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Siwila J, Mwaba F, Chidumayo N, Mubanga C. Food and waterborne protozoan parasites: The African perspective. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2020; 20:e00088. [PMID: 32995582 PMCID: PMC7502820 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2020.e00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic food-borne diseases, particularly those caused by the protozoan parasites Cryptosporidium, Giardia, Cyclospora cayetanensis and Entamoeba are increasingly becoming common and have received considerable attention in the last two decades. The ability of the transmission stages of the parasites to survive in the environment for prolonged periods, globalization of the food industry and changes in eating habits have contributed to the numbers of human infections. This systematic scoping review highlights these important water- and foodborne parasites in the African context, detailing the burden in African water sources, wastewater/effluents and fresh produce. A scoping review search targeting African countries was conducted in Medline, Web of science and African journals online as well as back referencing from included studies covering the period 1990 to January 2020. Out of 1134 studies, 68 were included in the review. The articles covered 17 out of 54 African countries. There were 39/68 studies reporting on water sources while the rest reported on fresh produce. Cryptosporidium prevalence ranged from 6 to 100% in surface water, 4 to 100% in tap water and up to 100% in wastewater and sludge. In fresh produce, Cryptosporidium was reported from five countries with prevalence of 0.8-75%. Giardia was reported in 47 out of 68 articles; prevalence ranged from 2.4% in surface water; 1% to over 70% in tap water; 28-100% in wastewater and 2% - 99% in fresh produce. Prevalence of Cyclospora cayetanensis was lower. Prevalence of Entamoeba was 78% in surface water; 100% in wastewater and up to 99% in fresh produce. This study finds that Africa is no exception to the risk presented by the subject parasites from water and/or food sources. Routine screening for these parasites particularly at household level and provision of adequate and safe drinking water would help to control the parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Siwila
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Florence Mwaba
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 50110, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Nozyechi Chidumayo
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Chishimba Mubanga
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
- Ministry of Agriculture, P.O. Box 31658, Lusaka, Zambia
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Kapiya J, Nalubamba KS, Kaimoyo E, Changula K, Chidumayo N, Saasa N, Simuunza MC, Takada A, Mweene AS, Chitanga S, Simulundu E. First genetic detection and characterization of canine parvovirus from diarrheic dogs in Zambia. Arch Virol 2018; 164:303-307. [PMID: 30311077 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-4068-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although canine parvovirus (CPV) causes severe gastroenteritis in dogs globally, information on the molecular epidemiology of the virus is lacking in many African countries. Here, 32 fecal samples collected from diarrheic dogs in Zambia were tested for CPV infection using molecular assays. CPV was detected in 23 samples (71.9%). Genetic characterization revealed the predominance of CPV-2c (91.3%). This finding differs from previous reports in Africa, which indicated that CPV-2a and CPV-2b were most prevalent. Phylogenetically, most Zambian CPVs formed a distinct cluster. This is the first report on the molecular characterization of CPV in Zambia.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Kapiya
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, PO Box 32379, 10101, Lusaka, Zambia
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Zambia, 10101, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - King S Nalubamba
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, 10101, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Evans Kaimoyo
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Zambia, 10101, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Katendi Changula
- Department of Paraclinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, 10101, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Nozyechi Chidumayo
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, 10101, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Ngonda Saasa
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, PO Box 32379, 10101, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Martin C Simuunza
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, PO Box 32379, 10101, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Ayato Takada
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, PO Box 32379, 10101, Lusaka, Zambia
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Aaron S Mweene
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, PO Box 32379, 10101, Lusaka, Zambia
- Africa Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals, 10101, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Simbarashe Chitanga
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, 10101, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Edgar Simulundu
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, PO Box 32379, 10101, Lusaka, Zambia.
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Mwenda R, Changula K, Hang'ombe BM, Chidumayo N, Mangani AS, Kaira T, Takada A, Mweene AS, Simulundu E. Characterization of field infectious bursal disease viruses in Zambia: evidence of co-circulation of multiple genotypes with predominance of very virulent strains. Avian Pathol 2018. [PMID: 29517272 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2018.1449941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is a highly contagious, immunosuppressive disease of chickens and causes substantial economic losses to the poultry industry globally. This study investigated the genetic characteristics and pathological lesions induced by IBD viruses (IBDVs) that were associated with 60 suspected outbreaks in chickens during 2015-2016 in Lusaka Province, Zambia. Nucleotide sequences of VP2 hypervariable region (VP2-HVR) (n = 38) and part of VP1 (n = 37) of Zambian IBDVs were phylogenetically analysed. Phylogenetic analysis of the VP2-HVR and VP1 revealed that most viruses (n = 31 of each genome segment) clustered with the very virulent (vv) strains. The rest of the viruses clustered with the classical strains, with two of the viruses being closely related to attenuated vaccine isolates. Two of the viruses that belonged to the vv genotype had a unique amino acid (aa) substitution Q324L whereas one virus had two unique changes, N280S and E300A in the VP2-HVR aa sequence. Although Zambian strains with a vv genotype possessed virulence marker aa within VP1 at 145T, 146D and 147N, two viruses showed unique substitutions, with one virus having 147T while the other had 147H. Pathologically, it was noted that only viruses with a vv genotype appeared to be associated with inducing pathological lesions in non-lymphoid organs (proventriculus and gizzard). Whilst documenting for the first time the presence of classical virulent IBDVs, this study demonstrates the involvement of multiple genotypes, with predominance of vvIBDVs in the epidemiology of IBD in Zambia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Racheal Mwenda
- a Department of Para Clinical Studies , School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia , Lusaka , Zambia
| | - Katendi Changula
- a Department of Para Clinical Studies , School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia , Lusaka , Zambia
| | - Bernard M Hang'ombe
- a Department of Para Clinical Studies , School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia , Lusaka , Zambia
| | - Nozyechi Chidumayo
- b Department of Clinical Studies , School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia , Lusaka , Zambia
| | - Alfred S Mangani
- a Department of Para Clinical Studies , School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia , Lusaka , Zambia
| | - Titus Kaira
- a Department of Para Clinical Studies , School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia , Lusaka , Zambia
| | - Ayato Takada
- c Department of Disease Control , School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia , Lusaka , Zambia.,d Division of Global Epidemiology , Hokkaido University Research Centre for Zoonosis Control , Sapporo , Japan
| | - Aaron S Mweene
- c Department of Disease Control , School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia , Lusaka , Zambia
| | - Edgar Simulundu
- c Department of Disease Control , School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia , Lusaka , Zambia
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