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Sisodiya DS, Chattopadhyay A. The photochemical trans → cis and thermal cis → trans isomerization pathways of azobenzo-13-crown ether: A computational study on a strained cyclic azobenzene system. J Chem Phys 2024; 161:034307. [PMID: 39017425 DOI: 10.1063/5.0206946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The isomerization of azobenzo-13-crown ether can be expected to be hindered due to the polyoxyethylene linkage connecting the 2,2'-positions of azobenzene. The mixed reference spin-flip time-dependent density functional theory results reveal that the planar and rotational minima of the first photo-excited singlet state (S1) of the trans-isomer pass through a barrier (2.5-5.0 kcal/mol) as it goes toward the torsional conical intersection (S0/S1) geometry (
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilawar Singh Sisodiya
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani, K. K. Birla Goa Campus, Zuarinagar, India
| | - Anjan Chattopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani, K. K. Birla Goa Campus, Zuarinagar, India
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2
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Sisodiya DS, Ali SM, Chattopadhyay A. Unexplored Isomerization Pathways of Azobis(benzo-15-crown-5): Computational Studies on a Butterfly Crown Ether. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:7080-7093. [PMID: 37526572 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c02363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Computational studies on trans → cis and cis → trans isomerizations of photoresponsive azobis(benzo-15-crown-5) have been reported in this work. The photoexcited ππ* state (S2) of the trans isomer relaxes through the planar S2 minimum and the planar S2/S1 conical intersection (both situated around 9 kcal/mol below the vertically excited S2 state) arising along the N═N stretching coordinate. The nπ* state (S1) of this isomer has both planar and rotated (clockwise and anticlockwise) minima, which may lead to a torsional conical intersection (S0/S1) geometry having a
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilawar Singh Sisodiya
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani, K.K. Birla Goa Campus, Zuarinagar 403726, India
| | - Sk Musharaf Ali
- Chemical Engineering Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Anjan Chattopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani, K.K. Birla Goa Campus, Zuarinagar 403726, India
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Liu R, Zhang X, Xia F, Dai Y. Azobenzene-based photoswitchable catalysts: State of the art and perspectives. J Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2022.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Pang J, Gao C, Shu L, Hu X, Li M. DFT calculations: Bridged-azo working with visible light. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2020.113041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Pang J, Shu L, Li M, Hu X. Theoretical insights into a colorimetric azo-based probe to detect copper ions. RSC Adv 2020; 10:23196-23202. [PMID: 35520344 PMCID: PMC9054711 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra02468f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, a colorimetric azobenzene-based probe (AZO 1) was reported that exhibits high selectivity toward Cu2+ and undergoes a red to yellow colour change upon its detection. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were carried out to investigate the mechanism of the probe discoloration. The differences in the binding energies of complexes of 2 : 1 and 1 : 1 stoichiometry indicated that a two-step complexation process takes place as the Cu2+ content increases. However, the calculated absorption spectra suggested that a significant colour change would only be observed for the 1 : 1 AZO 1 : Cu2+ complex. A HOMO–LUMO electronic transition was a key factor for the blue shift of the absorption bands of the probe. Further studies indicated that solvent molecules participate in the complexation and that the presence of the o-methoxy group in AZO 1 led to formation of an octahedral complex because of the additional chelating site. A significant change in the conformation of AZO 1, namely the rotation of the N,N-di(carboxymethyl)amino group around the N–CAr bond by approximately 90°, resulted in a larger HOMO–LUMO energy gap, and the corresponding alteration of the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) from the N,N-di(carboxymethyl)amino group to the phenyl ring led to the observed colour change. DFT calculations indicated that the rotation of the N,N-di(carboxymethyl)amino group around the N–CAr bond by approximately 90°, resulted in a larger HOMO–LUMO energy gap, and led to the observed colour change.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pang
- College of Material Science and Engineering
- Jinling Institute of Technology
- Nanjing 211169
- People's Republic of China
| | - Li Shu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering
- Hefei University
- Hefei 230601
- People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Li
- College of Material Science and Engineering
- Jinling Institute of Technology
- Nanjing 211169
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Hu
- College of Material Science and Engineering
- Jinling Institute of Technology
- Nanjing 211169
- People's Republic of China
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Pang J, Mao X, Xu J, Zhao X, Kong J, Hu X. Design, synthesis, and investigation of a visible light-driven photo-switching macromolecule. RSC Adv 2020; 10:35164-35173. [PMID: 35515657 PMCID: PMC9056821 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra06627c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The application of azobenzene (AZO) as a kind of photo-switch is restricted by its excitation source, i.e., UV light. Hence, visible light-driven azobenzene-based photo-switching is needed and has been designed in the work. In order to forecast the optimal triggered wavelength, the electrostatic potential, theoretical UV-vis spectra, as well as the energy gap for focused structures was calculated to describe the energy and orbit status of the molecules by DFT. According to the theoretical optimization results, m-Methyl Red (m-MR) containing copolymer was successfully synthesized as a visible light-driven photo-switch. Further, for performance evaluation, the efficiency and effectiveness of different excitation wavelengths was firstly evaluated for the copolymer using m-MR and m-Methyl Red acrylic anhydride (m-MRAA) as the controls. Compared with m-MR and m-MRAA, the copolymer exhibited outstanding characteristics as a photo-switch according to its response–recovery behavior. At the same time, blue light proved to be the most efficient excitation light source. Moreover, the equilibrium response time and recovery time showed some dependence on the excitation wavelength. Secondly, the influence of the light intensity on the isomerization transition was investigated. A relatively low light density could lead to a relatively low degree of the final cis form and needed more equilibrium time for trans to cis transformation but showed little effect on the recovery process. Thirdly, repeatable on/off irradiation was used to evaluate the fatigue resistance of the copolymer. Good fatigue resistance without photobleaching was verified from the results. Fourthly, the influence of the solvent on visible light-driven isomerization was also evaluated. Finally, the synthesized copolymer still had the characteristic of a pH indicator with a critical point at pH 5.0 and exhibited an obvious fluorescent characteristic. The application of azobenzene (AZO) as a kind of photo-switch is restricted by its excitation source, i.e., UV light.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pang
- School of Material Engineering
- Jinling Institute of Technology
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Xincheng Mao
- School of Material Engineering
- Jinling Institute of Technology
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Jialin Xu
- School of Material Engineering
- Jinling Institute of Technology
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- School of Material Engineering
- Jinling Institute of Technology
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Jingyang Kong
- School of Material Engineering
- Jinling Institute of Technology
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Xiaohong Hu
- School of Material Engineering
- Jinling Institute of Technology
- Nanjing
- China
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Yang PC, Chien YH, Tseng SH, Lin CC, Huang KY. Synthesis and Self-Assembly of Multistimulus-Responsive Azobenzene-Containing Diblock Copolymer through RAFT Polymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E2028. [PMID: 31817773 PMCID: PMC6960709 DOI: 10.3390/polym11122028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper gathered studies on multistimulus-responsive sensing and self-assembly behavior of a novel amphiphilic diblock copolymer through a two-step reverse addition-fragmentation transfer (RAFT) polymerization technique. N-Isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) macromolecular chain transfer agent and diblock copolymer (poly(NIPAM-b-Azo)) were discovered to have moderate thermal decomposition temperatures of 351.8 and 370.8 °C, respectively, indicating that their thermal stability was enhanced because of the azobenzene segments incorporated into the block copolymer. The diblock copolymer was determined to exhibit a lower critical solution temperature of 34.4 °C. Poly(NIPAM-b-Azo) demonstrated a higher photoisomerization rate constant (kt = 0.1295 s-1) than the Azo monomer did (kt = 0.088 s-1). When ultraviolet (UV) irradiation was applied, the intensity of fluorescence gradually increased, suggesting that UV irradiation enhanced the fluorescence of self-assembled cis-isomers of azobenzene. Morphological aggregates before and after UV irradiation are shown in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) analyses of the diblock copolymer. We employed photoluminescence titrations to reveal that the diblock copolymer was highly sensitive toward Ru3+ and Ba2+, as was indicated by the crown ether acting as a recognition moiety between azobenzene units. Micellar aggregates were formed in the polymer aqueous solution through dissolution; their mean diameters were approximately 205.8 and 364.6 nm at temperatures of 25.0 and 40.0 °C, respectively. Our findings contribute to research on photoresponsive and chemosensory polymer material developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Chih Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Chung-Li, Taoyuan City 32003, Taiwan; (Y.-H.C.); (S.-H.T.); (C.-C.L.); (K.-Y.H.)
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Pang J, Gao Z, Tan H, Mao X, Xu J, Kong J, Hu X. Fabrication, Investigation, and Application of Light-Responsive Self-Assembled Nanoparticles. Front Chem 2019; 7:620. [PMID: 31572711 PMCID: PMC6751253 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Light-responsive materials have attracted increasing interest in recent years on account of their adjustable on-off properties upon specific light. In consideration of reversible isomerization transition for azobenzene (AZO), it was designed as a light-responsive domain for nanoparticles in this research. At the same time, the interaction between AZO domain and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) domain was designed as a driving force to assemble nanoparticles, which was fabricated by two polymers containing AZO domain and β-CD domain, respectively. The formed nanoparticles were confirmed by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) results and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) images. An obvious two-phase structure was formed in which the outer layer of nanoparticles was composed of PCD polymer, as verified by 1HNMR spectroscopy. The efficient and effective light response of the nanoparticles, including quick responsive time, controllable and gradual recovered process and good fatigue resistance, was confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy. The size of the nanoparticle could be adjusted by polymer ratio and light irradiation, which was ascribed to its light-response property. Nanoparticles had irreversibly pH dependent characteristics. In order to explore its application as a nanocarrier, drug loading and in vitro release profile in different environment were investigated through control of stimuli including light or pH value. Folic acid (FA), as a kind of target fluorescent molecule with specific protein-binding property, was functionalized onto nanoparticles for precise delivery for anticancer drugs. Preliminary in vitro cell culture results confirmed efficient and effective curative effect for the nanocarrier on MCF-7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pang
- School of Material Engineering, Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Ziyu Gao
- School of Material Engineering, Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Huaping Tan
- Biomaterials for Organogenesis Laboratory, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Xincheng Mao
- School of Material Engineering, Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Jialing Xu
- School of Material Engineering, Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingyang Kong
- School of Material Engineering, Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaohong Hu
- School of Material Engineering, Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing, China
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Pang J, Gao Z, Tan H, Mao X, Wang H, Hu X. Design, Synthesis, Investigation, and Application of a Macromolecule Photoswitch. Front Chem 2019; 7:86. [PMID: 30873401 PMCID: PMC6403147 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Azobenzene (AZO) has attracted increasing interest due to its reversible structural change upon a light stimulus. However, poor fatigue durability and the photobleaching phenomenon restricts its further application. Herein, the AZO domain as a pendent group, was incorporated into copolymers, which was synthesized by radical copolymerization in the research. Structure-properties of synthesized copolymer can be adjusted by monomer ratios. Emphatically, responsive properties of copolymer in different solutions were investigated. In the DMSO solution, copolymer exhibited effective structural change, stable rapid responsive time (1 min) upon UV light at room temperature, stable relative acceptable recovery time (100 min) upon white light at room temperature, and good fatigue resistance property. In an aqueous solution, even more controllable responsive properties and fatigue resistance properties for copolymer were verified by results. More pervasively, the recovery process could be controlled by light density and temperature. In order to clarify reasons for the difference between the AZO molecule and the AZO domain of copolymer, energy barrier or interactions between single atoms or even structural units was calculated using the density functional theory (DFT). Furthermore, the status of copolymer was characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Finally, copolymer was further functionalized with bioactive protein (concanavalin, ConA) to reduce the cytotoxicity of the AZO molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pang
- School of Material Engineering, Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Ziyu Gao
- School of Material Engineering, Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Huaping Tan
- Biomaterials for Organogenesis Laboratory, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Xincheng Mao
- School of Material Engineering, Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Huiming Wang
- School of Material Engineering, Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaohong Hu
- School of Material Engineering, Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing, China
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10
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Geng WC, Sun H, Guo DS. Macrocycles containing azo groups: recognition, assembly and application. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-018-0819-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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11
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Pang J, Gao Z, Zhang L, Wang H, Hu X. Synthesis and Characterization of Photoresponsive Macromolecule for Biomedical Application. Front Chem 2018; 6:217. [PMID: 30013963 PMCID: PMC6036227 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Azobenzene, a photo switcher, has attracted increasing interest due to its structural response to photo stimulus in the field of information science and chemical sensing in the recent decades. However, limited water solubility and cytotoxicity restrained their applications in the biomedical field. In research, HA-AZO has been designed as a water soluble photo switcher in biomedical application. Synthesized HA-AZO had good water-solubility and a stable π-π* transition absorbance peak trans-isomer. With exposure to UV, transformation from trans-isomer to cis-isomer of HA-AZO could be realized according to UV spectra. Reversely, trans-isomer could be gradually recovered from cis-isomer in the dark. Simultaneously, quick response and slow recovery could be detected in the process of structural change. Moreover, repeated illumination was further used to detect the antifatigue property of HA-AZO, which showed no sign of fatigue during 20 circles. The influence of pH value on UV spectrum for HA-AZO was investigated in the work. Importantly, in acid solution, HA-AZO no longer showed any photoresponsive property. Additionally, the status of HA-AZO under the effect of UV light was investigated by DLS results and TEM image. Finally, in vitro cytotoxicity evaluations were performed to show the effects of photoresponsive macromolecule on cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pang
- School of Material Engineering, Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Ziyu Gao
- School of Material Engineering, Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Long Zhang
- School of Material Engineering, Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Huiming Wang
- School of Material Engineering, Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaohong Hu
- School of Material Engineering, Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing, China
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Montagna M, Guskova O. Photosensitive Cationic Azobenzene Surfactants: Thermodynamics of Hydration and the Complex Formation with Poly(methacrylic acid). LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:311-321. [PMID: 29228776 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b03638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In this computational work, we investigate the photosensitive cationic surfactants with the trimethylammonium or polyamine hydrophilic head and the azobenzene-containing hydrophobic tail. The azobenzene-based molecules are known to undergo a reversible trans-cis-trans isomerization reaction when subjected to UV-visible light irradiation. Combining the density functional theory and the all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, the structural and the hydration properties of the trans- and the cis-isomers and their interaction with the oppositely charged poly(methacrylic acid) in aqueous solution are investigated. We establish and quantify the correlations of the molecular structure and the isomerization state of the surfactants and their hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity and the self-assembling altered by light. For this reason, we compare the hydration free energies of the trans- and the cis-isomers. Moreover, the investigations of the interaction strength between the azobenzene molecules and the polyanion provide additional elucidations of the recent experimental and theoretical studies on the light triggered reversible deformation behavior of the microgels and the polymer brushes loaded with azobenzene surfactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Montagna
- Institute Theory of Polymers, Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden , Hohe Str. 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Olga Guskova
- Institute Theory of Polymers, Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden , Hohe Str. 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
- Dresden Center for Computational Materials Science (DCMS), Technische Universität Dresden , D-01062 Dresden, Germany
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Wagner-Wysiecka E, Łukasik N, Biernat JF, Luboch E. Azo group(s) in selected macrocyclic compounds. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2018; 90:189-257. [PMID: 29568230 PMCID: PMC5845695 DOI: 10.1007/s10847-017-0779-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Azobenzene derivatives due to their photo- and electroactive properties are an important group of compounds finding applications in diverse fields. Due to the possibility of controlling the trans-cis isomerization, azo-bearing structures are ideal building blocks for development of e.g. nanomaterials, smart polymers, molecular containers, photoswitches, and sensors. Important role play also macrocyclic compounds well known for their interesting binding properties. In this article selected macrocyclic compounds bearing azo group(s) are comprehensively described. Here, the relationship between compounds' structure and their properties (as e.g. ability to guest complexation, supramolecular structure formation, switching and motion) is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Wagner-Wysiecka
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Functional Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza Street 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Natalia Łukasik
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Functional Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza Street 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jan F Biernat
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Functional Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza Street 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Luboch
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Functional Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza Street 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
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Shi MW, Yu LJ, Thomas SP, Karton A, Spackman MA. Geometries, interaction energies and complexation free energies of 18-crown-6 with neutral molecules. CrystEngComm 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ce02039a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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