1
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García-Vázquez FA. Artificial intelligence and porcine breeding. Anim Reprod Sci 2024:107538. [PMID: 38926001 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2024.107538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Livestock management is evolving into a new era, characterized by the analysis of vast quantities of data (Big Data) collected from both traditional breeding methods and new technologies such as sensors, automated monitoring system, and advanced analytics. Artificial intelligence (A-In), which refers to the capability of machines to mimic human intelligence, including subfields like machine learning and deep learning, is playing a pivotal role in this transformation. A wide array of A-In techniques, successfully employed in various industrial and scientific contexts, are now being integrated into mainstream livestock management practices. In the case of swine breeding, while traditional methods have yielded considerable success, the increasing amount of information requires the adoption of new technologies such as A-In to drive productivity, enhance animal welfare, and reduce environmental impact. Current findings suggest that these techniques have the potential to match or exceed the performance of traditional methods, often being more scalable in terms of efficiency and sustainability within the breeding industry. This review provides insights into the application of A-In in porcine breeding, from the perspectives of both sows (including welfare and reproductive management) and boars (including semen quality and health), and explores new approaches which are already being applied in other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco A García-Vázquez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus de Excelencia Mare Nostrum, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia 30100, Spain; Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain.
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2
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Zhang C, Zhang Y, Chang Z, Li C. Sperm YOLOv8E-TrackEVD: A Novel Approach for Sperm Detection and Tracking. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:3493. [PMID: 38894284 PMCID: PMC11175353 DOI: 10.3390/s24113493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Male infertility is a global health issue, with 40-50% attributed to sperm abnormalities. The subjectivity and irreproducibility of existing detection methods pose challenges to sperm assessment, making the design of automated semen analysis algorithms crucial for enhancing the reliability of sperm evaluations. This paper proposes a comprehensive sperm tracking algorithm (Sperm YOLOv8E-TrackEVD) that combines an enhanced YOLOv8 small object detection algorithm (SpermYOLOv8-E) with an improved DeepOCSORT tracking algorithm (SpermTrack-EVD) to detect human sperm in a microscopic field of view and track healthy sperm in a sample in a short period effectively. Firstly, we trained the improved YOLOv8 model on the VISEM-Tracking dataset for accurate sperm detection. To enhance the detection of small sperm objects, we introduced an attention mechanism, added a small object detection layer, and integrated the SPDConv and Detect_DyHead modules. Furthermore, we used a new distance metric method and chose IoU loss calculation. Ultimately, we achieved a 1.3% increase in precision, a 1.4% increase in recall rate, and a 2.0% improvement in mAP@0.5:0.95. We applied SpermYOLOv8-E combined with SpermTrack-EVD for sperm tracking. On the VISEM-Tracking dataset, we achieved 74.303% HOTA and 71.167% MOTA. These results show the effectiveness of the designed Sperm YOLOv8E-TrackEVD approach in sperm tracking scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zhanyuan Chang
- College of Information, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China; (C.Z.); (Y.Z.); (C.L.)
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3
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Hanassab S, Abbara A, Yeung AC, Voliotis M, Tsaneva-Atanasova K, Kelsey TW, Trew GH, Nelson SM, Heinis T, Dhillo WS. The prospect of artificial intelligence to personalize assisted reproductive technology. NPJ Digit Med 2024; 7:55. [PMID: 38429464 PMCID: PMC10907618 DOI: 10.1038/s41746-024-01006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Infertility affects 1-in-6 couples, with repeated intensive cycles of assisted reproductive technology (ART) required by many to achieve a desired live birth. In ART, typically, clinicians and laboratory staff consider patient characteristics, previous treatment responses, and ongoing monitoring to determine treatment decisions. However, the reproducibility, weighting, and interpretation of these characteristics are contentious, and highly operator-dependent, resulting in considerable reliance on clinical experience. Artificial intelligence (AI) is ideally suited to handle, process, and analyze large, dynamic, temporal datasets with multiple intermediary outcomes that are generated during an ART cycle. Here, we review how AI has demonstrated potential for optimization and personalization of key steps in a reproducible manner, including: drug selection and dosing, cycle monitoring, induction of oocyte maturation, and selection of the most competent gametes and embryos, to improve the overall efficacy and safety of ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Hanassab
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, UK
- UKRI Centre for Doctoral Training in AI for Healthcare, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ali Abbara
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Arthur C Yeung
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Margaritis Voliotis
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- EPSRC Hub for Quantitative Modelling in Healthcare, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Krasimira Tsaneva-Atanasova
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- EPSRC Hub for Quantitative Modelling in Healthcare, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Tom W Kelsey
- School of Computer Science, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Geoffrey H Trew
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
- The Fertility Partnership, Oxford, UK
| | - Scott M Nelson
- The Fertility Partnership, Oxford, UK
- School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Biomedical Research Centre, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Thomas Heinis
- Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Waljit S Dhillo
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK.
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4
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Panner Selvam MK, Moharana AK, Baskaran S, Finelli R, Hudnall MC, Sikka SC. Current Updates on Involvement of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Semen Analysis. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2024; 60:279. [PMID: 38399566 PMCID: PMC10890589 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60020279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Infertility rates and the number of couples undergoing reproductive care have both increased substantially during the last few decades. Semen analysis is a crucial step in both the diagnosis and the treatment of male infertility. The accuracy of semen analysis results remains quite poor despite years of practice and advancements. Artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms, which can analyze and synthesize large amounts of data, can address the unique challenges involved in semen analysis due to the high objectivity of current methodologies. This review addresses recent AI advancements in semen analysis. Materials and Methods: A systematic literature search was performed in the PubMed database. Non-English articles and studies not related to humans were excluded. We extracted data related to AI algorithms or models used to evaluate semen parameters from the original studies, excluding abstracts, case reports, and meeting reports. Results: Of the 306 articles identified, 225 articles were rejected in the preliminary screening. The evaluation of the full texts of the remaining 81 publications resulted in the exclusion of another 48 articles, with a final inclusion of 33 original articles in this review. Conclusions: AI and machine learning are becoming increasingly popular in biomedical applications. The examination and selection of sperm by andrologists and embryologists may benefit greatly from using these algorithms. Furthermore, when bigger and more reliable datasets become accessible for training, these algorithms may improve over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manesh Kumar Panner Selvam
- Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (A.K.M.); (S.B.); (S.C.S.)
| | - Ajaya Kumar Moharana
- Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (A.K.M.); (S.B.); (S.C.S.)
- Redox Biology & Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack 753003, Odisha, India
| | - Saradha Baskaran
- Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (A.K.M.); (S.B.); (S.C.S.)
| | | | | | - Suresh C. Sikka
- Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (A.K.M.); (S.B.); (S.C.S.)
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5
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Lustgarten Guahmich N, Borini E, Zaninovic N. Improving outcomes of assisted reproductive technologies using artificial intelligence for sperm selection. Fertil Steril 2023; 120:729-734. [PMID: 37307892 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2023.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Within the field of assisted reproductive technology, artificial intelligence has become an attractive tool for potentially improving success rates. Recently, artificial intelligence-based tools for sperm evaluation and selection during intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) have been explored, mainly to improve fertilization outcomes and decrease variability within ICSI procedures. Although significant advances have been achieved in developing algorithms that track and rank single sperm in real-time during ICSI, the clinical benefits these might have in improving pregnancy rates from a single assisted reproductive technology cycle remain to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Lustgarten Guahmich
- Ronald O. Perelman and Claudia Cohen Center for Reproductive Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Elena Borini
- Ronald O. Perelman and Claudia Cohen Center for Reproductive Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Nikica Zaninovic
- Ronald O. Perelman and Claudia Cohen Center for Reproductive Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York.
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6
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Haugen TB, Witczak O, Hicks SA, Björndahl L, Andersen JM, Riegler MA. Sperm motility assessed by deep convolutional neural networks into WHO categories. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14777. [PMID: 37679484 PMCID: PMC10484948 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41871-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Semen analysis is central in infertility investigation. Manual assessment of sperm motility according to the WHO recommendations is the golden standard, and extensive training is a requirement for accurate and reproducible results. Deep convolutional neural networks (DCNN) are especially suitable for image classification. In this study, we evaluated the performance of the DCNN ResNet-50 in predicting the proportion of sperm in the WHO motility categories. Two models were evaluated using tenfold cross-validation with 65 video recordings of wet semen preparations from an external quality assessment programme for semen analysis. The corresponding manually assessed data was obtained from several of the reference laboratories, and the mean values were used for training of the DCNN models. One model was trained to predict the three categories progressive motility, non-progressive motility, and immotile spermatozoa. Another model was used in predicting four categories, where progressive motility was differentiated into rapid and slow. The resulting average mean absolute error (MAE) was 0.05 and 0.07, and the average ZeroR baseline was 0.09 and 0.10 for the three-category and the four-category model, respectively. Manual and DCNN-predicted motility was compared by Pearson's correlation coefficient and by difference plots. The strongest correlation between the mean manually assessed values and DCNN-predicted motility was observed for % progressively motile spermatozoa (Pearson's r = 0.88, p < 0.001) and % immotile spermatozoa (r = 0.89, p < 0.001). For rapid progressive motility, the correlation was moderate (Pearson's r = 0.673, p < 0.001). The median difference between manual and predicted progressive motility was 0 and 2 for immotile spermatozoa. The largest bias was observed at high and low percentages of progressive and immotile spermatozoa. The DCNN-predicted value was within the range of the interlaboratory variation of the results for most of the samples. In conclusion, DCNN models were able to predict the proportion of spermatozoa into the WHO motility categories with significantly lower error than the baseline. The best correlation between the manual and the DCNN-predicted motility values was found for the categories progressive and immotile. Of note, there was considerable variation between the mean motility values obtained for each category by the reference laboratories, especially for rapid progressive motility, which impacts the training of the DCNN models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trine B Haugen
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Oliwia Witczak
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Steven A Hicks
- Simula Metropolitan Center for Digital Engineering, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars Björndahl
- ANOVA, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jorunn M Andersen
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
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7
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Mahali MI, Leu JS, Darmawan JT, Avian C, Bachroin N, Prakosa SW, Faisal M, Putro NAS. A Dual Architecture Fusion and AutoEncoder for Automatic Morphological Classification of Human Sperm. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:6613. [PMID: 37514907 PMCID: PMC10385996 DOI: 10.3390/s23146613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Infertility has become a common problem in global health, and unsurprisingly, many couples need medical assistance to achieve reproduction. Many human behaviors can lead to infertility, which is none other than unhealthy sperm. The important thing is that assisted reproductive techniques require selecting healthy sperm. Hence, machine learning algorithms are presented as the subject of this research to effectively modernize and make accurate standards and decisions in classifying sperm. In this study, we developed a deep learning fusion architecture called SwinMobile that combines the Shifted Windows Vision Transformer (Swin) and MobileNetV3 into a unified feature space and classifies sperm from impurities in the SVIA Subset-C. Swin Transformer provides long-range feature extraction, while MobileNetV3 is responsible for extracting local features. We also explored incorporating an autoencoder into the architecture for an automatic noise-removing model. Our model was tested on SVIA, HuSHem, and SMIDS. Comparison to the state-of-the-art models was based on F1-score and accuracy. Our deep learning results accurately classified sperm and performed well in direct comparisons with previous approaches despite the datasets' different characteristics. We compared the model from Xception on the SVIA dataset, the MC-HSH model on the HuSHem dataset, and Ilhan et al.'s model on the SMIDS dataset and the astonishing results given by our model. The proposed model, especially SwinMobile-AE, has strong classification capabilities that enable it to function with high classification results on three different datasets. We propose that our deep learning approach to sperm classification is suitable for modernizing the clinical world. Our work leverages the potential of artificial intelligence technologies to rival humans in terms of accuracy, reliability, and speed of analysis. The SwinMobile-AE method we provide can achieve better results than state-of-the-art, even for three different datasets. Our results were benchmarked by comparisons with three datasets, which included SVIA, HuSHem, and SMIDS, respectively (95.4% vs. 94.9%), (97.6% vs. 95.7%), and (91.7% vs. 90.9%). Thus, the proposed model can realize technological advances in classifying sperm morphology based on the evidential results with three different datasets, each having its characteristics related to data size, number of classes, and color space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Izzuddin Mahali
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei City 10607, Taiwan
- Department of Electronic and Informatic Engineering Education, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Jenq-Shiou Leu
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei City 10607, Taiwan
| | - Jeremie Theddy Darmawan
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei City 10607, Taiwan
- Department of Bioinformatics, Indonesia International Institute for Life Science, Jakarta 13210, Indonesia
| | - Cries Avian
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei City 10607, Taiwan
| | - Nabil Bachroin
- Departement of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei City 10607, Taiwan
| | - Setya Widyawan Prakosa
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei City 10607, Taiwan
| | - Muhamad Faisal
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei City 10607, Taiwan
| | - Nur Achmad Sulistyo Putro
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei City 10607, Taiwan
- Department of Computer Science and Electronics, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
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8
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Thambawita V, Hicks SA, Storås AM, Nguyen T, Andersen JM, Witczak O, Haugen TB, Hammer HL, Halvorsen P, Riegler MA. VISEM-Tracking, a human spermatozoa tracking dataset. Sci Data 2023; 10:260. [PMID: 37156762 PMCID: PMC10167330 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02173-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A manual assessment of sperm motility requires microscopy observation, which is challenging due to the fast-moving spermatozoa in the field of view. To obtain correct results, manual evaluation requires extensive training. Therefore, computer-aided sperm analysis (CASA) has become increasingly used in clinics. Despite this, more data is needed to train supervised machine learning approaches in order to improve accuracy and reliability in the assessment of sperm motility and kinematics. In this regard, we provide a dataset called VISEM-Tracking with 20 video recordings of 30 seconds (comprising 29,196 frames) of wet semen preparations with manually annotated bounding-box coordinates and a set of sperm characteristics analyzed by experts in the domain. In addition to the annotated data, we provide unlabeled video clips for easy-to-use access and analysis of the data via methods such as self- or unsupervised learning. As part of this paper, we present baseline sperm detection performances using the YOLOv5 deep learning (DL) model trained on the VISEM-Tracking dataset. As a result, we show that the dataset can be used to train complex DL models to analyze spermatozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven A Hicks
- Simula Metropolitan Center for Digital Engineering, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andrea M Storås
- Simula Metropolitan Center for Digital Engineering, Oslo, Norway
- Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thu Nguyen
- Simula Metropolitan Center for Digital Engineering, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | | | - Hugo L Hammer
- Simula Metropolitan Center for Digital Engineering, Oslo, Norway
- Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål Halvorsen
- Simula Metropolitan Center for Digital Engineering, Oslo, Norway
- Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Michael A Riegler
- Simula Metropolitan Center for Digital Engineering, Oslo, Norway
- Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
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9
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Gill ME, Quaas AM. Looking with new eyes: advanced microscopy and artificial intelligence in reproductive medicine. J Assist Reprod Genet 2023; 40:235-239. [PMID: 36534231 PMCID: PMC9935756 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-022-02693-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Microscopy has long played a pivotal role in the field of assisted reproductive technology (ART). The advent of artificial intelligence (AI) has opened the door for new approaches to sperm and oocyte assessment and selection, with the potential for improved ART outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Gill
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research (FMI), Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Alexander M Quaas
- Division of Reproductive Medicine and Gynecological Endocrinology (RME), University Hospital, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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10
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Chandra S, Gourisaria MK, Gm H, Konar D, Gao X, Wang T, Xu M. Prolificacy Assessment of Spermatozoan via State-of-the-Art Deep Learning Frameworks. IEEE ACCESS : PRACTICAL INNOVATIONS, OPEN SOLUTIONS 2022; 10:13715-13727. [PMID: 35291304 PMCID: PMC8920051 DOI: 10.1109/access.2022.3146334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Childlessness or infertility among couples has become a global health concern. Due to the rise in infertility, couples are looking for medical supports to attain reproduction. This paper deals with diagnosing infertility among men and the major factor in diagnosing infertility among men is the Sperm Morphology Analysis (SMA). In this manuscript, we explore establishing deep learning frameworks to automate the classification problem in the fertilization of sperm cells. We investigate the performance of multiple state-of-the-art deep neural networks on the MHSMA dataset. The experimental results demonstrate that the deep learning-based framework outperforms human experts on sperm classification in terms of accuracy, throughput and reliability. We further analyse the sperm cell data by visualizing the feature activations of the deep learning models, providing a new perspective to understand the data. Finally, a comprehensive analysis is also demonstrated on the experimental results obtained and attributing them to pertinent reasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Chandra
- School of Computer Engineering, KIIT Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | | | - Harshvardhan Gm
- School of Computer Engineering, KIIT Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Debanjan Konar
- CASUS-Center for Advanced Systems Understanding, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 02826 Görlitz, Germany
| | - Xin Gao
- Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tianyang Wang
- Department of Computer Science & Information Technology, Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, TN 37044, USA
| | - Min Xu
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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11
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Sperm morphology analysis by using the fusion of two-stage fine-tuned deep networks. Biomed Signal Process Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2021.103246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Chen A, Li C, Zou S, Rahaman MM, Yao Y, Chen H, Yang H, Zhao P, Hu W, Liu W, Grzegorzek M. SVIA dataset: A new dataset of microscopic videos and images for computer-aided sperm analysis. Biocybern Biomed Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbe.2021.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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13
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An Improved U-Net for Human Sperm Head Segmentation. Neural Process Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11063-021-10643-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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14
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Multi-model CNN fusion for sperm morphology analysis. Comput Biol Med 2021; 137:104790. [PMID: 34492520 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.104790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Infertility is a common disorder affecting 20% of couples worldwide. Furthermore, 40% of all cases are related to male infertility. The first step in the determination of male infertility is semen analysis. The morphology, concentration, and motility of sperm are important characteristics evaluated by experts during semen analysis. Most laboratories perform the tests manually. However, manual semen analysis requires much time and is subject to observer variability during the evaluation. Therefore, computer-assisted systems are required. Additionally, to obtain more objective results, a large amount of data is necessary. Deep learning networks, which have become popular in recent years, are used for processing and analysing such quantities of data. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are a class of deep learning algorithm that are used extensively for processing and analysing images. In this study, six different CNN models were created for completely automating the morphological classification of sperm images. Additionally, two decision-level fusion techniques namely hard-voting and soft-voting were applied over these CNNs. To evaluate the performance of the proposed approach, three publicly available sperm morphology data sets were used in the experimental tests. For an objective analysis, a cross-validation technique was applied by dividing the data sets into five sub-sets. In addition, various data augmentation scales and mini-batch analysis were employed to obtain the highest classification accuracies. Finally, in the classification, accuracies 90.73%, 85.18% and 71.91% were obtained for the SMIDS, HuSHeM and SCIAN-Morpho data sets, respectively, using the soft-voting based fusion approach over the six created CNN models. The results suggested that the proposed approach could automatically classify as well as achieve high success in three different data sets.
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15
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Riegler MA, Stensen MH, Witczak O, Andersen JM, Hicks SA, Hammer HL, Delbarre E, Halvorsen P, Yazidi A, Holst N, Haugen TB. Artificial intelligence in the fertility clinic: status, pitfalls and possibilities. Hum Reprod 2021; 36:2429-2442. [PMID: 34324672 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deab168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the amount of data produced in the field of ART has increased exponentially. The diversity of data is large, ranging from videos to tabular data. At the same time, artificial intelligence (AI) is progressively used in medical practice and may become a promising tool to improve success rates with ART. AI models may compensate for the lack of objectivity in several critical procedures in fertility clinics, especially embryo and sperm assessments. Various models have been developed, and even though several of them show promising performance, there are still many challenges to overcome. In this review, we present recent research on AI in the context of ART. We discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the presented methods, especially regarding clinical relevance. We also address the pitfalls hampering successful use of AI in the clinic and discuss future possibilities and important aspects to make AI truly useful for ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Riegler
- Department of Holistic Systems, Simula Metropolitan Center for Digital Engineering, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - O Witczak
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet-Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - J M Andersen
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet-Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - S A Hicks
- Department of Holistic Systems, Simula Metropolitan Center for Digital Engineering, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Technology, Art and Design, OsloMet-Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - H L Hammer
- Department of Holistic Systems, Simula Metropolitan Center for Digital Engineering, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Technology, Art and Design, OsloMet-Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - E Delbarre
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet-Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - P Halvorsen
- Department of Holistic Systems, Simula Metropolitan Center for Digital Engineering, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Technology, Art and Design, OsloMet-Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - A Yazidi
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Technology, Art and Design, OsloMet-Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - N Holst
- Fertilitetssenteret, Oslo, Norway
| | - T B Haugen
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet-Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
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16
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You JB, McCallum C, Wang Y, Riordon J, Nosrati R, Sinton D. Machine learning for sperm selection. Nat Rev Urol 2021; 18:387-403. [PMID: 34002070 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-021-00465-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Infertility rates and the number of couples seeking fertility care have increased worldwide over the past few decades. Over 2.5 million cycles of assisted reproductive technologies are being performed globally every year, but the success rate has remained at ~33%. Machine learning, an automated method of data analysis based on patterns and inference, is increasingly being deployed within the health-care sector to improve diagnostics and therapeutics. This technique is already aiding embryo selection in some fertility clinics, and has also been applied in research laboratories to improve sperm analysis and selection. Tremendous opportunities exist for machine learning to advance male fertility treatments. The fundamental challenge of sperm selection - selecting the most promising candidate from 108 gametes - presents a challenge that is uniquely well-suited to the high-throughput capabilities of machine learning algorithms paired with modern data processing capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Bem You
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Christopher McCallum
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yihe Wang
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jason Riordon
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Reza Nosrati
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - David Sinton
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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17
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Automatic Microscopy Analysis with Transfer Learning for Classification of Human Sperm. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11125369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Infertility is a global problem that affects many couples. Sperm analysis plays an essential role in the clinical diagnosis of human fertility. The examination of sperm morphology is an essential technique because sperm morphology is a proven indicator of biological functions. At present, the morphological classification of human sperm is conducted manually by medical experts. However, manual classification is laborious and highly dependent on the experience and capability of clinicians. To address these limitations, we propose a transfer learning method based on AlexNet to automatically classify the sperms into four different categories in terms of the World Health Organization (WHO) standards by analyzing their morphology. We adopt the feature extraction architecture of AlexNet as well as its pre-training parameters. Besides, we redesign the classification network by adding the Batch Normalization layers to improve the performance. The proposed method achieves an average accuracy of 96.0% and an average precision of 96.4% in the freely-available HuSHeM dataset, which exceeds the performance of previous algorithms. Our method shows that automatic sperm classification has great potential to replace manual sperm classification in the future.
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18
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Abstract
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is an important technique in male infertility treatment. Currently, sperm selection for ICSI in human assisted reproductive technology (ART) is subjective, based on a visual assessment by the operator. Therefore, it is desirable to develop methods that can objectively provide an accurate assessment of the shape and size of sperm heads that use low-magnification microscopy available in most standard fertility clinics. Recent studies have shown a correlation between sperm head size and shape and chromosomal abnormalities, and fertilization rate, and various attempts have been made to establish automated computer-based measurement of the sperm head itself. For example, a dictionary-learning technique and a deep-learning-based method have both been developed. Recently, an automatic algorithm was reported that detects sperm head malformations in real time for selection of the best sperm for ICSI. These data suggest that a real-time sperm selection system for use in ICSI is necessary. Moreover, these systems should incorporate inverted microscopes (×400-600 magnification) but not the fluorescence microscopy techniques often used for a dictionary-learning technique and a deep-learning-based method. These advances are expected to improve future success rates of ARTs. In this review, we summarize recent reports on the assessment of sperm head shape, size, and acrosome status in relation to fertility, and propose further improvements that can be made to the ARTs used in infertility treatments.
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19
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Somasundaram D, Nirmala M. Faster region convolutional neural network and semen tracking algorithm for sperm analysis. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2021; 200:105918. [PMID: 33465511 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2020.105918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Semen analysis is a primary and mandatory procedure to evaluate the infertility during clinical examination. This procedure includes the analysis and classification of normal and abnormal Sperm, selection and efficient tracking of healthy sperm in the sample. Many methods were proposed earlier for the analysis of semen. The fast sperm movement and high dense cluster of sperm is a challenging task for researchers. METHODS The paper proposes a novel Faster Region Convolutional Neural Network (FRCNN) with Elliptic Scanning Algorithm (ESA) for classifying human sperm and a Novel Tail to Head movement algorithm (THMA) for the motility analysis and tracking. This proposed method improves the accuracy of computer assisted semen analysis (CASA). RESULTS The proposed method outperforms and provides better results than existing methods. Method provides better accuracy of 97.37%. Sperm detection and identifying the sperm motility in the group is performed with minimum execution time of 1.12 s. CONCLUSIONS A novel FRCNN with ESA detection algorithm is proposed for the analysis of human sperm classification. This method provides an accuracy of 97.37%. A Tail head movement-based (THMA) algorithm is explained for the motility analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devaraj Somasundaram
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sri Shakthi institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore - 641062, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Madian Nirmala
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sri Shakthi institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore-641062, Tamilnadu, India
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20
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Valiuškaitė V, Raudonis V, Maskeliūnas R, Damaševičius R, Krilavičius T. Deep Learning Based Evaluation of Spermatozoid Motility for Artificial Insemination. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 21:E72. [PMID: 33374461 PMCID: PMC7795243 DOI: 10.3390/s21010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We propose a deep learning method based on the Region Based Convolutional Neural Networks (R-CNN) architecture for the evaluation of sperm head motility in human semen videos. The neural network performs the segmentation of sperm heads, while the proposed central coordinate tracking algorithm allows us to calculate the movement speed of sperm heads. We have achieved 91.77% (95% CI, 91.11-92.43%) accuracy of sperm head detection on the VISEM (A Multimodal Video Dataset of Human Spermatozoa) sperm sample video dataset. The mean absolute error (MAE) of sperm head vitality prediction was 2.92 (95% CI, 2.46-3.37), while the Pearson correlation between actual and predicted sperm head vitality was 0.969. The results of the experiments presented below will show the applicability of the proposed method to be used in automated artificial insemination workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktorija Valiuškaitė
- Department of Control Systems, Kaunas University of Technology, 51423 Kaunas, Lithuania; (V.V.); (V.R.)
| | - Vidas Raudonis
- Department of Control Systems, Kaunas University of Technology, 51423 Kaunas, Lithuania; (V.V.); (V.R.)
| | - Rytis Maskeliūnas
- Department of Multimedia Engineering, Kaunas University of Technology, 51423 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Robertas Damaševičius
- Department of Applied Informatics, Vytautas Magnus University, 44404 Kaunas, Lithuania;
- Faculty of Applied Mathematics, Silesian University of Technology, 444-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Tomas Krilavičius
- Department of Applied Informatics, Vytautas Magnus University, 44404 Kaunas, Lithuania;
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21
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Abbasi A, Miahi E, Mirroshandel SA. Effect of deep transfer and multi-task learning on sperm abnormality detection. Comput Biol Med 2020; 128:104121. [PMID: 33246195 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2020.104121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Analyzing the abnormality of morphological characteristics of male human sperm has been studied for a long time mainly because it has many implications on the male infertility problem, which accounts for approximately half of the infertility problems in the world. Yet, detecting such abnormalities by embryologists has several downsides. To clarify, analyzing sperms through visual inspection of an expert embryologist is a highly subjective and biased process. Furthermore, it takes much time for a specialist to make a diagnosis. Hence, in this paper, we proposed two deep learning algorithms that are able to automate this process. The first algorithm uses a network-based deep transfer learning approach, while the second technique, named Deep Multi-task Transfer Learning (DMTL), employs a novel combination of network-based deep transfer learning and multi-task learning to classify sperm's head, vacuole, and acrosome as either normal or abnormal. This DMTL technique is capable of classifying all the aforementioned parts of the sperm in a single prediction. Moreover, this is the first time that the concept of multi-task learning has been introduced to the field of Sperm Morphology Analysis (SMA). To benchmark our algorithms, we employed a freely-available SMA dataset named MHSMA. During our experiments, our algorithms reached the state-of-the-art results on the accuracy, precision, and f0.5, as well as other important metrics, such as the Matthews Correlation Coefficient on one, two, or all three labels. Notably, our algorithms increased the accuracy of the head, acrosome, and vacuole by 6.66%, 3.00%, and 1.33%, and reached the accuracy of 84.00%, 80.66%, and 94.00% on these labels, respectively. Consequently, our algorithms can be used in health institutions, such as fertility clinics, with further recommendations to practically improve the performance of our algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Abbasi
- Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.
| | - Erfan Miahi
- Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.
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22
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Ilhan HO, Serbes G, Aydin N. Automated sperm morphology analysis approach using a directional masking technique. Comput Biol Med 2020; 122:103845. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2020.103845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Deep Learning-Based Morphological Classification of Human Sperm Heads. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10050325. [PMID: 32443809 PMCID: PMC7277990 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10050325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human infertility is considered as a serious disease of the reproductive system that affects more than 10% of couples across the globe and over 30% of the reported cases are related to men. The crucial step in the assessment of male infertility and subfertility is semen analysis that strongly depends on the sperm head morphology, i.e., the shape and size of the head of a spermatozoon. However, in medical diagnosis, the morphology of the sperm head is determined manually, and heavily depends on the expertise of the clinician. Moreover, this assessment as well as the morphological classification of human sperm heads are laborious and non-repeatable, and there is also a high degree of inter and intra-laboratory variability in the results. In order to overcome these problems, we propose a specialized convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture to accurately classify human sperm heads based on sperm images. It is carefully designed with several layers, and multiple filter sizes, but fewer filters and parameters to improve efficiency and effectiveness. It is demonstrated that our proposed architecture outperforms state-of-the-art methods, exhibiting 88% recall on the SCIAN dataset in the total agreement setting and 95% recall on the HuSHeM dataset for the classification of human sperm heads. Our proposed method shows the potential of deep learning to surpass embryologists in terms of reliability, throughput, and accuracy.
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24
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Ilhan HO, Sigirci IO, Serbes G, Aydin N. A fully automated hybrid human sperm detection and classification system based on mobile-net and the performance comparison with conventional methods. Med Biol Eng Comput 2020; 58:1047-1068. [DOI: 10.1007/s11517-019-02101-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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25
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Machine Learning-Based Analysis of Sperm Videos and Participant Data for Male Fertility Prediction. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16770. [PMID: 31727961 PMCID: PMC6856178 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53217-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Methods for automatic analysis of clinical data are usually targeted towards a specific modality and do not make use of all relevant data available. In the field of male human reproduction, clinical and biological data are not used to its fullest potential. Manual evaluation of a semen sample using a microscope is time-consuming and requires extensive training. Furthermore, the validity of manual semen analysis has been questioned due to limited reproducibility, and often high inter-personnel variation. The existing computer-aided sperm analyzer systems are not recommended for routine clinical use due to methodological challenges caused by the consistency of the semen sample. Thus, there is a need for an improved methodology. We use modern and classical machine learning techniques together with a dataset consisting of 85 videos of human semen samples and related participant data to automatically predict sperm motility. Used techniques include simple linear regression and more sophisticated methods using convolutional neural networks. Our results indicate that sperm motility prediction based on deep learning using sperm motility videos is rapid to perform and consistent. Adding participant data did not improve the algorithms performance. In conclusion, machine learning-based automatic analysis may become a valuable tool in male infertility investigation and research.
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26
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Riordon J, McCallum C, Sinton D. Deep learning for the classification of human sperm. Comput Biol Med 2019; 111:103342. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2019.103342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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27
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McCallum C, Riordon J, Wang Y, Kong T, You JB, Sanner S, Lagunov A, Hannam TG, Jarvi K, Sinton D. Deep learning-based selection of human sperm with high DNA integrity. Commun Biol 2019; 2:250. [PMID: 31286067 PMCID: PMC6610103 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0491-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the importance of sperm DNA to human reproduction, currently no method exists to assess individual sperm DNA quality prior to clinical selection. Traditionally, skilled clinicians select sperm based on a variety of morphological and motility criteria, but without direct knowledge of their DNA cargo. Here, we show how a deep convolutional neural network can be trained on a collection of ~1000 sperm cells of known DNA quality, to predict DNA quality from brightfield images alone. Our results demonstrate moderate correlation (bivariate correlation ~0.43) between a sperm cell image and DNA quality and the ability to identify higher DNA integrity cells relative to the median. This deep learning selection process is directly compatible with current, manual microscopy-based sperm selection and could assist clinicians, by providing rapid DNA quality predictions (under 10 ms per cell) and sperm selection within the 86th percentile from a given sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher McCallum
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto, ON Canada M5S 3G8
| | - Jason Riordon
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto, ON Canada M5S 3G8
| | - Yihe Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto, ON Canada M5S 3G8
| | - Tian Kong
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto, ON Canada M5S 3G8
| | - Jae Bem You
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto, ON Canada M5S 3G8
| | - Scott Sanner
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto, ON Canada M5S 3G8
| | - Alexander Lagunov
- Hannam Fertility Centre, 160 Bloor St. East, Toronto, ON Canada M4W 3R2
| | - Thomas G. Hannam
- Hannam Fertility Centre, 160 Bloor St. East, Toronto, ON Canada M4W 3R2
| | - Keith Jarvi
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, 60 Murray Street, 6th Floor, Toronto, ON Canada M5T 3L9
| | - David Sinton
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto, ON Canada M5S 3G8
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28
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Javadi S, Mirroshandel SA. A novel deep learning method for automatic assessment of human sperm images. Comput Biol Med 2019; 109:182-194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2019.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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