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Global prevalence of intestinal protozoan contamination in vegetables and fruits: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Symeonidou I, Gelasakis AΙ, Miliotou AN, Angelou A, Arsenopoulos KV, Loukeri S, Papadopoulos E. Rapid on-site diagnosis of canine giardiosis: time versus performance. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:544. [PMID: 33138850 PMCID: PMC7607699 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04422-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infections by protozoans of the genus Giardia are a common cause of diarrhea in dogs. Canine giardiosis constitutes a disease with a zoonotic potential; however, it is often underestimated due to its challenging diagnosis. The objective of the study was to assess the diagnostic performance of an immunochromatographic strip test (SpeedTM Giardia, Virbac, France) comparing it with microscopy (zinc sulfate flotation) by utilizing the combination of an enzyme immunoassay (ProSpecTTM Giardia EZ Microplate Assay, Oxoid Ltd., UK) and the PCR as the gold standard. A positive result in both ELISA and PCR was set as the gold standard. METHODS Initially, fecal samples from dogs with clinical signs compatible with giardiosis were tested with the SpeedTM Giardia test and separated into two groups of 50 samples each: group A (positive) and group B (negative). Thereafter, all samples were examined by zinc sulfate centrifugal flotation technique and assayed by the ProSpecTTM Giardia Microplate Assay and PCR. The performance of the SpeedTM Giardia and zinc sulfate centrifugal flotation tests were calculated estimating sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative likelihood ratio; the chi-square and McNemar tests were used for the comparison of the two methods. RESULTS Giardia cysts were not detected by microscopy in 16 out of the 50 samples (32%) of group A and in none of group B samples. Eight out of 50 samples in group B (16%) were tested positive both with the ProSpecTTM Giardia Microplate Assay and PCR. Fecal examination with the SpeedTM Giardia test was more sensitive (86.2%) than the parasitological method (58.6%, P < 0.001) while the specificity of both methods was 100%. CONCLUSIONS The SpeedTM Giardia test is an easy-to-perform diagnostic method for the detection of Giardia spp., which can increase laboratory efficiency by reducing time and cost and decrease underdiagnosis of Giardia spp. infections. This immunochromatographic strip test may be routinely exploited when a rapid and reliable diagnosis is required, other diagnostic techniques are unavailable and microscopy expertise is inefficient. In negative dogs with compatible clinical signs of giardiosis, it is recommended either to repeat the exam or proceed with further ELISA and PCR testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaia Symeonidou
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, GR Greece
| | - Athanasios Ι. Gelasakis
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Iera Odos str. 75, 11855 Athens, GR Greece
| | - Androulla N. Miliotou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, GR Greece
| | - Athanasios Angelou
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, GR Greece
| | - Konstantinos V. Arsenopoulos
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, GR Greece
| | - Sofia Loukeri
- Medical Department Virbac, 13ème Rue, 06511 Carros, France
| | - Elias Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, GR Greece
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Siwila J, Mwaba F, Chidumayo N, Mubanga C. Food and waterborne protozoan parasites: The African perspective. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2020; 20:e00088. [PMID: 32995582 PMCID: PMC7502820 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2020.e00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic food-borne diseases, particularly those caused by the protozoan parasites Cryptosporidium, Giardia, Cyclospora cayetanensis and Entamoeba are increasingly becoming common and have received considerable attention in the last two decades. The ability of the transmission stages of the parasites to survive in the environment for prolonged periods, globalization of the food industry and changes in eating habits have contributed to the numbers of human infections. This systematic scoping review highlights these important water- and foodborne parasites in the African context, detailing the burden in African water sources, wastewater/effluents and fresh produce. A scoping review search targeting African countries was conducted in Medline, Web of science and African journals online as well as back referencing from included studies covering the period 1990 to January 2020. Out of 1134 studies, 68 were included in the review. The articles covered 17 out of 54 African countries. There were 39/68 studies reporting on water sources while the rest reported on fresh produce. Cryptosporidium prevalence ranged from 6 to 100% in surface water, 4 to 100% in tap water and up to 100% in wastewater and sludge. In fresh produce, Cryptosporidium was reported from five countries with prevalence of 0.8-75%. Giardia was reported in 47 out of 68 articles; prevalence ranged from 2.4% in surface water; 1% to over 70% in tap water; 28-100% in wastewater and 2% - 99% in fresh produce. Prevalence of Cyclospora cayetanensis was lower. Prevalence of Entamoeba was 78% in surface water; 100% in wastewater and up to 99% in fresh produce. This study finds that Africa is no exception to the risk presented by the subject parasites from water and/or food sources. Routine screening for these parasites particularly at household level and provision of adequate and safe drinking water would help to control the parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Siwila
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Florence Mwaba
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 50110, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Nozyechi Chidumayo
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Chishimba Mubanga
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
- Ministry of Agriculture, P.O. Box 31658, Lusaka, Zambia
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Puebla LEJ, Núñez FA, Rivero LR, Hernández YR, Millán IA, Müller N. Prevalence of intestinal parasites and molecular characterization of Giardia duodenalis from dogs in La Habana, Cuba. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2017; 8:107-112. [PMID: 31014625 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a worldwide protozoan parasite that infects humans and other mammals including dogs. Due to the risk of zoonotic transmission between dogs and humans, we aimed in this study to determine the prevalence of the intestinal parasites and the distribution of assemblages of G. duodenalis among dogs analysed. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in La Habana from June 2014 to March 2015 in the Zoonosis Unit of La Lisa municipality. A total of 98 dogs were analysed by three different techniques (microscopy with faecal concentration, Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay, and Polymerase Chain Reaction) in order to detect Giardia in stool samples. Out of 98 dogs studied, 43 (43.9%) were infected with intestinal parasites. The zoonotic parasites Ancylostoma caninum (21.4%), Trichuris vulpis (16.3%) and the protozoan Giardia duodenalis (11.2%) were the most prevalent parasites. In regards to the G. duodenalis, seven dogs were positive by microscopy after faecal concentration, nine by NOVITEC® Giardia Microplate Assay, and ten and eleven samples were amplified by the β-giardin and SSU-RNA PCRs, respectively. After PCR sequence analysis of both genes only zoonotic assemblages (A and B) were detected. The SSU-RNA sequence results revealed a distribution of 8 assemblage A and 4 assemblage B, whereas only assemblage A were identified by the β-giardin analysis. Among subassemblage classification by β-giardin phylogenetic tree, four isolates showed an AI pattern and one isolate displayed an AII distribution. Mixed infections were detected in three isolates. These findings highlight the risk of zoonotic transmission of Giardia duodenalis between dogs and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Enrique Jerez Puebla
- Department of Parasitology, Tropical Medicine Institute "Pedro Kourí", Autopista Novia del Mediodía Km 6 1/2 e/Autopista Nacional y Carretera Central, La Habana, Cuba.
| | - Fidel A Núñez
- Department of Parasitology, Tropical Medicine Institute "Pedro Kourí", Autopista Novia del Mediodía Km 6 1/2 e/Autopista Nacional y Carretera Central, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Lázara Rojas Rivero
- Department of Parasitology, Tropical Medicine Institute "Pedro Kourí", Autopista Novia del Mediodía Km 6 1/2 e/Autopista Nacional y Carretera Central, La Habana, Cuba
| | | | - Iraís Atencio Millán
- Department of Parasitology, Tropical Medicine Institute "Pedro Kourí", Autopista Novia del Mediodía Km 6 1/2 e/Autopista Nacional y Carretera Central, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Norbert Müller
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Berne, Switzerland
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Jones EJ, Korcsmaros T, Carding SR. Mechanisms and pathways of Toxoplasma gondii transepithelial migration. Tissue Barriers 2016; 5:e1273865. [PMID: 28452683 PMCID: PMC5362999 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2016.1273865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a ubiquitous parasite and a prevalent food-borne parasitic pathogen. Infection of the host occurs principally through oral consumption of contaminated food and water with the gastrointestinal tract being the primary route for entry into the host. To promote infection, T. gondii has evolved highly specialized strategies for rapid traversal of the single cell thick intestinal epithelial barrier. Parasite transmigration via the paracellular pathway between adjacent cells enables parasite dissemination to secondary sites of infection where chronic infection of muscle and brain tissue is established. It has recently been proposed that parasite interactions with the integral tight junction (TJ) protein occludin influences parasite transmigration of the intestinal epithelium. We review here the emerging mechanisms of T. gondii transmigration of the small intestinal epithelium alongside the developing role played in modulating the wider TJ-associated proteome to rewire host cell regulatory systems for the benefit of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Jones
- a Gut Health and Food Safety Institute Strategic Programme , Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park , Norwich , UK.,b Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park , Norwich , UK
| | - Tamas Korcsmaros
- a Gut Health and Food Safety Institute Strategic Programme , Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park , Norwich , UK.,b Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park , Norwich , UK
| | - Simon R Carding
- a Gut Health and Food Safety Institute Strategic Programme , Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park , Norwich , UK.,c Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park , Norwich , UK
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Hadi M, Mesdaghinia A, Yunesian M, Nasseri S, Nabizadeh Nodehi R, Tashauoei H, Jalilzadeh E, Zarinnejad R. Contribution of environmental media to cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis prevalence in Tehran: a focus on surface waters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:19317-19329. [PMID: 27370533 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7055-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The occurrences of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in surface sources of drinking water in Tehran were monitored, using US EPA method 1623.1. The prevalence ratios (PR) of positive samples among other media (animal's stools, vegetables, and human's stools) were also estimated from literature data. The density of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in water samples were 0.129 ± 0.069 cysts/L and 0.005 ± 0.002 oocysts/L, respectively. Estimated PR in vegetables, animal stools, surface waters, and human stools were 6.65, 20.42, 21.05, and 4.28 % for Cryptosporidium and 6.46, 17.13, 73.68, and 15.65 % for Giardia, respectively. These reveal the importance of surface waters' and animal stools' roles in the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis in Tehran's population. Giardia's prevalence in untreated surface waters in Tehran was found 3.5 times as much as Cryptosporidium while this found 2.3 times on a global scale. Moreover, the prevalence of giardiasis to cryptosporidiosis infections in Tehran's human population was 3.65. These values could be a clue to attribute the infections to the occurrence of parasites in surface waters. Significant (p < 0.05) associations were observed between rainfalls and presence of Giardia (r = 0.62) and Cryptosporidium (r = 0.60) in surface waters. In autumn, rainfalls can increase the parasites occurrences in surface waters. Significant (p < 0.05) difference on the density of parasites was found between some seasons using Kruskal-Wallis and multiple comparison tests. A significant correlation (r = 0.86) between Giardia and Cryptosporidium densities also confirms the common sources of pollution in surface waters. Findings suggest that untreated surface waters in Tehran may be a potential route of human exposure to protozoan parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Hadi
- Center for Water Quality Research (CWQR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Mesdaghinia
- Center for Water Quality Research (CWQR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Masud Yunesian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Simin Nasseri
- Center for Water Quality Research (CWQR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Nabizadeh Nodehi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Tashauoei
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Islamic Azad University-Tehran Medical Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Esfandiar Jalilzadeh
- Department of Water and Wastewater Quality Control Laboratory, Water and Wastewater Company, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roya Zarinnejad
- Department of Water and Wastewater Quality Control Laboratory, Water and Wastewater Company, Tehran, Iran
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7
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Evaluation of five commercial methods for the extraction and purification of DNA from human faecal samples for downstream molecular detection of the enteric protozoan parasites Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Entamoeba spp. J Microbiol Methods 2016; 127:68-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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8
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Fonseca JA, Heredia RD, Ortiz C, Mazo M, Clavijo-Ramírez CA, Lopez MC. Identification of Entamoeba moshkovskii in Treated Waste Water Used for Agriculture. ECOHEALTH 2016; 13:156-160. [PMID: 26732073 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-015-1084-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We conducted an observational study to determine the prevalence of Entamoeba spp., in samples collected in a waste water treatment plant that provides water for agricultural irrigation. Samples were collected weekly over a period of 10 weeks at representative contamination stages from within the treatment plant. Protozoan identification was performed via light microscopy and culture. PCR amplification of small subunit rRNA gene sequences of E. histolytica/dispar/moshkovskii was performed in culture positive samples. Light microscopy revealed the presence of Entamoeba spp., in 70% (14/20) of the raw waste water samples and in 80% (8/10) of the treated water samples. PCR amplification after culture at both 24 and 37°C revealed that 100% (29/29) of the raw waste water samples and 78.6% (11/14) of the treated waste water were positive for E. moshkovskii. We report the first isolation of E. moshkovskii in Colombia, confirmed by PCR. Recent reports of E. moshkovskii pathogenic potential suggest this finding could constitute a public health risk for people exposed to this water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jairo Andres Fonseca
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Edificio 471, Oficina 302, Bogotá, DC, Colombia.
| | - Rubén Darío Heredia
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Edificio 471, Oficina 302, Bogotá, DC, Colombia
| | - Carolina Ortiz
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Edificio 471, Oficina 302, Bogotá, DC, Colombia
| | - Martín Mazo
- Corporación Autónoma Regional-CAR, Bogotá, DC, Colombia
| | | | - Myriam Consuelo Lopez
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Edificio 471, Oficina 302, Bogotá, DC, Colombia
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Bouzid M, Elwin K, Nader JL, Chalmers RM, Hunter PR, Tyler KM. Novel real-time PCR assays for the specific detection of human infective Cryptosporidium species. Virulence 2016; 7:395-9. [PMID: 26890369 PMCID: PMC4871645 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2016.1149670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maha Bouzid
- a Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia , Norwich , UK
| | - Kristin Elwin
- b Cryptosporidium Reference Unit, Public Health Wales , Swansea , UK
| | - Johanna L Nader
- a Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia , Norwich , UK
| | - Rachel M Chalmers
- b Cryptosporidium Reference Unit, Public Health Wales , Swansea , UK
| | - Paul R Hunter
- a Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia , Norwich , UK
| | - Kevin M Tyler
- a Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia , Norwich , UK
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Tan L, Wu S, Abdullahi AY, Yu X, Hu W, Song M, Shi X, Li G. PCR-RFLP method to detect zoonotic and host-specific Giardia duodenalis assemblages in dog fecal samples. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:2045-50. [PMID: 26852125 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-4948-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a zoonotic protozoan that parasitizes the upper small intestine of human and many mammals including dogs. To develop a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method for typing zoonotic (A, B) and host-specific (C, D) assemblages of G. duodenalis from dog, β-giardin gene was amplified with design primer pairs B3 and B4. The PCR products were digested with restriction enzyme Afa I and Msp I; then, PCR-RFLP method was compared with HRM genotyping and sequencing method for G. duodenalis from dog. The results showed that each of assemblages A-D had unique restriction pattern, which was consistent with the predictive results. Among 21 samples tested by PCR-RFLP, 1 human-derived and 8 dog-derived G. duodenalis were identified as assemblage A; 5 dog-derived G. duodenalis as assemblage C; 7 dog-derived G. duodenalis as assemblage D, which were coincided with the HRM genotyping and sequencing results. It is concluded that the PCR-RFLP is quick, easy, and accurate method for the sequence typing of G. duodenalis zoonotic and specific assemblages from dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Tan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Auwalu Yusuf Abdullahi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinggang Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Meiran Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianli Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoqing Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, People's Republic of China.
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Mahmoudi MR, Nazemalhosseini-Mojarad E, Karanis P. Genotyping of Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba spp from river waters in Iran. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:4565-70. [PMID: 26350378 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4702-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, DNA from 55 surface and river water samples, which were collected from some water sources of Tehran and the Guilan Province, Iran, were extracted and examined for Entamoeba spp. and Giardia lamblia by PCR and genotyping. Twenty-seven samples, which were concentrated using the immunomagnetic separation technology (IMS) method, were examined for Giardia alone. Twenty-eight samples, which were concentrated using the sucrose flotation (SF) method, were examined for both Giardia and Entamoeba species. The results showed that 27/55 (17/27 and 10/28) (49 %), 4 /28 (14.28 %) and 3/28 (10.7 %) of the samples were positive for Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba spp and mixed infections (Entamoeba spp. and Giardia spp.), respectively. Sixteen out of 55 samples were negative. Entamoeba genus-specific PCR primers in single-round PCR were used to differentiate between the Entamoeba spp. (E. histolytica, E. dispar and E. moshkovskii). With respect to the 7 samples that were positive for Entamoeba, (14.28 %) 4 out of 28 were positive for E. moshkovskii, (7.14 %), 2 out of 28 were positive for E. histolytica and (3.57 %) 1 out of 28 was positive for E. dispar. Genus-specific PCR primers in a semi-nested PCR assay was performed to genotype Giardia species. Of the 27 samples that were positive for Giardia, 10 samples were sequences. All 10 successfully sequenced samples contained assemblage B of Giardia lamblia.This is first study to investigate the G. lamblia genotypes in the water supply of the Tehran and Guilan provinces, and it is the first study to investigate Entamoeba species in the water supplies of Iran. The investigated river water supplies, which are used for agriculture, camping and animal farming, were heavily contaminated by the human pathogenic Entamoeba and Giardia parasites. There is a potential risk of waterborne outbreaks in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Mahmoudi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Ehsan Nazemalhosseini-Mojarad
- Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Panagiotis Karanis
- Thousand Talents Plan of the Chinese Government, The Center for Biomedicine and Infectious Diseases (CBID), The Medical School of Qinghai University and The Qinghai Academy for Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University Xining, Xining, China.
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12
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Development and Evaluation of Three Real-Time PCR Assays for Genotyping and Source Tracking Cryptosporidium spp. in Water. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:5845-54. [PMID: 26092455 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01699-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts in drinking source water can present a serious public health risk. To rapidly and effectively assess the source and human-infective potential of Cryptosporidium oocysts in water, sensitive detection and correct identification of oocysts to the species level (genotyping) are essential. In this study, we developed three real-time PCR genotyping assays, two targeting the small-subunit (SSU) rRNA gene (18S-LC1 and 18S-LC2 assays) and one targeting the 90-kDa heat shock protein (hsp90) gene (hsp90 assay), and evaluated the sensitivity and Cryptosporidium species detection range of these assays. Using fluorescence resonance energy transfer probes and melt curve analysis, the 18S-LC1 and hsp90 assays could differentiate common human-pathogenic species (C. parvum, C. hominis, and C. meleagridis), while the 18S-LC2 assay was able to differentiate nonpathogenic species (such as C. andersoni) from human-pathogenic ones commonly found in source water. In sensitivity evaluations, the 18S-LC2 and hsp90 genotyping assays could detect as few as 1 Cryptosporidium oocyst per sample. Thus, the 18S-LC2 and hsp90 genotyping assays might be used in environmental monitoring, whereas the 18S-LC1 genotyping assay could be useful for genotyping Cryptosporidium spp. in clinical specimens or wastewater samples.
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Jimenez M, Bridle HL. Angry pathogens, how to get rid of them: introducing microfluidics for waterborne pathogen separation to children. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:947-57. [PMID: 25435144 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00944d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to present a new approach for introducing to a non-scientific audience a major public health issue: access to safe drinking water. Access to safe drinking water is a privilege in developed countries and an urgent need in the third world, which implies always more efficient and reliable engineering tools to be developed. As a major global challenge it is important to make children aware of this problem for understanding (i) what safe drinking water is, (ii) how ingenious techniques are developed for this purpose and (iii) the role of microfluidics in this area. This paper focuses on different microfluidic-based techniques to separate and detect pathogens in drinking water that have been adapted to be performed by a young audience in a simplified, recreational and interactive way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Jimenez
- Heriot-Watt University, Microfluidic Biotech Group, Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering (IB3), Riccarton, Edinburgh, UK.
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Steyer A, Gutiérrez-Aguirre I, Rački N, Beigot Glaser S, Brajer Humar B, Stražar M, Škrjanc I, Poljšak-Prijatelj M, Ravnikar M, Rupnik M. The Detection Rate of Enteric Viruses and Clostridium difficile in a Waste Water Treatment Plant Effluent. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2015; 7:164-172. [PMID: 25663146 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-015-9183-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Waste water treatment plant (WWTP) is considered as an important source of surface water contamination by enteric pathogens. In this study, we describe the occurrence of enteric viruses (group A rotaviruses, noroviruses, astroviruses, sapoviruses, hepatitis A virus, and hepatitis E virus) and Clostridium difficile in the effluent of a wastewater treatment plant during a 1-year period. Enteric viruses were simultaneously and efficiently concentrated in a single step using methacrylate monolithic chromatographic support. Rotaviruses, noroviruses (genogroup I and II), and sapoviruses were detected in all 12 concentrated samples, whereas astroviruses were not detected in August and September and hepatitis A and E viruses were not detected at all. Clostridium difficile was detected in all samples and altogether 121 strains were isolated and grouped into 32 different ribotypes of which 014/020 and 010 were most prevalent. Pathogens detected in WWTP effluent partially reflect the epidemiological situation of enteric viruses and C. difficile in human population and open the discussion on implementation of possible techniques for virus and bacteria removal from WWTP effluent prior to release into the surface water system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Steyer
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia,
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15
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The prevalence of Giardia infection in dogs and cats, a systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence studies from stool samples. Vet Parasitol 2014; 207:181-202. [PMID: 25583357 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Giardia has a wide range of host species and is a common cause of diarrhoeal disease in humans and animals. Companion animals are able to transmit a range of zoonotic diseases to their owners including giardiasis, but the size of this risk is not well known. The aim of this study was to analyse giardiasis prevalence rates in dogs and cats worldwide using a systematic search approach. Meta-analysis enabled to describe associations between Giardia prevalence and various confounding factors. Pooled prevalence rates were 15.2% (95% CI 13.8-16.7%) for dogs and 12% (95% CI 9.2-15.3%) for cats. However, there was very high heterogeneity between studies. Meta-regression showed that the diagnostic method used had a major impact on reported prevalence with studies using ELISA, IFA and PCR reporting prevalence rates between 2.6 and 3.7 times greater than studies using microscopy. Conditional negative binomial regression found that symptomatic animals had higher prevalence rates ratios (PRR) than asymptomatic animals 1.61 (95% CI 1.33-1.94) in dogs and 1.94 (95% CI 1.47-2.56) in cats. Giardia was much more prevalent in young animals. For cats >6 months, PRR=0.47 (0.42-0.53) and in dogs of the same age group PRR=0.36 (0.32-0.41). Additionally, dogs kept as pets were less likely to be positive (PRR=0.56 (0.41-0.77)) but any difference in cats was not significant. Faecal excretion of Giardia is common in dogs and slightly less so in cats. However, the exact rates depend on the diagnostic method used, the age and origin of the animal. What risk such endemic colonisation poses to human health is still unclear as it will depend not only on prevalence rates but also on what assemblages are excreted and how people interact with their pets.
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16
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Isolation and Identification of Parasitic Protozoa in Sampled Water From the Southwest of Iran. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.5812/jjhs.23462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Garvey G, Shakarisaz D, Ruiz-Ruiz F, Hagström AEV, Raja B, Pascente C, Kar A, Kourentzi K, Rito-Palomares M, Ruchhoeft P, Willson RC. Microretroreflector-sedimentation immunoassays for pathogen detection. Anal Chem 2014; 86:9029-35. [PMID: 25133758 PMCID: PMC4165457 DOI: 10.1021/ac501491t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
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Point-of-care detection of pathogens
is medically valuable but
poses challenging trade-offs between instrument complexity and clinical
and analytical sensitivity. Here we introduce a diagnostic platform
utilizing lithographically fabricated micron-scale forms of cubic
retroreflectors, arguably one of the most optically detectable human
artifacts, as reporter labels for use in sensitive immunoassays. We
demonstrate the applicability of this novel optical label in a simple
assay format in which retroreflector cubes are first mixed with the
sample. The cubes are then allowed to settle onto an immuno-capture
surface, followed by inversion for gravity-driven removal of nonspecifically
bound cubes. Cubes bridged to the capture surface by the analyte are
detected using inexpensive, low-numerical aperture optics. For model
bacterial and viral pathogens, sensitivity in 10% human serum was
found to be 104 bacterial cells/mL and 104 virus
particles/mL, consistent with clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Garvey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, †Materials Engineering Program, ‡Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, ⊥Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston , 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
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18
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Pires NMM, Dong T. A cascade-like silicon filter for improved recovery of oocysts from environmental waters. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2014; 35:781-790. [PMID: 24645460 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2013.851280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Standard filtration methods have been characterized by poor recoveries when processing large-volume samples of environmental water. A method to pre-remove particulates present in turbid waters would be necessary to enhance recovery of protozoan oocysts. Particulate separation can be achieved by the proposed multiplex particle refining (MPR) system. This system employs multiple counter-flow microfiltration units that are arranged into a cascade-like structure. By use of this design, the target oocysts are pre-concentrated from environmental waters. The performance of the MPR system was investigated using 10-L deionized water and surface water spiked with 100 Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. A recovery rate of around 85% was obtained for spiked river water. The water samples were processed using high flow rate and a simple filtration protocol. Further experiments were conducted using the MPR as a pre-filter for five commercially available filters. The recovery rates were two- to threefold higher employing the pre-filter than using the filters alone. The merit of the refining system to use different numbers of counter-flow units led to superior oocyst recovery rate for the Filta-Max and Envirochek HV filters, which are approved by the US Environmental Protection Agency. This work demonstrates a feasible tool for improved filtration performance in environmental waters.
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Abstract
Cryptosporidium is a protozoan parasite of medical and veterinary importance that causes gastroenteritis in a variety of vertebrate hosts. Several studies have reported different degrees of pathogenicity and virulence among Cryptosporidium species and isolates of the same species as well as evidence of variation in host susceptibility to infection. The identification and validation of Cryptosporidium virulence factors have been hindered by the renowned difficulties pertaining to the in vitro culture and genetic manipulation of this parasite. Nevertheless, substantial progress has been made in identifying putative virulence factors for Cryptosporidium. This progress has been accelerated since the publication of the Cryptosporidium parvum and C. hominis genomes, with the characterization of over 25 putative virulence factors identified by using a variety of immunological and molecular techniques and which are proposed to be involved in aspects of host-pathogen interactions from adhesion and locomotion to invasion and proliferation. Progress has also been made in the contribution of host factors that are associated with variations in both the severity and risk of infection. Here we provide a review comprised of the current state of knowledge on Cryptosporidium infectivity, pathogenesis, and transmissibility in light of our contemporary understanding of microbial virulence.
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El Mallahi A, Minetti C, Dubois F. Automated three-dimensional detection and classification of living organisms using digital holographic microscopy with partial spatial coherent source: application to the monitoring of drinking water resources. APPLIED OPTICS 2013; 52:A68-80. [PMID: 23292424 DOI: 10.1364/ao.52.000a68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we investigate the use of a digital holographic microscope working with partially coherent spatial illumination for an automated detection and classification of living organisms. A robust automatic method based on the computation of propagating matrices is proposed to detect the 3D position of organisms. We apply this procedure to the evaluation of drinking water resources by developing a classification process to identify parasitic protozoan Giardia lamblia cysts among two other similar organisms. By selecting textural features from the quantitative optical phase instead of morphological ones, a robust classifier is built to propose a new method for the unambiguous detection of Giardia lamblia cyst that present a critical contamination risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed El Mallahi
- Microgravity Research Center, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 50 Avenue F. Roosevelt, CP 165/62, Brussels B-1050, Belgium.
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21
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Pires NMM, Dong T. WITHDRAWN: Multiplex particle refining system to enhance Cryptosporidium recovery for surface water filtration methods. J Microbiol Methods 2012:S0167-7012(12)00405-8. [PMID: 23266390 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2012.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The Publisher regrets that this article is an accidental duplication of an article that has already been published, http://dx.org/doi:10.1016/j.mimet.2012.12.009. The duplicate article has therefore been withdrawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Miguel Matos Pires
- Department of Micro and Nano Systems Technology, Faculty of Technology and Maritime Sciences, Vestfold University College, Box 2243, N-3103 Tønsberg, Norway
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22
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Lourenço D, Andrade IDS, Terra LL, Guimarães PR, Zingali RB, de Souza W. Proteomic analysis of the ventral disc of Giardia lamblia. BMC Res Notes 2012; 5:41. [PMID: 22260621 PMCID: PMC3284384 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-5-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Giardia lamblia is a multiflagellated protozoan that inhabits the small intestine of vertebrates, causing giardiasis. To colonize the small intestine, the trophozoites form of the parasite remains attached to intestinal epithelial cells by means of cytoskeletal elements that form a structure known as the ventral disc. Previous studies have shown that the ventral disc is made of tubulin and giardins. Results To obtain further information on the composition of the ventral disc, we developed a new protocol and evaluated the purity of the isolation by transmission electron microscopy. Using 1D- and 2D-PAGE and mass spectrometry, we identified proteins with functions associated with the disc. In addition to finding tubulin and giardin, proteins known to be associated with the ventral disc, we also identified proteins annotated in the Giardia genome, but whose function was previously unknown. Conclusions The isolation of the ventral disc shown in this work, compared to previously published protocols, proved to be more efficient. Proteomic analysis showed the presence of several proteins whose further characterization may help in the elucidation of the mechanisms involved in the attachment of the protozoan to epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Lourenço
- Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Normalização e Qualidade Industrial - INMETRO, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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23
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Mudanyali O, Oztoprak C, Tseng D, Erlinger A, Ozcan A. Detection of waterborne parasites using field-portable and cost-effective lensfree microscopy. LAB ON A CHIP 2010; 10:2419-23. [PMID: 20694255 PMCID: PMC2942761 DOI: 10.1039/c004829a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Protection of human health and well-being through water quality management is an important goal for both the developed and the developing parts of the world. In the meantime, insufficient disinfection techniques still fail to eliminate pathogenic contaminants in freshwater as well as recreational water resources. Therefore, there is a significant need for screening of water quality to prevent waterborne outbreaks and incidents of water-related diseases. Toward this end, here we investigate the use of a field-portable and cost-effective lensfree holographic microscope to image and detect pathogenic protozoan parasites such as Giardia Lamblia and Cryptosporidium Parvum at low concentration levels. This compact lensless microscope (O. Mudanyali et al., Lab Chip, 2010, 10, 1417-1428), weighing approximately 46 grams, achieves a numerical aperture of approximately 0.1-0.2 over an imaging field of view that is more than an order of magnitude larger than a typical 10X objective lens, and therefore may provide an important high-throughput analysis tool for combating waterborne diseases especially in resource limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Derek Tseng
- Electrical Engineering Department, UCLA, CA, 90095, USA
| | | | - Aydogan Ozcan
- Electrical Engineering Department, UCLA, CA, 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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Whole genome amplification (WGA) for archiving and genotyping of clinical isolates of Cryptosporidium species. Parasitology 2009; 137:27-36. [PMID: 19765343 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182009991132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Clinical and environmental isolates of pathogens are often unique and may be unculturable, yielding a very limited amount of DNA for genetic studies. Cryptosporidium in particular are difficult to propagate. Whole genome amplification (WGA) is a valuable technique for amplifying genomic material. In this study, we tested 5 WGA commercial kits using Cryptosporidium clinical isolates. DNA of 5 C. hominis and 5 C. parvum clinical isolates and C. parvum IOWA reference strain were used. The majority of the samples were amplified by all of the kits tested. The integrity and fidelity of the amplified genomic DNA were assessed by sequence analysis of several PCR products of varying length. We found evidence that one kit in particular may be more error prone while another seemed the more suitable kit for Cryptosporidium clinical samples, generating high molecular weight DNA from all the samples with high fidelity. Thus WGA was found to be a useful technique for producing amplified DNA suitable for downstream genotyping techniques and archiving of Cryptosporidium clinical isolates.
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25
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Abstract
The goal of this work is to develop an online monitoring scheme for detection of viruses in flowing drinking water. The approach applies an electrodeposition process that is similar to the use of charged membrane filters previously employed for collection of viruses from aqueous samples. In the present approach, charged materials are driven onto a robust optical sensing element which has high transparency to infrared light. A spectroscopic measurement is performed using the evanescent wave that penetrates no more than 1 mum from the surface of an infrared optical element in an attenuated total reflectance measurement scheme. The infrared measurement provides quantitative information on the amount and identity of material deposited from the water. Initial studies of this sensing scheme used proteins reversibly electrodeposited onto germanium chips. The results of those studies were applied to design a method for collection of viruses onto an attenuated total reflectance crystal. Spectral signatures can be discriminated between three types of protein and two viruses. There is the potential to remove deposited material by reversing the voltage polarity. This work demonstrates a novel and practical scheme for detection of viruses in water systems with potential application to near-continual, automated monitoring of municipal drinking water.
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