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Ghate SD, Pinto L, Alva S, Srinivasa MG, Vangala RK, Naik P, Revanasiddappa BC, Rao RSP. In silico identification of potential phytochemical inhibitors for mpox virus: molecular docking, MD simulation, and ADMET studies. Mol Divers 2024:10.1007/s11030-023-10797-2. [PMID: 38519803 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-023-10797-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
The mpox virus (MPXV), a member of the Poxviridae family, which recently appeared outside of the African continent has emerged as a global threat to public health. Given the scarcity of antiviral treatments for mpox disease, there is a pressing need to identify and develop new therapeutics. We investigated 5715 phytochemicals from 266 species available in IMMPAT database as potential inhibitors for six MPXV targets namely thymidylate kinase (A48R), DNA ligase (A50R), rifampicin resistance protein (D13L), palmytilated EEV membrane protein (F13L), viral core cysteine proteinase (I7L), and DNA polymerase (E9L) using molecular docking. The best-performing phytochemicals were also subjected to molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and in silico ADMET analysis. The top phytochemicals were forsythiaside for A48R, ruberythric acid for A50R, theasinensin F for D13L, theasinensin A for F13L, isocinchophyllamine for I7L, and terchebin for E9L. Interestingly, the binding energies of these potential phytochemical inhibitors were far lower than brincidofovir and tecovirimat, the standard drugs used against MPXV, hinting at better binding properties of the former. These findings may pave the way for developing new MPXV inhibitors based on natural product scaffolds. However, they must be further studied to establish their inhibitory efficacy and toxicity in in vitro and in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeep D Ghate
- Center for Bioinformatics, NITTE Deemed to be University, Mangaluru, 575018, India.
- Central Research Laboratory, KS Hegde Medical Academy, NITTE Deemed to be University, Mangaluru, 575018, India.
| | - Larina Pinto
- Center for Bioinformatics, NITTE Deemed to be University, Mangaluru, 575018, India
| | - Shivakiran Alva
- Center for Bioinformatics, NITTE Deemed to be University, Mangaluru, 575018, India
| | - Mahendra Gowdru Srinivasa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Nitte (Deemed to be University) NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (NGSMIPS), Mangaluru, 575018, India
| | - Rajani Kanth Vangala
- Institute for Applied Research and Innovation, Neuome Technologies Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore Bioinnovation Centre, IBAB Campus, Electronic City Phase 1, Bangalore, 560100, India
| | - Prashantha Naik
- Department of Biosciences, Mangalore University, Mangaluru, 574199, India
| | - B C Revanasiddappa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Nitte (Deemed to be University) NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (NGSMIPS), Mangaluru, 575018, India
| | - R Shyama Prasad Rao
- Center for Bioinformatics, NITTE Deemed to be University, Mangaluru, 575018, India.
- Central Research Laboratory, KS Hegde Medical Academy, NITTE Deemed to be University, Mangaluru, 575018, India.
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2
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El-Shiekh RA, Ashour RMS, Okba MM, Mandour AA, Kutkat O, Moatasim Y, Elshimy R. Natural compounds as possible anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapeutic agents: an in-vitro and in-silico study. Nat Prod Res 2023:1-6. [PMID: 37752734 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2023.2261069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
WHO declared severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2' (SARS-CoV-2) was global health emergency since 2020. In our study eighteen natural compounds were investigated for possible anti-SARS-CoV-2 potential, where the most potent natural compounds were ursolic acid and dioscin with IC50 value of 4.49 µg/mL and 7.11 µg/mL, respectively. Hesperidin, catechin, diosmin, isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside and hyperoside showed medium antiviral activity with IC50 value of 20.87, 22.57, 38.92, 39.62 and 47.10 µg/mL, respectively. Molecular modelling studies including docking study and predictive ADME study were performed on all tested molecules. Their binding energies after docking were calculated and their orientations at the active sites of both SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) and spike (S) receptors were visualised and compared to the downloaded ligands. Also, the predictive ADME studies showed good pharmacokinetic properties of most of the tested compounds. The obtained in silico results obtained confirmed that many of the tested compounds are promising SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riham A El-Shiekh
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rehab M S Ashour
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mona M Okba
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Asmaa A Mandour
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University in Egypt (FUE), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Omnia Kutkat
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Yassmin Moatasim
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Rana Elshimy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Egyptian Drug Authority, Egypt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, Giza, Egypt
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Rafiq A, Jabeen T, Aslam S, Ahmad M, Ashfaq UA, Mohsin NUA, Zaki MEA, Al-Hussain SA. A Comprehensive Update of Various Attempts by Medicinal Chemists to Combat COVID-19 through Natural Products. Molecules 2023; 28:4860. [PMID: 37375415 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a global panic because of its continual evolution and recurring spikes. This serious malignancy is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Since the outbreak, millions of people have been affected from December 2019 till now, which has led to a great surge in finding treatments. Despite trying to handle the pandemic with the repurposing of some drugs, such as chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, remdesivir, lopinavir, ivermectin, etc., against COVID-19, the SARS-CoV-2 virus continues its out-of-control spread. There is a dire need to identify a new regimen of natural products to combat the deadly viral disease. This article deals with the literature reports to date of natural products showing inhibitory activity towards SARS-CoV-2 through different approaches, such as in vivo, in vitro, and in silico studies. Natural compounds targeting the proteins of SARS-CoV-2-the main protease (Mpro), papain-like protease (PLpro), spike proteins, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), endoribonuclease, exoribonuclease, helicase, nucleocapsid, methyltransferase, adeno diphosphate (ADP) phosphatase, other nonstructural proteins, and envelope proteins-were extracted mainly from plants, and some were isolated from bacteria, algae, fungi, and a few marine organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Rafiq
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Tooba Jabeen
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Sana Aslam
- Department of Chemistry, Government College Women University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Matloob Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Usman Ali Ashfaq
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Noor Ul Amin Mohsin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Magdi E A Zaki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sami A Al-Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
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Wu J, Gao T, Guo H, Zhao L, Lv S, Lv J, Yao R, Yu Y, Ma F. Application of molecular dynamics simulation for exploring the roles of plant biomolecules in promoting environmental health. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 869:161871. [PMID: 36708839 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the dynamic changes of plant biomolecules is vital for exploring their mechanisms in the environment. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation has been widely used to study structural evolution and corresponding properties of plant biomolecules at the microscopic scale. Here, this review (i) outlines structural properties of plant biomolecules, and the crucial role of MD simulation in advancing studies of the biomolecules; (ii) describes the development of MD simulation in plant biomolecules, determinants of simulation, and analysis parameters; (iii) introduces the applications of MD simulation in plant biomolecules, including the response of the biomolecules to multiple stresses, their roles in corrosive environments, and their contributions in improving environmental health; (iv) reviews techniques integrated with MD simulation, such as molecular biology, quantum mechanics, molecular docking, and machine learning modeling, which bridge gaps in MD simulation. Finally, we make suggestions on determination of force field types, investigation of plant biomolecule mechanisms, and use of MD simulation in combination with other techniques. This review provides comprehensive summaries of the mechanisms of plant biomolecules in the environment revealed by MD simulation and validates it as an applicable tool for bridging gaps between macroscopic and microscopic behavior, providing insights into the wide application of MD simulation in plant biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieting Wu
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tian Gao
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, People's Republic of China
| | - Haijuan Guo
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, People's Republic of China
| | - Sidi Lv
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Lv
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruyi Yao
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyi Yu
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, People's Republic of China
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Sarma M, Abdalla M, Zothantluanga JH, Abdullah Thagfan F, Umar AK, Chetia D, Almanaa TN, Al-Shouli ST. Multi-target molecular dynamic simulations reveal glutathione-S-transferase as the most favorable drug target of knipholone in Plasmodium falciparum. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:12808-12824. [PMID: 36752355 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2175378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Knipholone is an antiplasmodial phytocompound obtained from the roots of Kniphofia foliosa. Despite several available studies, the molecular drug targets of knipholone in P. falciparum remained unknown. Nowadays, in silico techniques are widely used to study the molecular interactions between compounds and proteins as they provide results quickly with high precision and accuracy. In this study, we aim to identify the potential molecular drug targets of knipholone in P. falciparum. We selected 10 proteins of P. falciparum with unique metabolic functions and we found that knipholone showed better binding affinity than the native ligands of 6 proteins. Out of the 6 proteins, knipholone showed better enzyme inhibitory potential than the native ligands of 4 proteins. We carried out a 100 ns MD simulations for knipholone and the native ligands of four proteins and this was followed by binding free energy calculations. In each step, the performance of knipholone was compared to the native ligands of the proteins. Knipholone outperformed the native ligand of Glutathione-S-Transferase (1OKT) at crucial computational studies as evidence from the lower protein-ligand root mean square deviation value, protein root mean square fluctuation value, and protein-ligand binding free energies. The ligand properties of knipholone provide additional evidence for its stability and it maintains adequate protein-ligand contacts during the entire simulation. The density functional theory study also supported the stability of knipholone at the active binding site of 1OKT. From the studied proteins, we conclude that Glutathione-S-Transferase is the most favorable drug target for knipholone in P. falciparum.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malita Sarma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Mohnad Abdalla
- Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - James H Zothantluanga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Felwa Abdullah Thagfan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abd Kakhar Umar
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia
| | - Dipak Chetia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Taghreed N Almanaa
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samia T Al-Shouli
- Immunology Unit, Pathology department, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Kakhar Umar A, Zothantluanga JH, Luckanagul JA, Limpikirati P, Sriwidodo S. Structure-based computational screening of 470 natural quercetin derivatives for identification of SARS-CoV-2 M pro inhibitor. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14915. [PMID: 36935912 PMCID: PMC10022500 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic infecting the respiratory system through a notorious virus known as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Due to viral mutations and the risk of drug resistance, it is crucial to identify new molecules having potential prophylactic or therapeutic effect against SARS-CoV-2 infection. In the present study, we aimed to identify a potential inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 through virtual screening of a compound library of 470 quercetin derivatives by targeting the main protease-Mpro (PDB ID: 6LU7). The study was carried out with computational techniques such as molecular docking simulation studies (MDSS), molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and molecular mechanics generalized Born surface area (MMGBSA) techniques. Among the natural derivatives, compound 382 (PubChem CID 65604) showed the best binding affinity to Mpro (-11.1 kcal/mol). Compound 382 interacted with LYS5, TYR126, GLN127, LYS137, ASP289, PHE291, ARG131, SER139, GLU288, and GLU290 of the Mpro protein. The SARS-CoV-2 Mpro-382 complex showed acceptable stability during the 100 ns MD simulations. The SARS-CoV-2 Mpro-382 complex also showed an MM-GBSA binding free energy value of -54.0 kcal/mol. The binding affinity, stability, and free energy results for 382 and Mpro were better than those of the native ligand and the standard inhibitors ledipasvir and cobicistat. The conclusion of our study was that compound 382 has the potential to inhibit SARS-Cov-2 Mpro. However, further investigations such as in-vitro assays are recommended to confirm its in-silico potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abd. Kakhar Umar
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang, Jawa barat, Indonesia
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - James H. Zothantluanga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dibrugarh University, Assam, India
| | - Jittima Amie Luckanagul
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Patanachai Limpikirati
- Department of Food and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sriwidodo Sriwidodo
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang, Jawa barat, Indonesia
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Prajapati J, Rao P, Poojara L, Acharya D, Patel SK, Goswami D, Rawal RM. A Comprehensive in vitro and in silico Assessment on Inhibition of CYP51B and Ergosterol Biosynthesis by Eugenol in Rhizopus oryzae. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:47. [PMID: 36538133 PMCID: PMC9764306 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-022-03108-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mucormycosis, also known as Zygomycosis, is a disease caused by invasive fungi, predominantly Rhizopus species belonging to the Order of Mucorales. Seeing from the chemistry perspective, heterocyclic compounds with an "azole" moiety are widely employed as antifungal agent for minimising the effect of mucormycosis as a prescribed treatment. These azoles serve as non-competitive inhibitors of fungal CYP51B by predominantly binding to its heme moiety, rendering its inhibition. However, long-term usage and abuse of azoles as antifungal medicines has resulted in drug resistance among certain fungal pathogens. Hence, there is an unmet need to find alternative therapeutic compounds. In present study, we used various in vitro tests to investigate the antifungal activity of eugenol against R. oryzae/R. arrhizus, including ergosterol quantification to test inhibition of ergosterol production mediated antifungal action. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value obtained for eugenol was 512 μg/ml with reduced ergosterol concentration of 77.11 ± 3.25% at MIC/2 concentration. Further, the molecular interactions of eugenol with fungal CYP51B were meticulously studied making use of proteomics in silico study including molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations that showed eugenol to be strongly interacting with heme in an identical fashion to that shown by azole drugs (in this case, clotrimazole was evaluated). This is the first of a kind study showing the simulation study of eugenol with CYP51B of fungi. This inhibition results in ergosterol synthesis and is also studied and compared with keeping clotrimazole as a reference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jignesh Prajapati
- grid.411877.c0000 0001 2152 424XDepartment of Biochemistry and Forensic Science, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380009 India
| | - Priyashi Rao
- grid.411877.c0000 0001 2152 424XDepartment of Biochemistry and Forensic Science, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380009 India
| | - Lipi Poojara
- grid.411877.c0000 0001 2152 424XDepartment of Biochemistry and Forensic Science, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380009 India
| | - Dhaval Acharya
- Department of Microbiology, B N Patel Institute of Paramedical and Sciences, Anand, Gujarat 388001 India
| | - Saumya K. Patel
- grid.411877.c0000 0001 2152 424XDepartment of Botany, Bioinformatics and Climate Change Impacts Management, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat India
| | - Dweipayan Goswami
- grid.411877.c0000 0001 2152 424XDepartment of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380009 India
| | - Rakesh M. Rawal
- grid.411877.c0000 0001 2152 424XDepartment of Biochemistry and Forensic Science, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380009 India ,grid.411877.c0000 0001 2152 424XDepartment of Life Science, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380009 India
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Interactive bioinformatics analysis for the screening of hub genes and molecular docking of phytochemicals present in kitchen spices to inhibit CDK1 in cervical cancer. Comput Biol Med 2022; 149:105994. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.105994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Gao K, Wang R, Chen J, Cheng L, Frishcosy J, Huzumi Y, Qiu Y, Schluckbier T, Wei X, Wei GW. Methodology-Centered Review of Molecular Modeling, Simulation, and Prediction of SARS-CoV-2. Chem Rev 2022; 122:11287-11368. [PMID: 35594413 PMCID: PMC9159519 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite tremendous efforts in the past two years, our understanding of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), virus-host interactions, immune response, virulence, transmission, and evolution is still very limited. This limitation calls for further in-depth investigation. Computational studies have become an indispensable component in combating coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) due to their low cost, their efficiency, and the fact that they are free from safety and ethical constraints. Additionally, the mechanism that governs the global evolution and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 cannot be revealed from individual experiments and was discovered by integrating genotyping of massive viral sequences, biophysical modeling of protein-protein interactions, deep mutational data, deep learning, and advanced mathematics. There exists a tsunami of literature on the molecular modeling, simulations, and predictions of SARS-CoV-2 and related developments of drugs, vaccines, antibodies, and diagnostics. To provide readers with a quick update about this literature, we present a comprehensive and systematic methodology-centered review. Aspects such as molecular biophysics, bioinformatics, cheminformatics, machine learning, and mathematics are discussed. This review will be beneficial to researchers who are looking for ways to contribute to SARS-CoV-2 studies and those who are interested in the status of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaifu Gao
- Department
of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Rui Wang
- Department
of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Jiahui Chen
- Department
of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Limei Cheng
- Clinical
Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Bristol
Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08536, United States
| | - Jaclyn Frishcosy
- Department
of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Yuta Huzumi
- Department
of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Yuchi Qiu
- Department
of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Tom Schluckbier
- Department
of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Xiaoqi Wei
- Department
of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Guo-Wei Wei
- Department
of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan
State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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Antiviral phytocompounds “ellagic acid” and “(+)-sesamin” of Bridelia retusa identified as potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 3CL pro using extensive molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation studies, binding free energy calculations, and bioactivity prediction. Struct Chem 2022; 33:1445-1465. [PMID: 35571865 PMCID: PMC9086128 DOI: 10.1007/s11224-022-01959-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected billions and has killed millions to date. Studies are being carried out to find therapeutic molecules that can potentially inhibit the replication of SARS-CoV-2. 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CL pro) involved in the polyprotein cleavage process is believed to be the key target for viral replication, and hence is an attractive target for the discovery of antiviral molecules. In the present study, we aimed to identify natural phytocompounds from Bridelia retusa as potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 3CL pro (PDB ID: 6M2N) using in silico techniques. Molecular docking studies conducted with three different tools in triplicates revealed that ellagic acid (BR6) and (+)-sesamin (BR13) has better binding affinity than the co-crystal inhibitor “3WL” of 6M2N. BR6 and BR13 were found to have a high LD50 value with good bioavailability. 3WL, BR6, and BR13 bind to the same active binding site and interacted with the HIS41-CYS145 catalytic dyad including other crucial amino acids. Molecular dynamics simulation studies revealed stability of protein–ligand complexes as evidenced from root-mean-square deviations, root-mean-square fluctuations (RMSF), protein secondary structure elements, ligand-RMSF, protein–ligand contacts, ligand torsions, and ligand properties. BR6 (−22.3064 kcal/mol) and BR13 (−19.1274 kcal/mol) showed a low binding free energy value. The Bayesian statistical model revealed BR6 and BR13 as better protease inhibitors than 3WL. Moreover, BR6 and BR13 had already been reported to elicit antiviral activities. Therefore, we conclude that ellagic acid and (+)-sesamin as natural antiviral phytocompounds with inhibitory potential against SARS-CoV-2 3CL pro.
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Perceiving SARS-CoV-2 Mpro and PLpro dual inhibitors from pool of recognized antiviral compounds of endophytic microbes: an in silico simulation study. Struct Chem 2022; 33:1619-1643. [PMID: 35431517 PMCID: PMC8990578 DOI: 10.1007/s11224-022-01932-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) persists and shook the global population where the endgame to this pandemic is brought on by developing vaccines in record-breaking time. Nevertheless, these vaccines are far from perfect where their efficiency ranges from 65 to 90%; therefore, vaccines are not the one only solution to overcome this situation, and apart from administration of vaccines, the scientific community is at quest for finding alternative solutions to incumber SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this study, our research group is keen on identifying a bioactive molecule that is independent in its mode of action from existing vaccines which can potentially target the SARS-CoV-2 virus replicative efficacy. Papain-like protease (PLpro) and main protease (Mpro) are the most lucrative targets of COVIDs against which the drugs can be developed, as these proteases play a vital role in the replication and development of viral particles. Researchers have modelled a compound such as GRL0617 and X77 as an inhibitor of Mpro and PLpro, respectively, but use of these compounds has several limitations on hosts like toxicity and solubility. Under the current study by deploying rigorous computational assessments, pool of microbial secondary metabolites was screened and handpicked to search a structural or functional analogue of GRL0617 and X77, with an idea to identify a compound that can serve as dual inhibitor for both PLpro and Mpro. From the manually curated database of known antiviral compounds from fungal origin, we found cytonic acids A and B to potentially serve as dual inhibitor of PLpro and Mpro.
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Zothantluanga JH, Abdalla M, Rudrapal M, Tian Q, Chetia D, Li J. Computational Investigations for Identification of Bioactive Molecules from Baccaurea ramiflora and Bergenia ciliata as Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 M pro. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2022.2046613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- James H. Zothantluanga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Mohnad Abdalla
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Mithun Rudrapal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Rasiklal M. Dhariwal Institute of Pharmaceutical Education Research, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Qiang Tian
- Department of Senile Neurology, The Central Hospital of Taian, Taian, Shandong, PR China
| | - Dipak Chetia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Jin Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Shandong Province, PR China
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Lokhande KB, Pawar SV, Madkaiker S, Nawani N, Venkateswara SK, Ghosh P. High throughput virtual screening and molecular dynamics simulation analysis of phytomolecules against BfmR of Acinetobacter baumannii: anti-virulent drug development campaign. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 41:2698-2712. [PMID: 35156902 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2038271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is a notorious multidrug resistant bacterium responsible for several hospital acquired infections assisted by its capacity to develop biofilms. A. baumannii BfmR (RstA), a response regulator from the BfmR/S two-component signal transduction system, is the major controller of A. baumannii biofilm development and formation. As a result, BfmR represents a novel target for anti-biofilm treatment against A. baumannii. The discovery of the high-resolution crystal structure of BfmR provides a good chance for computational screening of its probable inhibitors. Therefore, in this study we aim to search new, less toxic, and natural BfmR inhibitors from 8450 phytomolecules available in the Indian Medicinal Plants, Phytochemistry and Therapeutic (IMPPAT) database by analyzing molecular docking against BfmR (PDB ID: 6BR7). Out of these 8450 phytomolecules 6742 molecules were successfully docked with BfmR with the docking score range -6.305 kcal/mol to +5.120 kcal/mol. Structure based-molecular docking (SB-MD) and ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, & toxicity) profile examination revealed that Norepinephrine, Australine, Calystegine B3, 7,7 A-Diepialexine, and Alpha-Methylnoradrenaline phytocompounds strongly binds to the active site residues of BfmR. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) studies for 100 ns and the binding free energy (MM/GBSA) analysis elucidated the binding mechanism of Calystegine B3, 7,7 A-Diepialexine, and Alpha-Methylnoradrenaline to BfmR. In summary, these phytocompounds seems to have the promising molecules against BfmR, and thus necessitates further verification by both in vitro and in vivo experiments. HighlightsBfmR plays a key role in biofilm development and exopolysaccharide (EPS) synthesis in A. baumannii.Computational approach to search for promising BfmR inhibitors from IMPAAT database.The lead phytomolecules such as Calystegine B3, 7,7 A-Diepialexine, and Alpha-Methylnoradrenaline displayed significant binding with BfmR active site.The outcome of BfmR binding phytomolecules has broadened the scope of hit molecules validation.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Bharat Lokhande
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Bioinformatics Research Laboratory, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Pune, India
| | - Sarika Vishnu Pawar
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Microbial Diversity Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Pune, India
| | - Smriti Madkaiker
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Microbial Diversity Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Pune, India
| | - Neelu Nawani
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Microbial Diversity Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Pune, India
| | - Swamy K Venkateswara
- Bioinformatics Research Group, MIT School of Bioengineering Sciences & Research, MIT-ADT University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Payel Ghosh
- Bioinformatics Centre, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Phytocompounds as potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro and PLpro through computational studies. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:3456-3465. [PMID: 35233172 PMCID: PMC8873046 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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15
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Azam F, Eid EEM, Almutairi A. Targeting SARS-CoV-2 main protease by teicoplanin: A mechanistic insight by docking, MM/GBSA and molecular dynamics simulation. J Mol Struct 2021; 1246:131124. [PMID: 34305175 PMCID: PMC8286173 DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
First emerged in late December 2019, the outbreak of novel severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has instigated public-health emergency around the globe. Till date there is no specific therapeutic agent for this disease and hence, the world is craving to identify potential antiviral agents against SARS-CoV-2. The main protease (MPro) is considered as an attractive drug target for rational drug design against SARS-CoV-2 as it is known to play a crucial role in the viral replication and transcription. Teicoplanin is a glycopeptide class of antibiotic which is regularly used for treating Gram-positive bacterial infections, has shown potential therapeutic efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. Therefore, in this study, a mechanistic insight of intermolecular interactions between teicoplanin and SARS-CoV-2 MPro has been scrutinized by molecular docking. Both monomeric and dimeric forms of MPro was used in docking involving blind as well as defined binding site based on the known inhibitor. Binding energies of teicoplanin-MPro complexes were estimated by Molecular Mechanics/Generalized Born Surface Area (MM/GBSA) computations from docking and simulated trajectories. The dynamic and thermodynamics constraints of docked drug in complex with target proteins under specific physiological conditions was ascertained by all-atom molecular dynamics simulation of 100 ns trajectory. Root mean square deviation and fluctuation of carbon α chain justified the stability of the bound complex in biological environments. The outcomes of current study are supposed to be fruitful in rational design of antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2.
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Razali R, Asis H, Budiman C. Structure-Function Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 Proteases and Their Potential Inhibitors from Microbial Sources. Microorganisms 2021; 9:2481. [PMID: 34946083 PMCID: PMC8706127 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is considered the greatest challenge to the global health community of the century as it continues to expand. This has prompted immediate urgency to discover promising drug targets for the treatment of COVID-19. The SARS-CoV-2 viral proteases, 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) and papain-like cysteine protease (PLpro), have become the promising target to study due to their essential functions in spreading the virus by RNA transcription, translation, protein synthesis, processing and modification, virus replication, and infection of the host. As such, understanding of the structure and function of these two proteases is unavoidable as platforms for the development of inhibitors targeting this protein which further arrest the infection and spread of the virus. While the abundance of reports on the screening of natural compounds such as SARS-CoV-2 proteases inhibitors are available, the microorganisms-based compounds (peptides and non-peptides) remain less studied. Indeed, microorganisms-based compounds are also one of the potent antiviral candidates against COVID-19. Microbes, especially bacteria and fungi, are other resources to produce new drugs as well as nucleosides, nucleotides, and nucleic acids. Thus, we have compiled various reported literature in detail on the structures, functions of the SARS-CoV-2 proteases, and potential inhibitors from microbial sources as assistance to other researchers working with COVID-19. The compounds are also compared to HIV protease inhibitors which suggested the microorganisms-based compounds are advantageous as SARS-CoV2 proteases inhibitors. The information should serve as a platform for further development of COVID-19 drug design strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cahyo Budiman
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; (R.R.); (H.A.)
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Prajapati J, Rao P, Poojara L, Goswami D, Acharya D, Patel SK, Rawal RM. Unravelling the antifungal mode of action of curcumin by potential inhibition of CYP51B: A computational study validated in vitro on mucormycosis agent, Rhizopus oryzae. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 712:109048. [PMID: 34600893 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.109048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Like human, fungi too are known to share lot of structural similarities amongst their CYPs (Cytochrome P450 super family of enzymes) which allows antifungal 'azole' compounds to interact with CYPs of human. Clotrimazole, an 'azole' antifungal drug, is a known inhibitor of fungal CYP named CYP51B. Curcumin, a phytochemical obtained from Curcuma longa has the ability to interact with several different human CYPs to induce inhibition. The sequence and the structural similarities amongst both human and fungal CYPs suggest a strong possibility for curcumin to interact with fungal CYP51B to behave like an antifungal agent. To test this hypothesis a study was designed involving mucormycosis agent, Rhizopus oryzae. The ability of curcumin to interact with fungal CYP51B was analysed computationally through molecular docking, MM-GBSA and Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulation assessment. Further, interaction profile for fungal CYP51B-curcumin was compared with human CYP3A4-curcumin, as there are published evidence describing curcumin as an inhibitor of human CYPs. Additionally, to validate in silico findings, an in vitro assay was performed to examine the antifungal potentials of curcumin on the R. oryzae. Conclusive results allow us to determine a plausible mode of action of curcumin to act as an antifungal against a mucormycosis agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jignesh Prajapati
- Department of Biochemistry & Forensic Science, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Priyashi Rao
- Department of Biochemistry & Forensic Science, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Lipi Poojara
- Department of Biochemistry & Forensic Science, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Dweipayan Goswami
- Department of Microbiology & Biotechnology, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Dhaval Acharya
- Department of Microbiology, B N Patel Institute of Paramedical and Sciences, Anand, 388001, Gujarat, India
| | - Saumya K Patel
- Department of Botany, Bioinformatics and Climate Change Impacts Management, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Rakesh M Rawal
- Department of Biochemistry & Forensic Science, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, 380009, Gujarat, India.
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Prajapati J, Goswami D, Rawal RM. Endophytic fungi: A treasure trove of novel anticancer compounds. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2021; 2:100050. [PMID: 34909676 PMCID: PMC8663939 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2021.100050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a multifactorial disease with a convoluted genesis and progression. The emergence of multidrug resistance to presently be offered drug and relapse is by far, the most critical concern to tackle this deteriorating disease. Henceforth, there is undeniably an inflated necessity for safe, promising, and less harmful new anticancer drugs. Natural compounds from various sources like plants, animals, and microorganisms have occupied a center stage in drug discovery due to their tremendous chemical diversity and potential as therapeutic agents. Endophytic microbes are symbiotically associated with plants and have been proven to produce novel or analogues of host bioactive metabolites exhibiting a variety of biological activities including anticancer activity. This review emphasizes on structurally diverse unprecedented anticancer natural compounds that have been reported exclusively from endophytic fungi from 2016 to 2020. It covers chemical nature of metabolites, its fungal source associated with terrestrial, as well as marine plants and anticancer activity based on their cytotoxicity profile against various cancer cell lines. Many of these fungal metabolites with promising anticancer activity can be used as lead molecules for in silico experiments and deserve special attention from scientists for further in vitro and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jignesh Prajapati
- Department of Biochemistry & Forensic Science, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Dweipayan Goswami
- Department of Microbiology & Biotechnology, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Rakesh M. Rawal
- Department of Biochemistry & Forensic Science, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, 380009, Gujarat, India
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Ahmad B, Batool M, Ain QU, Kim MS, Choi S. Exploring the Binding Mechanism of PF-07321332 SARS-CoV-2 Protease Inhibitor through Molecular Dynamics and Binding Free Energy Simulations. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9124. [PMID: 34502033 PMCID: PMC8430524 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease, caused by severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), rapidly spreading around the world, poses a major threat to the global public health. Herein, we demonstrated the binding mechanism of PF-07321332, α-ketoamide, lopinavir, and ritonavir to the coronavirus 3-chymotrypsin-like-protease (3CLpro) by means of docking and molecular dynamic (MD) simulations. The analysis of MD trajectories of 3CLpro with PF-07321332, α-ketoamide, lopinavir, and ritonavir revealed that 3CLpro-PF-07321332 and 3CLpro-α-ketoamide complexes remained stable compared with 3CLpro-ritonavir and 3CLpro-lopinavir. Investigating the dynamic behavior of ligand-protein interaction, ligands PF-07321332 and α-ketoamide showed stronger bonding via making interactions with catalytic dyad residues His41-Cys145 of 3CLpro. Lopinavir and ritonavir were unable to disrupt the catalytic dyad, as illustrated by increased bond length during the MD simulation. To decipher the ligand binding mode and affinity, ligand interactions with SARS-CoV-2 proteases and binding energy were calculated. The binding energy of the bespoke antiviral PF-07321332 clinical candidate was two times higher than that of α-ketoamide and three times than that of lopinavir and ritonavir. Our study elucidated in detail the binding mechanism of the potent PF-07321332 to 3CLpro along with the low potency of lopinavir and ritonavir due to weak binding affinity demonstrated by the binding energy data. This study will be helpful for the development and optimization of more specific compounds to combat coronavirus disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Ahmad
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea; (B.A.); (M.B.); (Q.u.A.); (M.S.K.)
| | - Maria Batool
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea; (B.A.); (M.B.); (Q.u.A.); (M.S.K.)
- S&K Therapeutics, Campus Plaza 418, Ajou University, Suwon 16502, Korea
| | - Qurat ul Ain
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea; (B.A.); (M.B.); (Q.u.A.); (M.S.K.)
| | - Moon Suk Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea; (B.A.); (M.B.); (Q.u.A.); (M.S.K.)
| | - Sangdun Choi
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea; (B.A.); (M.B.); (Q.u.A.); (M.S.K.)
- S&K Therapeutics, Campus Plaza 418, Ajou University, Suwon 16502, Korea
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