1
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Fedorova IV, Safonova LP. Proton transfer between sulfonic acids and various propylamines by density functional theory calculations. J Mol Model 2023; 29:230. [PMID: 37407869 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-023-05624-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Proton transfer in acid-base systems is not well understood. Some acid-base reactions do not proceed to the extent that is expected from the difference in the pKa values between the base and acid in aqueous solutions, yet some do. In that regard, we have computationally studied the process of proton transfer from the acids of varying strength (benzenesulfonic acid (BSu), methansulfonic acid (MsO), and sulfuric acid (SA)) to the amines with different numbers of propyl substituents on the nitrogen atom (propylamine (PrA), dipropylamine (DPrA), and tripropylamine (TPrA)) upon complexation. Density functional theory calculations were used to thoroughly examine the energetic and structural aspects of the molecular complexes and/or ionic pairs resulting from the acid-base interaction. The potential energy curves along the proton transfer coordinate in these acid-amine systems were analyzed. The change in free energies accompanying the molecular complexes and ionic pair formations was calculated, and the relationship between the energy values and the ΔРА parameter (difference in proton affinity of the acid anion and amine) was established. The larger ΔРА values were found to be unfavorable for the formation of ionic pairs. Using structural, energy, QTAIM, and NBO analyses, we determined that the hydrogen bonds in the molecular complexes PrA-MsO and PrA-BSu are stronger than those in their corresponding ionic pairs. The ionic pairs with the TPrA cation possess the strongest hydrogen bonds of all the ionic pairs being studied, regardless of the anion. The results showed that hydrogen bonding interactions in the molecular complexes contribute significantly to the energies of the acid-base interaction, while in the ionic pairs, the most important energy contribution comes from Coulomb interactions, followed by hydrogen bonding and dispersion forces. The ionic pairs with propylammonium, dipropylammonium, and tripropylammonium cations have stronger ion-ion interactions than tetrapropylammonium (TetPrA)-containing ionic pairs with the same anions. This effect rises with the order of the cation: TetPrA → TPrA → DPrA → PrA, and the sequence of anions is SA → BSu → MsO. The results obtained here expand the concept of acid-base interaction and provide an alternative to experimental searches for suitable acids and bases to obtain new types of protic ionic liquids. METHODS All quantum-chemical calculations were carried out by using the DFT/B3LYP-GD3/6-31++G(d,p) level as implemented in the Gaussian 09 software package. For the resulting structures, the electron density distribution was analyzed by the "atoms in molecules" (QTAIM) and the natural bond orbital (NBO) methods on the wave functions obtained at the same level of theory by AIMAll Version 10.05.04 and Gaussian NBO Version 3.1 programs, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V Fedorova
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Akademicheskaya Street, Ivanovo, 153045, Russia.
| | - Lyubov P Safonova
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Akademicheskaya Street, Ivanovo, 153045, Russia
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Bartashevich EV, Mukhitdinova SE, Tsirelson VG. Bond orders and electron delocalization indices for S–N, S–C and S–S bonds in 1,2,3-dithiazole systems. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2021.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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3
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Kalaiarasi C, George C, Gonnade RG, Hathwar VR, Poomani K. Experimental and theoretical charge density, intermolecular interactions and electrostatic properties of metronidazole. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B, STRUCTURAL SCIENCE, CRYSTAL ENGINEERING AND MATERIALS 2019; 75:942-953. [PMID: 32830674 DOI: 10.1107/s2052520619011272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Metronidazole is a radiosensitizer; it crystallizes in the monoclinic system with space group P21/c. The crystal structure of metronidazole has been determined from high-resolution X-ray diffraction measurements at 90 K with a resolution of (sin θ/λ)max = 1.12 Å-1. To understand the charge-density distribution and the electrostatic properties of metronidazole, a multipole model refinement was carried out using the Hansen-Coppens multipole formalism. The topological analysis of the electron density of metronidazole was performed using Bader's quantum theory of atoms in molecules to determine the electron density and the Laplacian of the electron density at the bond critical point of the molecule. The experimental results have been compared with the corresponding periodic theoretical calculation performed at the B3LYP/6-31G** level using CRYSTAL09. The topological analysis reveals that the N-O and C-NO2 exhibit less electron density as well as negative Laplacian of electron density. The molecular packing of crystal is stabilized by weak and strong inter- and intramolecular hydrogen bonding and H...H interactions. The topological analysis of O-H...N, C-H...O and H...H intra- and intermolecular interactions was also carried out. The electrostatic potential of metronidazole, calculated from the experiment, predicts the possible electrophilic and nucleophilic sites of the molecule; notably, the hydroxyl and the nitro groups exhibit large electronegative regions. The results have been compared with the corresponding theoretical results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinnasamy Kalaiarasi
- Laboratory of Biocrystallography and Computational Molecular Biology, Department of Physics, Periyar University, Salem, 636 011, India
| | - Christy George
- Centre for Materials Characterization, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411 008, India
| | - Rajesh G Gonnade
- Centre for Materials Characterization, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411 008, India
| | | | - Kumaradhas Poomani
- Laboratory of Biocrystallography and Computational Molecular Biology, Department of Physics, Periyar University, Salem, 636 011, India
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4
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Gianopoulos CG, Chua Z, Zhurov VV, Seipp CA, Wang X, Custelcean R, Pinkerton AA. Direct air capture of CO- 2 - topological analysis of the experimental electron density (QTAIM) of the highly insoluble carbonate salt of a 2,6-pyridine-bis(iminoguanidine), (PyBIGH 2)(CO 3)(H 2O) 4. IUCRJ 2019; 6:56-65. [PMID: 30713703 PMCID: PMC6327188 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252518014616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Chemical bonding and all intermolecular interactions in the highly insoluble carbonate salt of a 2,6-pyridine-bis(iminoguanidine), (PyBIGH2)(CO3)(H2O)4, recently employed in the direct air capture of CO2 via crystallization, have been analyzed within the framework of the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) based on the experimental electron density derived from X-ray diffraction data obtained at 20 K. Accurate hydrogen positions were included based on an analogous neutron diffraction study at 100 K. Topological features of the covalent bonds demonstrate the presence of multiple bonds of various orders within the PyBIGH2 2+ cation. Strong hydrogen bonds define ribbons comprising carbonate anions and water molecules. These ribbons are linked to stacks of essentially planar dications via hydrogen bonds from the guanidinium moieties and an additional one to the pyridine nitro-gen. The linking hydrogen bonds are approximately perpendicular to the anion-water ribbons. The observation of these putative interactions provided motivation to characterize them by topological analysis of the total electron density. Thus, all hydrogen bonds have been characterized by the properties of their (3,-1) bond critical points. Weaker interactions between the PyBIGH2 2+ cations have similarly been characterized. Integrated atomic charges are also reported. A small amount of cocrystallized hydroxide ion (∼2%) was also detected in both the X-ray and neutron data, and included in the multipole model for the electron-density refinement. The small amount of additional H+ required for charge balance was not detected in either the X-ray or the neutron data. The results are discussed in the context of the unusually low aqueous solubility of (PyBIGH2)(CO3)(H2O)4 and its ability to sequester atmospheric CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhijie Chua
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | | | - Charles A. Seipp
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Radu Custelcean
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - A. Alan Pinkerton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
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5
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Khrenova MG, Krivitskaya AV, Tsirelson VG. The QM/MM-QTAIM approach reveals the nature of the different reactivity of cephalosporins in the active site of L1 metallo-β-lactamase. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj00254e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We combine the QM/MM and the QTAIM approaches to predict the reactivity of cephalosporins in the active site of L1 metallo-β-lactamase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G. Khrenova
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry
- Federal Research Centre “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russia
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Alexandra V. Krivitskaya
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry
- Federal Research Centre “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russia
- Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology
| | - Vladimir G. Tsirelson
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry
- Federal Research Centre “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russia
- Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology
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6
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Tidey JP, Zhurov VV, Gianopoulos CG, Hermann TS, Pinkerton AA. QTAIM Assessment of the Intra- and Intermolecular Bonding in a Bis(nitramido-oxadiazolate) Energetic Ionic Salt at 20 K. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:9676-9687. [PMID: 30457862 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b10065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Accurate experimental determination of the electron density distribution for the energetic ionic salt bis(ammonium) 2,2'-dinitramido-5,5'-bis(1-oxa-3,4-diazolate) dihydrate (1) is obtained from multipole modeling of single-crystal X-ray diffraction data collected at 20 K. The intra- and intermolecular bonding is assessed in terms of the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) with a view to better understanding the physicochemical properties in relation to chemical bonding. Topological analysis reveals stronger bonding for the N-NO2 bond relative to energetic nitramines RDX and HMX and the indication of a trend between this and impact sensitivity of nitro-containing energetic materials is noted. The intermolecular bonding of 1 is dominated by classical H-bonds but includes multiple π-bonding interactions and interactions between H-bond donor and acceptor atoms where bond paths are deflected by H atoms. There also exists a weak O···O interaction between end-on nitro groups, as well as an intramolecular ring-forming 1,5-type interaction. An anharmonic description of thermal motion was required to obtain the best fitting model, despite the low temperature of the study. The experimental study was complemented by periodic boundary DFT calculations at the experimental geometry as well as gas phase calculations on the isolated dianion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah P Tidey
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toledo , 2801 West Bancroft Street , Toledo , Ohio 43606 , United States
| | - Vladimir V Zhurov
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toledo , 2801 West Bancroft Street , Toledo , Ohio 43606 , United States
| | - Christopher G Gianopoulos
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toledo , 2801 West Bancroft Street , Toledo , Ohio 43606 , United States
| | - Tobias S Hermann
- Department of Chemistry , Ludwig Maximilian University Munich , Butenandtstrasse 5-13 , D-81377 München , Germany
| | - A Alan Pinkerton
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toledo , 2801 West Bancroft Street , Toledo , Ohio 43606 , United States
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7
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Molčanov K, Mou Z, Kertesz M, Kojić-Prodić B, Stalke D, Demeshko S, Šantić A, Stilinović V. Pancake Bonding in π-Stacked Trimers in a Salt of Tetrachloroquinone Anion. Chemistry 2018; 24:8292-8297. [PMID: 29624761 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structure of [4-damp])2 [Cl4 Q]3 (4-damp=4-dimethylamino-N-methylpyridinium, Cl4 Q=tetrachloroquinone) salt is built up from slipped columnar stacks of quinoid rings composed of closely bound trimers with the intra-trimer separation distance of 2.84 Å and total charge of -2 whereas the inter-trimer distance is 3.59 Å. The individual rings exhibit partial negative charges that are distributed unevenly among the three Cl4 Qs in the trimer. The strong interactions within a trimer (Cl4 Q)32- have a partially covalent character with two-electron/multicentered bonding, that is extended over three rings, plausibly termed as "pancake bonding". The electron pairing within this multicentre bond leads to the fact that the crystals are diamagnetic and act as insulators. The studies of the structure and nature of bonding are based on X-ray charge density analysis and density functional theory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhongyu Mou
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Soft Matter, Georgetown University, 424 Regents Hall, Washington, DC, 20057-1227, USA
| | - Miklos Kertesz
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Soft Matter, Georgetown University, 424 Regents Hall, Washington, DC, 20057-1227, USA
| | | | - Dietmar Stalke
- Institut für Anorgansiche Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammanstraße 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Serhiy Demeshko
- Institut für Anorgansiche Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammanstraße 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ana Šantić
- Rudjer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vladimir Stilinović
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
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8
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Tidey JP, Zhurov VV, Gianopoulos CG, Zhurova EA, Pinkerton AA. Experimental Charge-Density Study of the Intra- and Intermolecular Bonding in TKX-50. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:8962-8972. [PMID: 29087718 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b09367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The intra- and intermolecular bonding in the known phase of dihydroxylammonium 5,5'-bistetrazole-1,1'-diolate, TKX-50, has been analyzed on the basis of the experimentally determined charge density distribution from high-resolution X-ray diffraction data obtained at 20 K. This was compared to the charge density obtained from DFT calculations with periodic boundary conditions using both direct calculations and derived structure factors. Results of topological analysis of the electron density corroborate that TKX-50 is best described as a layered structure linked primarily by a number of hydrogen bonds as well as by a variety of other interactions. Additional bonding interactions were identified, including a pair of equivalent 1,5-type intramolecular closed-shell interactions in the dianion. Refinement of anharmonic motion was shown to be essential for obtaining an adequate model, despite the low temperature of the study. Although generally unusual, the implementation of anharmonic refinement provided a significant improvement compared to harmonic refinement of both traditional and split-core multipole models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah P Tidey
- University of Toledo , 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Vladimir V Zhurov
- University of Toledo , 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | | | - Elizabeth A Zhurova
- University of Toledo , 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - A Alan Pinkerton
- University of Toledo , 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
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9
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Molčanov K, Jelsch C, Wenger E, Stare J, Madsen AØ, Kojić-Prodić B. Experimental evidence of a 3-centre, 2-electron covalent bond character of the central O–H–O fragment on the Zundel cation in crystals of Zundel nitranilate tetrahydrate. CrystEngComm 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ce00501f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Charge density of the Zundel cation in the solid state reveals a covalent nature of its central O–H–O fragment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Jelsch
- Cristallographie
- Résonance Magnétique et Modélisations CNRS
- UMR 7036
- Institut Jean Barriol
- CNRS and Université de Lorraine BP 70239
| | - Emmanuel Wenger
- Cristallographie
- Résonance Magnétique et Modélisations CNRS
- UMR 7036
- Institut Jean Barriol
- CNRS and Université de Lorraine BP 70239
| | - Jernej Stare
- National Institute of Chemistry
- Hajdrihova 19
- SI-1000 Ljubljana
- Slovenia
| | - Anders Ø. Madsen
- Department of Pharmacy
- University of Copenhagen
- 2100 København
- Denmark
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10
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Gianopoulos CG, Zarychta B, Cenedese S, Zhurov VV, Pinkerton AA. Experimental and Theoretical Electron Density Determination for Two Norbornene Derivatives: Topological Analysis Provides Insights on Reactivity. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:4059-70. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b03787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G. Gianopoulos
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606-3390, United States
| | - Bartosz Zarychta
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606-3390, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Opole University, ul. Oleska 48, 45-052 Opole, Poland
| | - Simone Cenedese
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606-3390, United States
| | - Vladimir V. Zhurov
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606-3390, United States
| | - A. Alan Pinkerton
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606-3390, United States
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11
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Zhurov VV, Pinkerton AA. Inter- and Intramolecular Interactions in Crystalline 2-Nitrobenzoic Acid—An Experimental and Theoretical QTAIM Analysis. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:13092-100. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b10027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Bartashevich EV, Troitskaya EA, Tsirelson VG. The N⋯I halogen bond in substituted pyridines as viewed by the source function and delocalization indices. Chem Phys Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Electron density, electrostatic potential, and spatial organization of ammonium hydrooxalate oxalic acid dihydrate heteromolecular crystal from data of diffraction experiment at 15 K using synchrotron radiation and theoretical calculations. Russ Chem Bull 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-013-0252-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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14
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Stare J, Hadži D. Cooperativity Assisted Shortening of Hydrogen Bonds in Crystalline Oxalic Acid Dihydrate: DFT and NBO Model Studies. J Chem Theory Comput 2014; 10:1817-23. [DOI: 10.1021/ct500167n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jernej Stare
- National
Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dušan Hadži
- National
Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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15
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Hugas D, Guillaumes L, Duran M, Simon S. Delocalization indices for non-covalent interaction: Hydrogen and DiHydrogen bond. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Vener MV, Egorova AN, Churakov AV, Tsirelson VG. Intermolecular hydrogen bond energies in crystals evaluated using electron density properties: DFT computations with periodic boundary conditions. J Comput Chem 2012; 33:2303-9. [PMID: 22786749 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.23062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The hydrogen bond (H-bond) energies are evaluated for 18 molecular crystals with 28 moderate and strong O-H···O bonds using the approaches based on the electron density properties, which are derived from the B3LYP/6-311G** calculations with periodic boundary conditions. The approaches considered explore linear relationships between the local electronic kinetic G(b) and potential V(b) densities at the H···O bond critical point and the H-bond energy E(HB). Comparison of the computed E(HB) values with the experimental data and enthalpies evaluated using the empirical correlation of spectral and thermodynamic parameters (Iogansen, Spectrochim. Acta Part A 1999, 55, 1585) enables to estimate the accuracy and applicability limits of the approaches used. The V(b)-E(HB) approach overestimates the energy of moderate H-bonds (E(HB) < 60 kJ/mol) by ~20% and gives unreliably high energies for crystals with strong H-bonds. On the other hand, the G(b)-E(HB) approach affords reliable results for the crystals under consideration. The linear relationship between G(b) and E(HB) is basis set superposition error (BSSE) free and allows to estimate the H-bond energy without computing it by means of the supramolecular approach. Therefore, for the evaluation of H-bond energies in molecular crystals, the G(b) value can be recommended to be obtained from both density functional theory (DFT) computations with periodic boundary conditions and precise X-ray diffraction experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Vener
- Department of Quantum Chemistry, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology, Miusskaya Square 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia.
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