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Tournois L, Trousset V, Hatsch D, Delabarde T, Ludes B, Lefèvre T. Artificial intelligence in the practice of forensic medicine: a scoping review. Int J Legal Med 2024; 138:1023-1037. [PMID: 38087052 PMCID: PMC11003914 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-023-03140-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Forensic medicine is a thriving application field for artificial intelligence (AI). Indeed, AI applications intended to forensic pathologists or forensic physicians have emerged since the last decade. For example, AI models were developed to help estimate the biological age of migrants or human remains. However, the uses of AI applications by forensic pathologists or physicians and their levels of integration in medicolegal practices are not well described yet. Therefore, a scoping review was conducted on PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus databases. This review included articles that mention any AI application used by forensic pathologists or physicians in practice or any AI model applied in one expertise field of the forensic pathologist or physician. Articles in other languages than English or French or dealing mainly with complementary analyses handled by experts who are not forensic pathologists or physicians or with AI to analyze data for research purposes in forensic medicine were excluded from this review. All the relevant information was retrieved in each article from a grid analysis derived and adapted from the TRIPOD checklist. This review included 35 articles and revealed that AI applications are developed in thanatology and in clinical forensic medicine. However, those applications seem to mainly remain in research and development stages. Indeed, the use of AI applications by forensic pathologists or physicians is not actual due to issues discussed in this article. Finally, the integration of AI in daily medicolegal practice involves not only forensic pathologists or physicians but also legal professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Tournois
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 8045, 75006, Paris, France.
- BioSilicium, Riom, France.
| | - Victor Trousset
- IRIS Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire Sur Les Enjeux Sociaux, UMR8156 CNRS - U997 Inserm - EHESS - Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Paris, France
- Department of Forensic and Social Medicine, AP-HP, Jean Verdier Hospital, Bondy, France
| | | | - Tania Delabarde
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 8045, 75006, Paris, France
- Institut Médico-Légal de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Ludes
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 8045, 75006, Paris, France
- Institut Médico-Légal de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Lefèvre
- IRIS Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire Sur Les Enjeux Sociaux, UMR8156 CNRS - U997 Inserm - EHESS - Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Paris, France
- Department of Forensic and Social Medicine, AP-HP, Jean Verdier Hospital, Bondy, France
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Sultana J, Naznin M, Faisal TR. SSDL-an automated semi-supervised deep learning approach for patient-specific 3D reconstruction of proximal femur from QCT images. Med Biol Eng Comput 2024; 62:1409-1425. [PMID: 38217823 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-023-03013-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Deep Learning (DL) techniques have recently been used in medical image segmentation and the reconstruction of 3D anatomies of a human body. In this work, we propose a semi-supervised DL (SSDL) approach utilizing a CNN-based 3D U-Net model for femur segmentation from sparsely annotated quantitative computed tomography (QCT) slices. Specifically, QCT slices at the proximal end of the femur forming ball and socket joint with acetabulum were annotated for precise segmentation, where a segmenting binary mask was generated using a 3D U-Net model to segment the femur accurately. A total of 5474 QCT slices were considered for training among which 2316 slices were annotated. 3D femurs were further reconstructed from segmented slices employing polynomial spline interpolation. Both qualitative and quantitative performance of segmentation and 3D reconstruction were satisfactory with more than 90% accuracy achieved for all of the standard performance metrics considered. The spatial overlap index and reproducibility validation metric for segmentation-Dice Similarity Coefficient was 91.8% for unseen patients and 99.2% for validated patients. An average relative error of 12.02% and 10.75% for volume and surface area, respectively, were computed for 3D reconstructed femurs. The proposed approach demonstrates its effectiveness in accurately segmenting and reconstructing 3D femur from QCT slices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamalia Sultana
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mahmuda Naznin
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tanvir R Faisal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, 70503, USA.
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Lo M, Mariconti E, Nakhaeizadeh S, Morgan RM. Preparing computed tomography images for machine learning in forensic and virtual anthropology. Forensic Sci Int Synerg 2023; 6:100319. [PMID: 36852172 PMCID: PMC9958428 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsisyn.2023.100319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Lo
- UCL Department of Security and Crime Science, University College London, 35 Tavistock Square, London, WC1H 9EZ, UK,UCL Centre for the Forensic Sciences, University College London, 35 Tavistock Square, London, WC1H 9EZ, UK,Corresponding author. UCL Department of Security and Crime Science, University College London, 35 Tavistock Square, London, WC1H 9EZ, UK.
| | - Enrico Mariconti
- UCL Department of Security and Crime Science, University College London, 35 Tavistock Square, London, WC1H 9EZ, UK
| | - Sherry Nakhaeizadeh
- UCL Department of Security and Crime Science, University College London, 35 Tavistock Square, London, WC1H 9EZ, UK,UCL Centre for the Forensic Sciences, University College London, 35 Tavistock Square, London, WC1H 9EZ, UK
| | - Ruth M. Morgan
- UCL Department of Security and Crime Science, University College London, 35 Tavistock Square, London, WC1H 9EZ, UK,UCL Centre for the Forensic Sciences, University College London, 35 Tavistock Square, London, WC1H 9EZ, UK
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Artificial intelligence and machine learning as a viable solution for hip implant failure diagnosis-Review of literature and in vitro case study. Med Biol Eng Comput 2023; 61:1239-1255. [PMID: 36701013 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-023-02779-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The digital health industry is experiencing fast-paced research which can provide digital care programs and technologies to enhance the competence of healthcare delivery. Orthopedic literature also confirms the applicability of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) models to medical diagnosis and clinical decision-making. However, implant monitoring after primary surgery often happens with a wellness visit or when a patient complains about it. Neglecting implant design and other technical errors in this scenario, unmonitored circumstances, and lack of post-surgery monitoring may ultimately lead to the implant system's failure and leave us with the only option of high-risk revision surgery. Preventive maintenance seems to be a good choice to identify the onset of an irreversible prosthesis failure. Considering all these aspects for hip implant monitoring, this paper explores existing studies linking ML models and intelligent systems for hip implant diagnosis. This paper explores the feasibility of an alternative continuous monitoring technique for post-surgery implant monitoring backed by an in vitro ML case study. Tribocorrosion and acoustic emission (AE) data are considered based on their efficacy in determining irreversible alteration of implant material to prevent total failures. This study also facilitates the relevance of developing an artificially intelligent implant monitoring methodology that can function with daily patient activities and how it can influence the digital orthopedic diagnosis. AI-based non-invasive hip implant monitoring system enabling point-of-care testing.
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Novel Prediction Method Applied to Wound Age Estimation: Developing a Stacking Ensemble Model to Improve Predictive Performance Based on Multi-mRNA. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13030395. [PMID: 36766500 PMCID: PMC9914838 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13030395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Accurate diagnosis of wound age is crucial for investigating violent cases in forensic practice. However, effective biomarkers and forecast methods are lacking. (2) Methods: Samples were collected from rats divided randomly into control and contusion groups at 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 h post-injury. The characteristics of concern were nine mRNA expression levels. Internal validation data were used to train different machine learning algorithms, namely random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), multilayer perceptron (MLP), gradient boosting (GB), and stochastic gradient descent (SGD), to predict wound age. These models were considered the base learners, which were then applied to developing 26 stacking ensemble models combining two, three, four, or five base learners. The best-performing stacking model and base learner were evaluated through external validation data. (3) Results: The best results were obtained using a stacking model of RF + SVM + MLP (accuracy = 92.85%, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) = 0.93, root-mean-square-error (RMSE) = 1.06 h). The wound age prediction performance of the stacking models was also confirmed for another independent dataset. (4) Conclusions: We illustrate that machine learning techniques, especially ensemble algorithms, have a high potential to be used to predict wound age. According to the results, the strategy can be applied to other types of forensic forecasts.
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Guidetti M, Malloy P, Alter TD, Newhouse AC, Nho SJ, Espinoza Orías AA. Noninvasive shape-fitting method quantifies cam morphology in femoroacetabular impingement syndrome: Implications for diagnosis and surgical planning. J Orthop Res 2022; 41:1256-1265. [PMID: 36227086 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
There are considerable limitations associated with the standard 2D imaging currently used for the diagnosis and surgical planning of cam-type femoroacetabular impingement syndrome (FAIS). The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy of a new patient-specific shape-fitting method that quantifies cam morphology in 3D based solely on preoperative MRI imaging. Preoperative and postoperative 1.5T MRI scans were performed on n = 15 patients to generate 3D models of the proximal femur, in turn used to create the actual and the virtual cam. The actual cams were reconstructed by subtracting the postoperative from the preoperative 3D model and used as reference, while the virtual cams were generated by subtracting the preoperative 3D model from the virtual shape template produced with the shape-fitting method based solely on preoperative MRI scans. The accuracy of the shape-fitting method was tested on all patients by evaluating the agreement between the metrics of height, surface area, and volume that quantified virtual and actual cams. Accuracy of the shape-fitting method was demonstrated obtaining a 97.8% average level of agreement between these metrics. In conclusion, the shape-fitting technique is a noninvasive and patient-specific tool for the quantification and localization of cam morphology. Future studies will include the implementation of the technique within a clinically based software for diagnosis and surgical planning for cam-type FAIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Guidetti
- Section of Young Adult Hip Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Division of Sports Medicine, Rush Medical College of Rush University, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Philip Malloy
- Section of Young Adult Hip Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Division of Sports Medicine, Rush Medical College of Rush University, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Physical Therapy, Arcadia University, Glenside, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Thomas D Alter
- Section of Young Adult Hip Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Division of Sports Medicine, Rush Medical College of Rush University, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Alexander C Newhouse
- Section of Young Adult Hip Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Division of Sports Medicine, Rush Medical College of Rush University, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Shane J Nho
- Section of Young Adult Hip Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Division of Sports Medicine, Rush Medical College of Rush University, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Alejandro A Espinoza Orías
- Section of Young Adult Hip Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Division of Sports Medicine, Rush Medical College of Rush University, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Efficient lower-limb segmentation for large-scale volumetric CT by using projection view and voxel group attention. Med Biol Eng Comput 2022; 60:2201-2216. [DOI: 10.1007/s11517-022-02598-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Deep Learning Approaches for Automatic Localization in Medical Images. COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 2022:6347307. [PMID: 35814554 PMCID: PMC9259335 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6347307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent revolutionary advances in deep learning (DL) have fueled several breakthrough achievements in various complicated computer vision tasks. The remarkable successes and achievements started in 2012 when deep learning neural networks (DNNs) outperformed the shallow machine learning models on a number of significant benchmarks. Significant advances were made in computer vision by conducting very complex image interpretation tasks with outstanding accuracy. These achievements have shown great promise in a wide variety of fields, especially in medical image analysis by creating opportunities to diagnose and treat diseases earlier. In recent years, the application of the DNN for object localization has gained the attention of researchers due to its success over conventional methods, especially in object localization. As this has become a very broad and rapidly growing field, this study presents a short review of DNN implementation for medical images and validates its efficacy on benchmarks. This study presents the first review that focuses on object localization using the DNN in medical images. The key aim of this study was to summarize the recent studies based on the DNN for medical image localization and to highlight the research gaps that can provide worthwhile ideas to shape future research related to object localization tasks. It starts with an overview on the importance of medical image analysis and existing technology in this space. The discussion then proceeds to the dominant DNN utilized in the current literature. Finally, we conclude by discussing the challenges associated with the application of the DNN for medical image localization which can drive further studies in identifying potential future developments in the relevant field of study.
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Su L, Liu Y, Wang M, Li A. Semi-HIC: A novel semi-supervised deep learning method for histopathological image classification. Comput Biol Med 2021; 137:104788. [PMID: 34461503 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.104788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Histopathological images provide a gold standard for cancer recognition and diagnosis. Existing approaches for histopathological image classification are supervised learning methods that demand a large amount of labeled data to obtain satisfying performance, which have to face the challenge of limited data annotation due to prohibitive time cost. To circumvent this shortage, a promising strategy is to design semi-supervised learning methods. Recently, a novel semi-supervised approach called Learning by Association (LA) is proposed, which achieves promising performance in nature image classification. However, there are still great challenges in its application to histopathological image classification due to the wide inter-class similarity and intra-class heterogeneity in histopathological images. To address these issues, we propose a novel semi-supervised deep learning method called Semi-HIC for histopathological image classification. Particularly, we introduce a new semi-supervised loss function combining an association cycle consistency (ACC) loss and a maximal conditional association (MCA) loss, which can take advantage of a large number of unlabeled patches and address the problems of inter-class similarity and intra-class variation in histopathological images, and thereby remarkably improve classification performance for histopathological images. Besides, we employ an efficient network architecture with cascaded Inception blocks (CIBs) to learn rich and discriminative embeddings from patches. Experimental results on both the Bioimaging 2015 challenge dataset and the BACH dataset demonstrate our Semi-HIC method compares favorably with existing deep learning methods for histopathological image classification and consistently outperforms the semi-supervised LA method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Su
- School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, 443 Huangshan Road, Hefei, 230027, China.
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, 443 Huangshan Road, Hefei, 230027, China.
| | - Minghui Wang
- School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, 443 Huangshan Road, Hefei, 230027, China; Research Centers for Biomedical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 443 Huangshan Road, Hefei, 230027, China.
| | - Ao Li
- School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, 443 Huangshan Road, Hefei, 230027, China; Research Centers for Biomedical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 443 Huangshan Road, Hefei, 230027, China.
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