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Elfiky AA. Prediction of the binding location between the nuclear inhibitor of DNA binding and differentiation 2 (ID2) and HSPA5. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 255:155217. [PMID: 38422912 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), also termed HSPA5, was widely studied in cancer. It was recently approved that GRP78 has nuclear localization potential that sheds light on its role in cancer development. The inhibitor of DNA binding and differentiation 2 (ID2) is the nuclear component that associates with GRP78. The interaction between these two proteins is not understood clearly. In the current study, the binding pattern of GRP78/ID2 is predicted using computational methods. Protein-protein docking is used along with molecular dynamics simulation. The substrate binding domain β of GRP78 can stably interact with the loop region (C42-S60) of ID2 as predicted in this study. This paves the way for a possible destabilizer for this association and cancer eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdo A Elfiky
- Biophysics department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
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2
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Hassan AMS, Elfiky AA, Elgohary AM. Triple in silico targeting of IMPDH enzyme and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of both SARS-CoV-2 and Rhizopus oryzae. Future Microbiol 2024; 19:9-19. [PMID: 38294272 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2023-0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim: Mucormycosis has been associated with SARS-CoV-2 infections during the last year. The aim of this study was to triple-hit viral and fungal RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RdRps) and human inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH). Materials & methods: Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation were used to test nucleotide inhibitors (NIs) against the RdRps of SARS-CoV-2 and Rhizopus oryzae RdRp. These same inhibitors targeted IMPDH. Results: Four NIs revealed a comparable binding affinity to the two drugs, remdesivir and sofosbuvir. Binding energies were calculated using the most abundant conformations of the RdRps after 100-ns molecular dynamics simulation. Conclusion: We suggest the triple-inhibition potential of four NIs against pathogenic RdRps and IMPDH, which is worth experimental validation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abdo A Elfiky
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Sciences, Cairo University, Giza, Dokki, 12613, Egypt
| | - Alaa M Elgohary
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Sciences, Cairo University, Giza, Dokki, 12613, Egypt
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3
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Amin FG, Elfiky AA, Nassar AM. In silico targeting of SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain from different variants with chaga mushroom terpenoids. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:1079-1087. [PMID: 37042960 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2199084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Terpenoids from the chaga mushroom have been identified as potential antiviral agents against SARS-CoV-2. This is because it can firmly bind to the viral spike receptor binding domain (RBD) and the auxiliary host cell receptor glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78). The current work examines the association of the chaga mushroom terpenoids with the RBD of various SARS-CoV-2 variants, including alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and omicron. This association was compared to the SARS-CoV-2 wild-type (WT) RBD using molecular docking analysis and molecular dynamics modeling. The outcomes demonstrated that the mutant RBDs, which had marginally greater average binding affinities (better binding) than the WT, were successfully inhibited by the chaga mushroom terpenoids. The results suggest that the chaga mushroom can be effective against various SARS-CoV-2 variants by targeting both the host-cell surface receptor GRP78 and the viral spike RBD.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma G Amin
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Abdo A Elfiky
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Aaya M Nassar
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- Department of Clinical Research and Leadership, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
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4
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Abu-Mahfouz A, Ali M, Elfiky A. Anti-breast cancer drugs targeting cell-surface glucose-regulated protein 78: a drug repositioning in silico study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:7794-7808. [PMID: 36129131 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2125076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is prevalent worldwide and is a leading cause of death among women. However, cell-surface glucose-regulated protein 78 (cs-GRP78) is overexpressed in several types of cancer and during pathogen infections. This study examines two well-known BC drugs approved by the FDA as BC treatments to GRP78. The first type consists of inhibitors of cyclin-based kinases 4/6, including abemaciclib, palbociclib, ribociclib, and dinaciclib. In addition, tunicamycin, and doxorubicin, which are among the most effective anticancer drugs for early and late-stage BC, are tested against GRP78. As (-)-epiGallocatechin gallate inhibits GRP78, it is also being evaluated (used as positive control). Thus, using molecular dynamics simulation approaches, this study aims to examine the advantages of targeting GRP78, which represents a promising cancer therapy regime. In light of recent advances in computational drug response prediction models, this study aimed to examine the benefits of GRP78 targeting, which represents a promising cancer therapy regime, by utilizing combined molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation approaches. The simulated protein (50 ns) was docked with the drugs, then a second round of dynamics simulation was performed for 100 ns. After that, the binding free energies were calculated from 30 to 100 ns for each complex during the simulation period. These findings demonstrate the efficacy of abemaciclib, ribociclib, and tunicamycin in binding to the nucleotide-binding domain of the GRP78, paving the way for elucidating the mode of interactions between these drugs and cancer (and other stressed) cells that overexpress GRP78.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Abu-Mahfouz
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Sciences, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Maha Ali
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Sciences, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Abdo Elfiky
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Sciences, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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5
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Abduljalil JM, Elghareib AM, Samir A, Ezat AA, Elfiky AA. How helpful were molecular dynamics simulations in shaping our understanding of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein dynamics? Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125153. [PMID: 37268078 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S) represents an important viral component that is required for successful viral infection in humans owing to its essential role in recognition of and entry to host cells. The spike is also an appealing target for drug designers who develop vaccines and antivirals. This article is important as it summarizes how molecular simulations successfully shaped our understanding of spike conformational behavior and its role in viral infection. MD simulations found that the higher affinity of SARS-CoV-2-S to ACE2 is linked to its unique residues that add extra electrostatic and van der Waal interactions in comparison to the SARS-CoV S. This illustrates the spread potential of the pandemic SARS-CoV-2 relative to the epidemic SARS-CoV. Different mutations at the S-ACE2 interface, which is believed to increase the transmission of the new variants, affected the behavior and binding interactions in different simulations. The contributions of glycans to the opening of S were revealed via simulations. The immune evasion of S was linked to the spatial distribution of glycans. This help the virus to escape the immune system recognition. This article is important as it summarizes how molecular simulations successfully shaped our understanding of spike conformational behavior and its role in viral infection. This will pave the way to us preparing for the next pandemic as the computational tools are tailored to help fight new challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jameel M Abduljalil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Thamar University, Dhamar, Yemen; Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Elghareib
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Samir
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Ezat
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Abdo A Elfiky
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
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6
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Lamoth F. Novel Approaches in the Management of Mucormycosis. CURRENT FUNGAL INFECTION REPORTS 2023; 17:1-10. [PMID: 37360854 PMCID: PMC10165581 DOI: 10.1007/s12281-023-00463-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Invasive mucormycosis (IM), caused by fungi of the order Mucorales, is one of the deadliest fungal infection among hematologic cancer patients. Its incidence is also increasingly reported in immunocompetent individuals, notably with the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, there is an urgent need for novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches of IM. This review discusses the current advances in this field. Recent Findings Early diagnosis of IM is crucial and can be improved by Mucorales-specific PCR and development of lateral-flow immunoassays for specific antigen detection. The spore coat proteins (CotH) are essential for virulence of the Mucorales and may represent a target for novel antifungal therapies. Adjuvant therapies boosting the immune response, such as interferon-γ, anti-PDR1 or fungal-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells, are also considered. Summary The most promising perspectives for improved management of IM consist of a multilayered approach targeting both the pathogen and the host immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Lamoth
- Service of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 48, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 48, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
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7
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Elfiky AA, Ibrahim IM, Elgohary AM. SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant is Recognized Through GRP78 Host-Cell Surface Receptor, In Silico Perspective. Int J Pept Res Ther 2022; 28:146. [PMID: 36034049 PMCID: PMC9395890 DOI: 10.1007/s10989-022-10450-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Different SARS-CoV-2 new variants emerged and spread during the past few months, sparking infections and death counts. The new variant B.1.617 (delta variant) sparked in India in the past few months, causing the highest records. The B.1.617 variant of SARS-CoV-2 has the double mutations E484Q and L452R on its spike Receptor Binding Domain (RBD). The first mutation is like the reported South African and the Brazilian variants (501.V2 and B.1.1.248). This mutation lies in the region C480-C488, which we predicted before to be recognized by the host-cell receptor; Glucose Regulated Protein 78 (GRP78). In the current study, we test the binding affinity of the host-cell receptor GRP78 to the delta variant spike RBD using molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations of up to 100 ns. Additionally, the ACE2-RBD is tested by protein–protein docking. The results reveal equal average binding affinities of the GRP78 against wildtype and delta variant spikes. This supports our previous predictions of the contribution of GRP78 in SARS-CoV-2 spike recognition as an auxiliary route for entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdo A. Elfiky
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim M. Ibrahim
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Alaa M. Elgohary
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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8
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Sadeghi N, Tavalaee M, Shahverdi A, Sengupta P, Leisegang K, Saleh R, Agarwal A, Nasr-Esfahani MH. Vulnerability of The Male Reproductive System to SARS-CoV-2 Invasion: Potential Role for The Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone Grp78/HSPA5/BiP. CELL JOURNAL 2022; 24:427-433. [PMID: 36093801 PMCID: PMC9468718 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2022.8312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) may adversely affect male reproductive tissues and male<br />fertility. This concern is elicited by the higher susceptibility and mortality rate of men to the SARS-CoV-2 mediated coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), compared to the women. SARS-CoV-2 enters host cells after binding to a functional receptor named angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) and then replicates in the host cells and gets released into the plasma. SARS-CoVs use the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) as a site for viral protein synthesis and processing, as well as glucose-regulated protein 78 (Grp78) is a key ER chaperone involved in protein folding by preventing newly synthesized proteins from aggregation.<br />Therefore, we analyzed Grp78 expression in various human organs, particularly male reproductive organs, using Broad<br />Institute Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE), the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx), and Human Protein Atlas online<br />datasets. Grp78 is expressed in male reproductive tissues such as the testis, epididymis, prostate, and seminal vesicle. It can facilitate the coronavirus entry into the male reproductive tract, providing an opportunity for its replication. This link between the SARS-CoV-2 and the Grp78 protein could become a therapeutic target to mitigate its harmful effects on male fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloofar Sadeghi
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan,
Iran,Department of Biochemistry and Functional Genomics, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Marziyeh Tavalaee
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan,
Iran
| | - Abdolhossein Shahverdi
- Department of Embryology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR,
Tehran, Iran
| | - Pallav Sengupta
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, Bandar Saujana Putra, Malaysia
| | - Kristian Leisegang
- School of Natural Medicine, Faculty of Community and Health Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ramadan Saleh
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt,Ajyal IVF Center, Ajyal Hospital, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Ashok Agarwal
- American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA,P.O.Box: 8165131378Department of Animal BiotechnologyReproductive Biomedicine Research CenterRoyan Institute for BiotechnologyACECRIsfahanIran
Emails:,
| | - Mohammad Hossein Nasr-Esfahani
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan,
Iran,P.O.Box: 8165131378Department of Animal BiotechnologyReproductive Biomedicine Research CenterRoyan Institute for BiotechnologyACECRIsfahanIran
Emails:,
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9
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Jain V, Senetar AJ, Maciel CB, Remley W, Islam S, Fredenburg KM, Babi MA, Robinson CP. A 40-Year-Old Woman With COVID-19 and Bilateral Vision Loss. Neurohospitalist 2022; 12:664-668. [PMID: 36147755 PMCID: PMC9280117 DOI: 10.1177/19418744221114209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucormycosis is a fast-spreading angioinvasive fungal infection with a very high mortality rate. It is associated with immunodeficiency, diabetes mellitus, iron overload, stem cell transplantation and the use of steroids. As cultures and histopathological biopsy may have low yield in invasive fungal infections, new generation sequencing of cfDNA (cell free deoxyribonucleic acid) has become a cornerstone for diagnosis. Over the past 18 months, increasing reports of COVID-19 associated Mucormycosis have emerged, most specifically in India and other nearby developing countries. Awareness and knowledge of this newly discovered association is of high importance and clinical relevance as the global COVID-19 pandemic continues. Herein, we present a case of a patient who was treated with steroids for COVID-19 in the outpatient setting and presented with unilateral periorbital pain and blurry vision. She progressively developed bilateral vision loss, fixed bilateral mydriasis, ophthalmoplegia and coma. Imaging findings included leptomeningeal, vascular, and subcortical enhancement accompanied with multifocal infarction. Subsequent biopsy of the paranasal sinuses revealed broad type fungal elements and cfDNA sequencing identified the pathogen as Rhizopus species. She was treated with intravenous amphotericin B, but succumbed to the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Jain
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Alexander J. Senetar
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Carolina B Maciel
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - William Remley
- Medical Student, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Shehla Islam
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kristianna M. Fredenburg
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Marc A Babi
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Christopher P. Robinson
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
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10
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Elshemey WM, Elfiky AA, Ibrahim IM, Elgohary AM. Interference of Chaga mushroom terpenoids with the attachment of SARS-CoV-2; in silico perspective. Comput Biol Med 2022; 145:105478. [PMID: 35421790 PMCID: PMC8988443 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.105478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Finding a potent inhibitor to the pandemic SARS-CoV-2 is indispensable nowadays. Currently, in-silico methods work as expeditious investigators to screen drugs for possible repurposing or design new ones. Targeting one of the possible SARS-CoV-2 attachment and entry receptors, Glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), is an approach of major interest. Recently, GRP78 was reported as a recognized representative in recognition of the latest variants of SARS-CoV-2. In this work, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations were performed on the host cell receptor GRP78. With its many terpenoid compounds, Chaga mushroom was tested as a potential therapeutic against the SARS-CoV-2 receptor, GRP78. Results revealed low binding energies (high affinities) toward the GRP78 substrate-binding domain β (SBDβ) of Chaga mushroom terpenoids. Even the highly specific cyclic peptide Pep42, which selectively targeted GRP78 over cancer cells in vivo, showed lower binding affinity against GRP78 SBDβ compared to the binding affinities of terpenoids. These are auspicious results that need to be tested experimentally. Intriguingly, terpenoids work as a double sword as they can be used to interfere with VUI 202,012/01, 501.V2, and B.1.1.248 variants of SARS-CoV-2 spike recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael M. Elshemey
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Islamic University of Madinah, Madinah, Saudi Arabia,Corresponding author
| | - Abdo A. Elfiky
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Sciences, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim M. Ibrahim
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Sciences, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Alaa M. Elgohary
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Sciences, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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11
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Elfiky AA. Dual targeting of RdRps of SARS-CoV-2 and the mucormycosis-causing fungus: an in silico perspective. Future Microbiol 2022; 17:755-762. [PMID: 35510477 PMCID: PMC9070561 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2022-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past few months, mucormycosis has been associated with SARS-CoV-2 infections. Molecular docking combined with molecular dynamics simulation is utilized to test nucleotide-based inhibitors against the RdRps of SARS-CoV-2 solved structure and Rhizopusoryzae RdRp model built in silico. The results reveal a comparable binding affinity of sofosbuvir, galidesivir, ribavirin and remdesivir compared with the physiological nucleotide triphosphates against R.oryzae RdRp as well as the SARS-CoV-2 RdRp as reported before. Additionally, other compounds such as setrobuvir, YAK, IDX-184 and modified GTP compounds 2, 3 and 4 show potential calculated average binding affinities against R. oryzae RdRp. The present in silico study suggests the dual inhibition potential of the recommended drugs and compounds against SARS-CoV-2 and R.oryzae RdRps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdo A Elfiky
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Sciences, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
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12
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Amobonye A, Singh S, Mukherjee K, Jobichen C, Qureshi IA, Pillai S. Structural and functional insights into fungal glutaminase using a computational approach. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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Nassar A, Ibrahim IM, Amin FG, Magdy M, Elgharib AM, Azzam EB, Nasser F, Yousry K, Shamkh IM, Mahdy SM, Elfiky AA. A Review of Human Coronaviruses' Receptors: The Host-Cell Targets for the Crown Bearing Viruses. Molecules 2021; 26:6455. [PMID: 34770863 PMCID: PMC8587140 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel human coronavirus prompted considerable worry at the end of the year 2019. Now, it represents a significant global health and economic burden. The newly emerged coronavirus disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the primary reason for the COVID-19 global pandemic. According to recent global figures, COVID-19 has caused approximately 243.3 million illnesses and 4.9 million deaths. Several human cell receptors are involved in the virus identification of the host cells and entering them. Hence, understanding how the virus binds to host-cell receptors is crucial for developing antiviral treatments and vaccines. The current work aimed to determine the multiple host-cell receptors that bind with SARS-CoV-2 and other human coronaviruses for the purpose of cell entry. Extensive research is needed using neutralizing antibodies, natural chemicals, and therapeutic peptides to target those host-cell receptors in extremely susceptible individuals. More research is needed to map SARS-CoV-2 cell entry pathways in order to identify potential viral inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaya Nassar
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12511, Egypt; (I.M.I.); (F.G.A.); (M.M.); (A.M.E.)
| | - Ibrahim M. Ibrahim
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12511, Egypt; (I.M.I.); (F.G.A.); (M.M.); (A.M.E.)
| | - Fatma G. Amin
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12511, Egypt; (I.M.I.); (F.G.A.); (M.M.); (A.M.E.)
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21519, Egypt
| | - Merna Magdy
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12511, Egypt; (I.M.I.); (F.G.A.); (M.M.); (A.M.E.)
| | - Ahmed M. Elgharib
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12511, Egypt; (I.M.I.); (F.G.A.); (M.M.); (A.M.E.)
| | - Eman B. Azzam
- Physics Department, Medical Biophysics Division, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo 11511, Egypt;
| | - Filopateer Nasser
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12511, Egypt;
| | - Kirllos Yousry
- Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 11511, Egypt;
| | | | - Samah M. Mahdy
- National Museum of Egyptian Civilization, Ain Elsira-Elfustat, Cairo 11511, Egypt;
| | - Abdo A. Elfiky
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12511, Egypt; (I.M.I.); (F.G.A.); (M.M.); (A.M.E.)
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