydrogen bonds in mutants DNA gyrase-OFX complex, which determined the low susceptibility of the ligand in inhibiting the mutant protein. This study provides a structural rationale to the mutation-based resistance to ofloxacin and will pave way for development potent fluoroquinolone-based resistant-defiant drugs. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 2950-2957, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharati Pandey
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Sonam Grover
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Chetna Tyagi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Hungary, H-6720 Szeged, Dugonics Square 13, Hungary
| | - Sukriti Goyal
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Tonk, 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Salma Jamal
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Tonk, 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Aditi Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, TERI University, New Delhi, 110070, India
| | - Jagdeep Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Abhinav Grover
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
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Verma S, Singh A, Kumari A, Tyagi C, Goyal S, Jamal S, Grover A. Natural polyphenolic inhibitors against the antiapoptotic BCL-2. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2017; 37:391-400. [DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2017.1298129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharad Verma
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Aditi Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, TERI University, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, India
| | - Anchala Kumari
- Department of Biotechnology, TERI University, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, India
| | - Chetna Tyagi
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Sukriti Goyal
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Tonk, Rajasthan, India
| | - Salma Jamal
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Tonk, Rajasthan, India
| | - Abhinav Grover
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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Pandey B, Grover S, Tyagi C, Goyal S, Jamal S, Singh A, Kaur J, Grover A. Dynamics of fluoroquinolones induced resistance in DNA gyrase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2017; 36:362-375. [PMID: 28071975 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2016.1277784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
DNA gyrase is a validated target of fluoroquinolones which are key components of multidrug resistance tuberculosis (TB) treatment. Most frequent occurring mutations associated with high level of resistance to fluoroquinolone in clinical isolates of TB patients are A90V, D94G, and A90V-D94G (double mutant [DM]), present in the larger subunit of DNA Gyrase. In order to explicate the molecular mechanism of drug resistance corresponding to these mutations, molecular dynamics (MD) and mechanics approach was applied. Structure-based molecular docking of complex comprised of DNA bound with Gyrase A (large subunit) and Gyrase C (small subunit) with moxifloxacin (MFX) revealed high binding affinity to wild type with considerably high Glide XP docking score of -7.88 kcal/mol. MFX affinity decreases toward single mutants and was minimum toward the DM with a docking score of -3.82 kcal/mol. Docking studies were also performed against 8-Methyl-moxifloxacin which exhibited higher binding affinity against wild and mutants DNA gyrase when compared to MFX. Molecular Mechanics/Generalized Born Surface Area method predicted the binding free energy of the wild, A90V, D94G, and DM complexes to be -55.81, -25.87, -20.45, and -12.29 kcal/mol, respectively. These complexes were further subjected to 30 ns long MD simulations to examine significant interactions and conformational flexibilities in terms of root mean square deviation, root mean square fluctuation, and strength of hydrogen bond formed. This comparative drug interaction analysis provides systematic insights into the mechanism behind drug resistance and also paves way toward identifying potent lead compounds that could combat drug resistance of DNA gyrase due to mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharati Pandey
- a Department of Biotechnology , Panjab University , Chandigarh 160014
| | - Sonam Grover
- b Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi , New Delhi , India
| | - Chetna Tyagi
- c School of Biotechnology , Jawaharlal Nehru University , New Delhi 110067 , India
| | - Sukriti Goyal
- d Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Banasthali University , Tonk 304022 , Rajasthan , India
| | - Salma Jamal
- d Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Banasthali University , Tonk 304022 , Rajasthan , India
| | - Aditi Singh
- e Department of Biotechnology , TERI University , Vasant Kunj , New Delhi 110070
| | - Jagdeep Kaur
- a Department of Biotechnology , Panjab University , Chandigarh 160014
| | - Abhinav Grover
- c School of Biotechnology , Jawaharlal Nehru University , New Delhi 110067 , India
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24
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Dissecting the role of mutations in chymase inhibition: Free energy and decomposition analysis. Gene 2017; 609:68-79. [PMID: 28131820 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Chymase enzyme abundantly found in secretory granules of mast cells and catalyzes the hydrolysis of peptide bonds to generate angiotensin II via hydrolysis of angiotensin I and also activates transforming growth factor-b and MMP-9. MMP-9 and TGF-b have significant role in tissue inflammation and fibrosis. In present study, we investigated that Lys192Met mutation leads to a higher loss in binding energy of inhibitors than mutation Arg143Gln in chymase. The energy decomposition revealed that the contributing residues are almost same in all the forms with some change in energy value. All the results pointing that arginine and lysine residues of chymase play the most significant role in inhibitor binding revealed by energy decomposition. The Lys40, Arg90, Lys192 and Arg217 are found to be most prominent residues in two different inhibitor systems but the role of other lysine and arginine also important as they also have significant contribution in the total binding energy.
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25
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Joshi K, Goyal S, Grover S, Jamal S, Singh A, Dhar P, Grover A. Novel group-based QSAR and combinatorial design of CK-1δ inhibitors as neuroprotective agents. BMC Bioinformatics 2016; 17:515. [PMID: 28155653 PMCID: PMC5260052 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-016-1379-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tar DNA binding protein 43 (TDP-43) hyperphosphorylation, caused by Casein kinase 1 (CK-1) protein isoforms, is associated with the onset and progression of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Among the reported isoforms and splice variants of CK-1 protein superfamily, CK-1δ is known to phosphorylate different serine and threonine sites on TDP-43 protein in vitro and thus qualifies as a potential target for ALS treatment. Results The developed GQSAR (group based quantitative structure activity relationship) model displayed satisfactory statistical parameters for the dataset of experimentally reported N-Benzothiazolyl-2-Phenyl Acetamide derivatives. A combinatorial library of molecules was also generated and the activities were predicted using the statistically sound GQSAR model. Compounds with higher predicted inhibitory activity were screened against CK-1δ that resulted in to the potential novel leads for CK-1δ inhibition. Conclusions In this study, a robust fragment based QSAR model was developed on a congeneric set of experimentally reported molecules and using combinatorial library approach, a series of molecules were generated from which we report two top scoring, CK-1δ inhibitors i.e., CHC (6-benzyl-2-cyclopropyl-4-{[(4-cyclopropyl-6-ethyl-1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)carbamoyl]methyl}j-3-fluorophenyl hydrogen carbonate) and DHC (6-benzyl-4-{[(4-cyclopropyl-6-ethyl-1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)carbamoyl]methyl}-2-(decahydronaphthalen-1-yl)-3-hydroxyphenyl hydrogen carbonate) with binding energy of −6.11 and −6.01 kcal/mol, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kopal Joshi
- Amity School of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201303, India
| | - Sukriti Goyal
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Tonk, Rajasthan, 304022, India
| | - Sonam Grover
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Salma Jamal
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Tonk, Rajasthan, 304022, India
| | - Aditi Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, TERI University, New Delhi, 110070, India
| | - Pawan Dhar
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Abhinav Grover
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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Mechanistic insights into mode of action of rice allene oxide synthase on hydroxyperoxides: An intermediate step in herbivory-induced jasmonate pathway. Comput Biol Chem 2016; 64:227-236. [PMID: 27471161 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Various types of oxygenated fatty acids termed 'oxylipins' are involved in plant response to herbivory. Oxylipins like jasmonic acid (JA) and green leafy volatiles (GLVs) are formed by the action of enzymes like allene oxide synthase (AOS) and hydroxyperoxide lyase (HPL) respectively. In this study, we focus on AOS of Oryza sativa sb. Japonica, that interact with 9- and 13- hydroxyperoxides to produce intermediates of jasmonate pathway and compare it with rice HPL that yields GLVs. We attempt to elucidate the interaction pattern by computational docking protocols keeping the Arabidopsis AOS system as the reference model system. Both 9-hydroxyperoxide and 13-hydroxyperoxide fit into the active site of AOS completely with Phe347, Phe92, Ile463, Val345, and Asn278 being the common interacting residues. Phe347 and Phe92 were mutated with Leucine and docked again with the hydroxyperoxides. The Phe347→Leu347 mutant showed a different mode of action than AOS-hydroxyperoxide complex with Trp413 in direct bonding with the OOH group of 9-hydroxyperoxide. The loss of Lys88-OOH interaction in 13-hydroxyperoxide and loss-of-interaction of Leu347 indicated the importance of Phe347 residue in hydroxyperoxide catalysis. The second mutant Phe92→Leu92 also shows a very different interaction pattern with 13-hydroxyperoxide but not with 9-hydroxyperoxide.Therefore, it can be concluded that Phe347 is more crucial for AOS functionality than Phe92. The aromatic ring of a Phenylalanine residue is important for catalysis and its mutation affects the binding of the two ligands. Another important residue is Asn278 which is an important part of the AOS catalytic site for maintaining stability and can be compared with the Arabidopsis AOS residue Asn321. Lastly, the interaction of HPL with these two derivatives involves Leu363 residue instead of Phe347 and thus, validating the importance of Phe→Leu substitution to be the reason of different modes of action that result in completely different products from same substrates.
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Antimycobacterial mechanism of vanillin involves disruption of cell-surface integrity, virulence attributes, and iron homeostasis. Int J Mycobacteriol 2016; 5:460-468. [PMID: 27931688 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmyco.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global threat, claiming one-third of the population annually. The ever increasing emergence of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) is the major impediment to effective anti-TB therapy. Under such circumstances, deciphering the antimycobacterial potential of natural compounds has gained considerable prominence. This study evaluated the antimycobacterial activity of vanillin (Van), a natural food-flavoring agent and preservative, along with its potential mechanisms of action. METHODS Drug susceptibilities were performed using broth microdilution, spot, and filter-disc assays. Membrane damage was studied by nitrocefin hydrolysis and electron microscopy. Virulence attributes were assessed by biofilm formation and cell adherence. Iron availability was estimated by enzymatic (ferroxidase) assay. RESULTS We found that the antimycobacterial activity of Van against Mycobacterium smegmatis (a surrogate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis) is 125μg/mL. Additionally, we observed disruption of membrane homeostasis in the presence of Van, as revealed by enhanced membrane permeability and transmission electron microscopy images showing a disturbed cell envelope. Concomitant with our findings, we also observed that Van leads to enhanced drug susceptibility to membrane targeting known anti-TB drugs. Furthermore, Van affects significant virulence traits of Mycobacterium by inhibiting biofilm formation and cell adhesion. Finally, we observed that Van disrupted iron homeostasis as displayed by hypersensitivity to iron deprivation. CONCLUSION The results established for the first time that Van could be an effective antimycobacterial agent that could be exploited further in treating mycobacterial infections.
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