1
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Nakajima D, Takahashi N, Inoue T, Nomura SIM, Matsubayashi HT. A unified purification method for actin-binding proteins using a TEV-cleavable His-Strep-tag. MethodsX 2024; 13:102884. [PMID: 39224451 PMCID: PMC11367271 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2024.102884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton governs the dynamic functions of cells, ranging from motility to phagocytosis and cell division. To elucidate the molecular mechanism, in vitro reconstructions of the actin cytoskeleton and its force generation process have played essential roles, highlighting the importance of efficient purification methods for actin-binding proteins. In this study, we introduce a unified purification method for actin-binding proteins, including capping protein (CP), cofilin, ADF, profilin, fascin, and VASP, key regulators in force generation of the actin cytoskeleton. Exploiting a His-Strep-tag combined with a TEV protease cleavage site, we purified these diverse actin-binding proteins through a simple two-column purification process: initial purification through a Strep-Tactin column and subsequent tag removal through the reverse purification by a Ni-NTA column. Biochemical and microscopic assays validated the functionality of the purified proteins, demonstrating the versatility of the approach. Our methods not only delineate critical steps for the efficient preparation of actin-binding proteins but also hold the potential to advance investigations of mutants, isoforms, various source species, and engineered proteins involved in actin cytoskeletal dynamics.•Unified purification method for various actin-binding proteins.•His-Strep-tag and TEV protease cleavage for efficient purification.•Functional validation through biochemical and microscopic assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Nakajima
- Molecular Robotics Laboratory, Department of Robotics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-01 Aramaki Aoba-ku, Mechanical Eng. Research Bldg. 2 (A 03), Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Nozomi Takahashi
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-3 Aramaki Aoba-ku, Research Bldg. (G 06), Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Takanari Inoue
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 N. Wolfe St. 476 Rangos Building, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Shin-ichiro M. Nomura
- Molecular Robotics Laboratory, Department of Robotics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-01 Aramaki Aoba-ku, Mechanical Eng. Research Bldg. 2 (A 03), Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Hideaki T. Matsubayashi
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-3 Aramaki Aoba-ku, Research Bldg. (G 06), Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
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2
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Smith A, Larsen TRB, Zimmerman HK, Virolainen SJ, Meyer JJ, Keranen Burden LM, Burden DL. Design and Construction of a Multi-Tiered Minimal Actin Cortex for Structural Support in Lipid Bilayer Applications. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:1936-1946. [PMID: 38427377 PMCID: PMC10951949 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c01267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Artificial lipid bilayers have revolutionized biochemical and biophysical research by providing a versatile interface to study aspects of cell membranes and membrane-bound processes in a controlled environment. Artificial bilayers also play a central role in numerous biosensing applications, form the foundational interface for liposomal drug delivery, and provide a vital structure for the development of synthetic cells. But unlike the envelope in many living cells, artificial bilayers can be mechanically fragile. Here, we develop prototype scaffolds for artificial bilayers made from multiple chemically linked tiers of actin filaments that can be bonded to lipid headgroups. We call the interlinked and layered assembly a multiple minimal actin cortex (multi-MAC). Construction of multi-MACs has the potential to significantly increase the bilayer's resistance to applied stress while retaining many desirable physical and chemical properties that are characteristic of lipid bilayers. Furthermore, the linking chemistry of multi-MACs is generalizable and can be applied almost anywhere lipid bilayers are important. This work describes a filament-by-filament approach to multi-MAC assembly that produces distinct 2D and 3D architectures. The nature of the structure depends on a combination of the underlying chemical conditions. Using fluorescence imaging techniques in model planar bilayers, we explore how multi-MACs vary with electrostatic charge, assembly time, ionic strength, and type of chemical linker. We also assess how the presence of a multi-MAC alters the underlying lateral diffusion of lipids and investigate the ability of multi-MACs to withstand exposure to shear stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda
J. Smith
- Chemistry Department, Wheaton College, 501 College Ave., Wheaton, Illinois 60187, United States
| | - Theodore R. B. Larsen
- Chemistry Department, Wheaton College, 501 College Ave., Wheaton, Illinois 60187, United States
| | - Harmony K. Zimmerman
- Chemistry Department, Wheaton College, 501 College Ave., Wheaton, Illinois 60187, United States
| | - Samuel J. Virolainen
- Chemistry Department, Wheaton College, 501 College Ave., Wheaton, Illinois 60187, United States
| | - Joshua J. Meyer
- Chemistry Department, Wheaton College, 501 College Ave., Wheaton, Illinois 60187, United States
| | - Lisa M. Keranen Burden
- Chemistry Department, Wheaton College, 501 College Ave., Wheaton, Illinois 60187, United States
| | - Daniel L. Burden
- Chemistry Department, Wheaton College, 501 College Ave., Wheaton, Illinois 60187, United States
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3
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Ferreras S, Singh NP, Le Borgne R, Bun P, Binz T, Parton RG, Verbavatz JM, Vannier C, Galli T. A synthetic organelle approach to probe SNARE-mediated membrane fusion in a bacterial host. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102974. [PMID: 36738791 PMCID: PMC10011478 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.102974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In vivo and in vitro assays, particularly reconstitution using artificial membranes, have established the role of synaptic soluble N-Ethylmaleimide-sensitive attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) VAMP2, Syntaxin-1A, and SNAP-25 in membrane fusion. However, using artificial membranes requires challenging protein purifications that could be avoided in a cell-based assay. Here, we developed a synthetic biological approach based on the generation of membrane cisternae by the integral membrane protein Caveolin in Escherichia coli and coexpression of SNAREs. Syntaxin-1A/SNAP-25/VAMP-2 complexes were formed and regulated by SNARE partner protein Munc-18a in the presence of Caveolin. Additionally, Syntaxin-1A/SNAP-25/VAMP-2 synthesis provoked increased length of E. coli only in the presence of Caveolin. We found that cell elongation required SNAP-25 and was inhibited by tetanus neurotoxin. This elongation was not a result of cell division arrest. Furthermore, electron and super-resolution microscopies showed that synaptic SNAREs and Caveolin coexpression led to the partial loss of the cisternae, suggesting their fusion with the plasma membrane. In summary, we propose that this assay reconstitutes membrane fusion in a simple organism with an easy-to-observe phenotype and is amenable to structure-function studies of SNAREs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad Ferreras
- Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM, Membrane Traffic in Healthy & Diseased Brain, Paris, France
| | - Neha Pratap Singh
- Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM, Membrane Traffic in Healthy & Diseased Brain, Paris, France
| | - Remi Le Borgne
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, UMR7592, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Bun
- Université Paris Cité, NeurImag, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Binz
- Institute of Cell Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Robert G Parton
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, Qld, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Christian Vannier
- Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM, Membrane Traffic in Healthy & Diseased Brain, Paris, France.
| | - Thierry Galli
- Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM, Membrane Traffic in Healthy & Diseased Brain, Paris, France; GHU Paris psychiatrie neurosciences, Paris, France.
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4
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Wang C, Piao J, Li Y, Tian X, Dong Y, Liu D. Construction of Liposomes Mimicking Cell Membrane Structure through Frame‐Guided Assembly. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202005334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Jiafang Piao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Yujie Li
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Xiancheng Tian
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Yuanchen Dong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Dongsheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
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5
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Wang C, Piao J, Li Y, Tian X, Dong Y, Liu D. Construction of Liposomes Mimicking Cell Membrane Structure through Frame‐Guided Assembly. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:15176-15180. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202005334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Jiafang Piao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Yujie Li
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Xiancheng Tian
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Yuanchen Dong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Dongsheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
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6
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Parigoris E, Dunkelmann DL, Murphy A, Wili N, Kaech A, Dumrese C, Jimenez-Rojo N, Silvan U. Facile generation of giant unilamellar vesicles using polyacrylamide gels. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4824. [PMID: 32179778 PMCID: PMC7075891 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61655-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) are model cell-sized systems that have broad applications including drug delivery, analysis of membrane biophysics, and synthetic reconstitution of cellular machineries. Although numerous methods for the generation of free-floating GUVs have been established over the past few decades, only a fraction have successfully produced uniform vesicle populations both from charged lipids and in buffers of physiological ionic strength. In the method described here, we generate large numbers of free-floating GUVs through the rehydration of lipid films deposited on soft polyacrylamide (PAA) gels. We show that this technique produces high GUV concentrations for a range of lipid types, including charged ones, independently of the ionic strength of the buffer used. We demonstrate that the gentle hydration of PAA gels results in predominantly unilamellar vesicles, which is in contrast to comparable methods analyzed in this work. Unilamellarity is a defining feature of GUVs and the generation of uniform populations is key for many downstream applications. The PAA method is widely applicable and can be easily implemented with commonly utilized laboratory reagents, making it an appealing platform for the study of membrane biophysics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Parigoris
- University Hospital Balgrist, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA
| | | | - Allan Murphy
- University Hospital Balgrist, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nino Wili
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andres Kaech
- Center for Microscopy and Image Analysis, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Dumrese
- Flow Cytometry Facility, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Noemi Jimenez-Rojo
- NCCR Chemical Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Unai Silvan
- University Hospital Balgrist, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland. .,Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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7
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Li J, Liu X, Abdelmohsen LKEA, Williams DS, Huang X. Spatial Organization in Proteinaceous Membrane-Stabilized Coacervate Protocells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1902893. [PMID: 31298806 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201902893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
As a model protocell, the membrane-free coacervate microdroplet is widely utilized in functional studies to provide insights into the physicochemical properties of the cell and to engineer cytomimetic soft technologies; however, the lack of a discrete membrane contributes to its instability and limits further application. Herein, a strategy is developed to fabricate a hybrid protocell based on the self-assembly of a proteinaceous membrane at the surface of coacervate microdroplets driven by a combination of electrostatic adhesion and steric/hydrophilic surface buoyancy. The semipermeable proteinaceous membrane can enhance coacervate stability obviously without compromising sequestration behavior. Significantly, such hybrid protocells demonstrate spatial organization whereby various functional enzymes can be located in discrete regions, which facilitates an on/off modulation for a cascade enzymatic reaction along with enhanced chemical communication between subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junbo Li
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Xiaoman Liu
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Loai K E A Abdelmohsen
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Helix, het Kranenveld (STO 3.50) P. O. Box 513, Eindhoven, 5600, MB, The Netherlands
| | - David S Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Xin Huang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
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8
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Robinson T. Microfluidic Handling and Analysis of Giant Vesicles for Use as Artificial Cells: A Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 3:e1800318. [PMID: 32648705 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201800318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
One of the goals of synthetic biology is the bottom-up construction of an artificial cell, the successful realization of which could shed light on how cellular life emerged and could also be a useful tool for studying the function of modern cells. Using liposomes as biomimetic containers is particularly promising because lipid membranes are biocompatible and much of the required machinery can be reconstituted within them. Giant lipid vesicles have been used extensively in other fields such as biophysics and drug discovery, but their use as artificial cells has only recently seen an increase. Despite the prevalence of giant vesicles, many experiments remain challenging or impossible due to their delicate nature compared to biological cells. This review aims to highlight the effectiveness of microfluidic technologies in handling and analyzing giant vesicles. The advantages and disadvantages of different microfluidic approaches and what new insights can be gained from various applications are introduced. Finally, future directions are discussed in which the unique combination of microfluidics and giant lipid vesicles can push forward the bottom-up construction of artificial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Robinson
- Department of Theory & Bio-Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, 14424, Germany
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9
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Hürtgen D, Härtel T, Murray SM, Sourjik V, Schwille P. Functional Modules of Minimal Cell Division for Synthetic Biology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 3:e1800315. [PMID: 32648714 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201800315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cellular reproduction is one of the fundamental hallmarks of life. Therefore, the development of a minimal division machinery capable of proper genome condensation and organization, mid-cell positioning and segregation in space and time, and the final septation process constitute a fundamental challenge for synthetic biology. It is therefore important to be able to engineer such modules for the production of artificial minimal cells. A bottom-up assembly of molecular machines from bulk biochemicals complemented by in vivo experiments as well as computational modelling helps to approach such key cellular processes. Here, minimal functional modules involved in genome segregation and the division machinery and their spatial organization and positioning are reviewed, setting into perspective the design of a minimal cell. Furthermore, the milestones of recent in vitro reconstitution experiments in the context of cell division are discussed and their role in shedding light on fundamental cellular mechanisms that constitute spatiotemporal order is described. Lastly, current challenges in the field of bottom-up synthetic biology as well as possible future developments toward the development of minimal biomimetic systems are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hürtgen
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology and LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology (Synmikro), Karl-von-Frisch Straße 16, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Härtel
- Max Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Seán M Murray
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology and LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology (Synmikro), Karl-von-Frisch Straße 16, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Victor Sourjik
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology and LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology (Synmikro), Karl-von-Frisch Straße 16, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Petra Schwille
- Max Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
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10
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Chen LC, Chen KX, Huang XY, Lou J, Li JY, Deng SP. Vesicles from the self-assembly of the ultra-small fatty acids with amino acids under aqueous conditions. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 173:69-76. [PMID: 30267956 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The properties of vesicles formed from the self-assembly of amphiphilic molecules can mimic the functionality of the natural lipid membranes. In this study, the self-assembly process of the amphiphilic structures formed by the interaction between ultra-small fatty acids [FAs, Cn (n = 4-8)] and amino acids (AAs) to generate vesicles under aqueous conditions were investigated in detail, along with the corresponding dynamic vesiculation mechanisms. Our results showed that the molar ratio of FAs/AAs and the chain length of FAs largely affected the structural characteristics and dispersion of vesicles. The detailed information about the entire size distributions and morphology of obtained vesicles were explored by the cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (Cryo-EM). Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra and quantum calculations suggested that the intermolecular hydrogen bond and electrostatic interactions between ultra-small molecules (FAs and AAs) during the aggregation processes were responsible for the formation of vesicles, where the hydrogen-bonding effect was dominant. Our findings shed new light on the effective and simple preparation of biological vesicles via ultra-small molecules self-assembly in aqueous solutions, which may have potential applications in vesicle physiology and drug delivery systems, and also get a mature understanding of the fundamental intermolecular interactions in life process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Chun Chen
- College of Food & Biology Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310035, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Chem &Bio Processing Technology of Agricultural Products, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310023, China
| | - Ke-Xian Chen
- College of Food & Biology Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310035, China
| | - Xi-Ying Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Chem &Bio Processing Technology of Agricultural Products, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310023, China
| | - Jian Lou
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Chem &Bio Processing Technology of Agricultural Products, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310023, China
| | - Jing-Yuan Li
- Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Shao-Ping Deng
- College of Food & Biology Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310035, China.
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11
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Burden DL, Kim D, Cheng W, Chandler Lawler E, Dreyer DR, Keranen Burden LM. Mechanically Enhancing Planar Lipid Bilayers with a Minimal Actin Cortex. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:10847-10855. [PMID: 30149716 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b01847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
All cells in all domains of life possess a cytoskeleton that provides mechanical resistance to deformation and general stability to the plasma membrane. Here, we utilize a two-dimensional scaffolding created by actin filaments to convey mechanical support upon relatively fragile planar bilayer membranes (black lipid membranes, BLMs). Robust biomembranes play a critical role in the development of protein nanopore sensor applications and might also prove helpful in ion-channel research. Our investigation utilizes a minimal actin cortex (MAC) that is formed by anchoring actin filaments to lipid membranes via a biotin-streptavidin-biotin bridge. We characterize the joined structure using various modes of optical microscopy, electrophysiology, and applied mechanical stress (including measurements of elastic modulus). Our findings show the resulting structure includes a thin supporting layer of actin. Electrical studies indicate that the integrity of the MAC-bilayer composite remains unchanged over the limits of our tests (i.e., hours to days). The actin filament structure can remain intact for months. Minimalistic layering of the actin support network produces an increase in the apparent elastic modulus of the MAC-derivatized bilayer by >100×, compared to unmodified BLMs. Furthermore, the resistance to applied stress improves with the number of actin layers, which can be cross-linked to arbitrary thicknesses, in principle. The weblike support structure retains the lateral fluidity of the BLM, maintains the high electrical resistance typical of traditional BLMs, enables relatively uninhibited molecular access to the lipid surface from bulk solution, and permits nanopore self-assembly and insertion in the bilayer. These interfacial features are highly desirable for ion-channel and nanopore sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Burden
- Chemistry Department , Wheaton College , Wheaton , Illinois 60187 , United States
| | - Daniel Kim
- Chemistry Department , Wheaton College , Wheaton , Illinois 60187 , United States
| | - Wayland Cheng
- Chemistry Department , Wheaton College , Wheaton , Illinois 60187 , United States
| | | | - Daniel R Dreyer
- Chemistry Department , Wheaton College , Wheaton , Illinois 60187 , United States
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12
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Schön M, Mey I, Steinem C. Influence of cross-linkers on ezrin-bound minimal actin cortices. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 144:91-101. [PMID: 30093083 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The actin cortex is a thin network coupled to the plasma membrane of cells, responsible for e.g., cell shape, motility, growth and division. Several model systems for minimal actin cortices (MACs) have been discussed in literature trying to mimic the complex interplay of membrane and actin. We recapitulate on different types of MACs using either three dimensional droplet interfaces or lipid bilayers to which F-actin networks are attached to or planar lipid bilayers with bound actin networks. Binding of the network to the membrane interface significantly influences its properties as well as its dynamics. This in turn also influences, how cross-linkers as well as myosin motors act on the network. Here, we describe the coupling of a filamentous actin network to a model membrane via the protein ezrin, a member of the ezrin-radixin-moesin family, which forms a direct linkage between the plasma membrane and the cortical web. Ezrin binding to the membrane is achieved by the lipid PtdIns(4,5)P2, while attachment to F-actin is mediated via the C-terminal domain of the protein leading to a two dimensional arrangement of actin filaments on the membrane. Addition of cross-linkers such as fascin and α-actinin influences the architecture of the actin network, which we have investigated by means of fluorescence microscopy. The results are discussed in terms of the dynamics of the filaments on the membrane surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Schön
- Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Tammannstr. 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ingo Mey
- Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Tammannstr. 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Claudia Steinem
- Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Tammannstr. 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
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13
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Quinlan RA, Schwarz N, Windoffer R, Richardson C, Hawkins T, Broussard JA, Green KJ, Leube RE. A rim-and-spoke hypothesis to explain the biomechanical roles for cytoplasmic intermediate filament networks. J Cell Sci 2018; 130:3437-3445. [PMID: 29032358 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.202168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Textbook images of keratin intermediate filament (IF) networks in epithelial cells and the functional compromization of the epidermis by keratin mutations promulgate a mechanical role for this important cytoskeletal component. In stratified epithelia, keratin filaments form prominent radial spokes that are focused onto cell-cell contact sites, i.e. the desmosomes. In this Hypothesis, we draw attention to a subset of keratin filaments that are apposed to the plasma membrane. They form a rim of filaments interconnecting the desmosomes in a circumferential network. We hypothesize that they are part of a rim-and-spoke arrangement of IFs in epithelia. From our review of the literature, we extend this functional role for the subplasmalemmal rim of IFs to any cell, in which plasma membrane support is required, provided these filaments connect directly or indirectly to the plasma membrane. Furthermore, cytoplasmic IF networks physically link the outer nuclear and plasma membranes, but their participation in mechanotransduction processes remain largely unconsidered. Therefore, we also discuss the potential biomechanical and mechanosensory role(s) of the cytoplasmic IF network in terms of such a rim (i.e. subplasmalemmal)-and-spoke arrangement for cytoplasmic IF networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy A Quinlan
- Department of Biosciences, University of Durham, Upper Mountjoy, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK .,Biophysical Sciences Institute, University of Durham, Upper Mountjoy, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Nicole Schwarz
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, Wendlingweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Reinhard Windoffer
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, Wendlingweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Christine Richardson
- Department of Biosciences, University of Durham, Upper Mountjoy, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Tim Hawkins
- Department of Biosciences, University of Durham, Upper Mountjoy, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Joshua A Broussard
- Dept. of Pathology W127, Tarry Bldg, Room 3-735, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Ave., Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Kathleen J Green
- Dept. of Pathology W127, Tarry Bldg, Room 3-735, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Ave., Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Rudolf E Leube
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, Wendlingweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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14
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Uyeda A, Watanabe T, Hohsaka T, Matsuura T. Different protein localizations on the inner and outer leaflet of cell-sized liposomes using cell-free protein synthesis. Synth Biol (Oxf) 2018; 3:ysy007. [PMID: 32995515 PMCID: PMC7445883 DOI: 10.1093/synbio/ysy007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Membranes of living cells possess asymmetry. The inner and outer leaflets of the membrane consist of different phospholipid compositions, which are known to affect the function of membrane proteins, and the loss of the asymmetry has been reported to lead to cell apoptosis. In addition, different proteins are found on the inner and outer leaflets of the membrane, and they are essential for various biochemical reactions, including those related to signal transduction and cell morphology. While in vitro lipid bilayer reconstitution with asymmetric phospholipid compositions has been reported, the reconstitution of lipid bilayer where different proteins are localized in the inner and outer leaflet, thereby enables asymmetric protein localizations, has remained difficult. Herein, we developed a simple method to achieve this asymmetry using an in vitro transcription–translation system (IVTT). The method used a benzylguanine (BG) derivative-modified phospholipid, which forms a covalent bond with a snap-tag sequence. We show that purified snap-tagged protein can be localized to the cell-sized liposome surface via an interaction between BG and the snap-tag. We then show that IVTT-synthesized proteins can be located at the lipid membrane and that different proteins can be asymmetrically localized on the outer and inner leaflets of liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Uyeda
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Watanabe
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hohsaka
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Matsuura
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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15
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Chabanon M, Stachowiak JC, Rangamani P. Systems biology of cellular membranes: a convergence with biophysics. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2017; 9:10.1002/wsbm.1386. [PMID: 28475297 PMCID: PMC5561455 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Systems biology and systems medicine have played an important role in the last two decades in shaping our understanding of biological processes. While systems biology is synonymous with network maps and '-omics' approaches, it is not often associated with mechanical processes. Here, we make the case for considering the mechanical and geometrical aspects of biological membranes as a key step in pushing the frontiers of systems biology of cellular membranes forward. We begin by introducing the basic components of cellular membranes, and highlight their dynamical aspects. We then survey the functions of the plasma membrane and the endomembrane system in signaling, and discuss the role and origin of membrane curvature in these diverse cellular processes. We further give an overview of the experimental and modeling approaches to study membrane phenomena. We close with a perspective on the converging futures of systems biology and membrane biophysics, invoking the need to include physical variables such as location and geometry in the study of cellular membranes. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2017, 9:e1386. doi: 10.1002/wsbm.1386 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Chabanon
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jeanne C. Stachowiak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Padmini Rangamani
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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16
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Bayoumi M, Bayley H, Maglia G, Sapra KT. Multi-compartment encapsulation of communicating droplets and droplet networks in hydrogel as a model for artificial cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45167. [PMID: 28367984 PMCID: PMC5377250 DOI: 10.1038/srep45167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Constructing a cell mimic is a major challenge posed by synthetic biologists. Efforts to this end have been primarily focused on lipid- and polymer-encapsulated containers, liposomes and polymersomes, respectively. Here, we introduce a multi-compartment, nested system comprising aqueous droplets stabilized in an oil/lipid mixture, all encapsulated in hydrogel. Functional capabilities (electrical and chemical communication) were imparted by protein nanopores spanning the lipid bilayer formed at the interface of the encapsulated aqueous droplets and the encasing hydrogel. Crucially, the compartmentalization enabled the formation of two adjoining lipid bilayers in a controlled manner, a requirement for the realization of a functional protocell or prototissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Bayoumi
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200G, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hagan Bayley
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanni Maglia
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200G, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.,Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - K Tanuj Sapra
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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17
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Saletti D, Radzimanowski J, Effantin G, Midtvedt D, Mangenot S, Weissenhorn W, Bassereau P, Bally M. The Matrix protein M1 from influenza C virus induces tubular membrane invaginations in an in vitro cell membrane model. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40801. [PMID: 28120862 PMCID: PMC5264427 DOI: 10.1038/srep40801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix proteins from enveloped viruses play an important role in budding and stabilizing virus particles. In order to assess the role of the matrix protein M1 from influenza C virus (M1-C) in plasma membrane deformation, we have combined structural and in vitro reconstitution experiments with model membranes. We present the crystal structure of the N-terminal domain of M1-C and show by Small Angle X-Ray Scattering analysis that full-length M1-C folds into an elongated structure that associates laterally into ring-like or filamentous polymers. Using negatively charged giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs), we demonstrate that M1-C full-length binds to and induces inward budding of membrane tubules with diameters that resemble the diameter of viruses. Membrane tubule formation requires the C-terminal domain of M1-C, corroborating its essential role for M1-C polymerization. Our results indicate that M1-C assembly on membranes constitutes the driving force for budding and suggest that M1-C plays a key role in facilitating viral egress.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Saletti
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, 75005, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Jens Radzimanowski
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), 71, avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Gregory Effantin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), 71, avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Daniel Midtvedt
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stéphanie Mangenot
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, 75005, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Winfried Weissenhorn
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), 71, avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Patricia Bassereau
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, 75005, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Marta Bally
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, 75005, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 75005, Paris, France
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
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18
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Migas UM, Quinn MK, McManus JJ. Protein self-assembly following in situ expression in artificial and mammalian cells. Integr Biol (Camb) 2017; 9:444-450. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ib00240d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The importance of in vitro measurements in explaining the mechanisms underlying protein self-assembly in physiologically relevant conditions has been demonstrated in solution and in artificial and mammalian cells.
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19
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Lemière J, Valentino F, Campillo C, Sykes C. How cellular membrane properties are affected by the actin cytoskeleton. Biochimie 2016; 130:33-40. [PMID: 27693515 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lipid membranes define the boundaries of living cells and intracellular compartments. The dynamic remodelling of these membranes by the cytoskeleton, a very dynamic structure made of active biopolymers, is crucial in many biological processes such as motility or division. In this review, we present some aspects of cellular membranes and how they are affected by the presence of the actin cytoskeleton. We show that, in parallel with the direct study of membranes and cytoskeleton in vivo, biomimetic in vitro systems allow reconstitution of biological processes in a controlled environment. In particular, we show that liposomes, or giant unilamellar vesicles, encapsulating a reconstituted actin network polymerizing at their membrane are suitable models of living cells and can be used to decipher the relative contributions of membrane and actin on the mechanical properties of the cellular interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lemière
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - F Valentino
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 168, 75005, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 4 place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France; Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 5 rue Thomas-Mann, 75205, Paris, France
| | - C Campillo
- Université Evry Val d'Essonne, LAMBE, Boulevard F Mitterrand, Evry, 91025, France
| | - C Sykes
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 168, 75005, Paris, France.
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20
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Martos A, Raso A, Jiménez M, Petrášek Z, Rivas G, Schwille P. FtsZ Polymers Tethered to the Membrane by ZipA Are Susceptible to Spatial Regulation by Min Waves. Biophys J 2016; 108:2371-83. [PMID: 25954894 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial cell division is driven by an FtsZ ring in which the FtsZ protein localizes at mid-cell and recruits other proteins, forming a divisome. In Escherichia coli, the first molecular assembly of the divisome, the proto-ring, is formed by the association of FtsZ polymers to the cytoplasmic membrane through the membrane-tethering FtsA and ZipA proteins. The MinCDE system plays a major role in the site selection of the division ring because these proteins oscillate from pole to pole in such a way that the concentration of the FtsZ-ring inhibitor, MinC, is minimal at the cell center, thus favoring FtsZ assembly in this region. We show that MinCDE drives the formation of waves of FtsZ polymers associated to bilayers by ZipA, which propagate as antiphase patterns with respect to those of Min as revealed by confocal fluorescence microscopy. The emergence of these FtsZ waves results from the displacement of FtsZ polymers from the vicinity of the membrane by MinCD, which efficiently competes with ZipA for the C-terminal region of FtsZ, a central hub for multiple interactions that are essential for division. The coupling between FtsZ polymers and Min is enhanced at higher surface densities of ZipA or in the presence of crowding agents that favor the accumulation of FtsZ polymers near the membrane. The association of FtsZ polymers to the membrane modifies the response of FtsZ to Min, and comigrating Min-FtsZ waves are observed when FtsZ is free in solution and not attached to the membrane by ZipA. Taken together, our findings show that the dynamic Min patterns modulate the spatial distribution of FtsZ polymers in controlled minimal membranes. We propose that ZipA plays an important role in mid-cell recruitment of FtsZ orchestrated by MinCDE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariadna Martos
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ana Raso
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany; Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Zdeněk Petrášek
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany; Institut für Biotechnologie und Bioprozesstechnik, Graz, Austria
| | - Germán Rivas
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Petra Schwille
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany.
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21
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Sterling SM, Dawes R, Allgeyer ES, Ashworth SL, Neivandt DJ. Comparison of [corrected] actin- and glass-supported phospholipid bilayer diffusion coefficients. Biophys J 2016; 108:1946-53. [PMID: 25902434 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 02/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation of biomimetic lipid membranes has the potential to provide insights into cellular lipid membrane dynamics. The construction of such membranes necessitates not only the utilization of appropriate lipids, but also physiologically relevant substrate/support materials. The substrate materials employed have been shown to have demonstrable effects on the behavior of the overlying lipid membrane, and thus must be studied before use as a model cushion support. To our knowledge, we report the formation and investigation of a novel actin protein-supported lipid membrane. Specifically, inner leaflet lateral mobility of globular actin-supported DMPC (1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) bilayers, deposited via the Langmuir-Blodgett/Langmuir Schaefer methodology, was investigated by z-scan fluorescence correlation spectroscopy across a temperature range of 20-44°C. The actin substrate was found to decrease the diffusion coefficient when compared to an identical membrane supported on glass. The depression of the diffusion coefficient occurred across all measured temperatures. These results indicated that the actin substrate exerted a direct effect on the fluidity of the lipid membrane and highlighted the fact that the choice of substrate/support is critical in studies of model lipid membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Sterling
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine; Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine
| | - Ryan Dawes
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, Maine
| | - Edward S Allgeyer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Maine, Orono, Maine
| | - Sharon L Ashworth
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine; School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, Maine
| | - David J Neivandt
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine; Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine.
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22
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van Weerd J, Karperien M, Jonkheijm P. Supported Lipid Bilayers for the Generation of Dynamic Cell-Material Interfaces. Adv Healthc Mater 2015; 4:2743-79. [PMID: 26573989 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201500398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Supported lipid bilayers (SLB) offer unique possibilities for studying cellular membranes and have been used as a synthetic architecture to interact with cells. Here, the state-of-the-art in SLB-based technology is presented. The fabrication, analysis, characteristics and modification of SLBs are described in great detail. Numerous strategies to form SLBs on different substrates, and the means to patteren them, are described. The use of SLBs as model membranes for the study of membrane organization and membrane processes in vitro is highlighted. In addition, the use of SLBs as a substratum for cell analysis is presented, with discrimination between cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) mimicry. The study is concluded with a discussion of the potential for in vivo applications of SLBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper van Weerd
- Bioinspired Molecular Engineering; University of Twente; PO Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
- Dept. of Developmental BioEngineering; MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine; University of Twente; PO Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
- Molecular Nanofabrication Group, MESA+; University of Twente; Enschede 7500 AE The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Karperien
- Dept. of Developmental BioEngineering; MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine; University of Twente; PO Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Pascal Jonkheijm
- Bioinspired Molecular Engineering; University of Twente; PO Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
- Molecular Nanofabrication Group, MESA+; University of Twente; Enschede 7500 AE The Netherlands
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23
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Ito H, Nishigami Y, Sonobe S, Ichikawa M. Wrinkling of a spherical lipid interface induced by actomyosin cortex. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015; 92:062711. [PMID: 26764731 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.92.062711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Actomyosin actively generates contractile forces that provide the plasma membrane with the deformation stresses essential to carry out biological processes. Although the contractile property of purified actomyosin has been extensively studied, to understand the physical contribution of the actomyosin contractile force on a deformable membrane is still a challenging problem and of great interest in the field of biophysics. Here, we reconstitute a model system with a cell-sized deformable interface that exhibits anomalous curvature-dependent wrinkling caused by the actomyosin cortex underneath the spherical closed interface. Through a shape analysis of the wrinkling deformation, we find that the dominant contributor to the wrinkled shape changes from bending elasticity to stretching elasticity of the reconstituted cortex upon increasing the droplet curvature radius of the order of the cell size, i.e., tens of micrometers. The observed curvature dependence is explained by the theoretical description of the cortex elasticity and contractility. Our present results provide a fundamental insight into the deformation of a curved membrane induced by the actomyosin cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Ito
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yukinori Nishigami
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Seiji Sonobe
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Harima Science Park City, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Ichikawa
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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24
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Cytoskeletal Symmetry Breaking and Chirality: From Reconstituted Systems to Animal Development. Symmetry (Basel) 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/sym7042062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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25
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Ma J, Zhao N, Zhu D. Biphasic responses of human vascular smooth muscle cells to magnesium ion. J Biomed Mater Res A 2015; 104:347-56. [PMID: 26402437 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Magnesium-based alloys are promising in biodegradable cardiovascular stent applications. The degradation products of magnesium stents may have significant impacts on the surrounding vascular cells. However, knowledge on the interactions between magnesium ion and vascular cells at the molecular and cellular levels is still largely missing. Vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of restenosis and wound healing after stent implantation. This study evaluated the short-term effects of extracellular magnesium ion (Mg(2+)) on the cellular behaviors of SMCs. Cellular responses to Mg(2+) were biphasic and in a concentration-dependent manner. Low concentrations (10 mM) of Mg(2+) increased cell viability, cell proliferation rate, cell adhesion, cell spreading, cell migration rate, and actin expression. In contrast, higher concentrations (40-60 mM) of Mg(2+) had deleterious effects on cells. Gene expression analysis revealed that Mg(2+) altered the expressions of genes mostly related to cell adhesion, cell injury, angiogenesis, inflammation, coagulation, and cell growth. Finding from this study provides some valuable information on SMC responses toward magnesium ions at the cellular and molecular levels, and guidance for future controlled release of magnesium from the stent material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ma
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Bio-Engineering, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, North Carolina, 27411.,NSF-ERC For Revolutionizing Metallic Biomaterial, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, North Carolina, 27411
| | - Nan Zhao
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Bio-Engineering, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, North Carolina, 27411.,NSF-ERC For Revolutionizing Metallic Biomaterial, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, North Carolina, 27411
| | - Donghui Zhu
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Bio-Engineering, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, North Carolina, 27411.,NSF-ERC For Revolutionizing Metallic Biomaterial, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, North Carolina, 27411
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26
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Reconstituting the actin cytoskeleton at or near surfaces in vitro. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:3006-14. [PMID: 26235437 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Actin filament dynamics have been studied for decades in pure protein solutions or in cell extracts, but a breakthrough in the field occurred at the turn of the century when it became possible to reconstitute networks of actin filaments, growing in a controlled but physiological manner on surfaces, mimicking the actin assembly that occurs at the plasma membrane during cell protrusion and cell shape changes. The story begins with the bacteria Listeria monocytogenes, the study of which led to the reconstitution of cellular actin polymerization on a variety of supports including plastic beads. These studies made possible the development of liposome-type substrates for filament assembly and micropatterning of actin polymerization nucleation. Based on the accumulated expertise of the last 15 years, many exciting approaches are being developed, including the addition of myosin to biomimetic actin networks to study the interplay between actin structure and contractility. The field is now poised to make artificial cells with a physiological and dynamic actin cytoskeleton, and subsequently to put these cells together to make in vitro tissues. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Mechanobiology.
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27
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Dahl JB, Lin JMG, Muller SJ, Kumar S. Microfluidic Strategies for Understanding the Mechanics of Cells and Cell-Mimetic Systems. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2015; 6:293-317. [PMID: 26134738 PMCID: PMC5217707 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-061114-123407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic systems are attracting increasing interest for the high-throughput measurement of cellular biophysical properties and for the creation of engineered cellular microenvironments. Here we review recent applications of microfluidic technologies to the mechanics of living cells and synthetic cell-mimetic systems. We begin by discussing the use of microfluidic devices to dissect the mechanics of cellular mimics, such as capsules and vesicles. We then explore applications to circulating cells, including erythrocytes and other normal blood cells, and rare populations with potential disease diagnostic value, such as circulating tumor cells. We conclude by discussing how microfluidic devices have been used to investigate the mechanics, chemotaxis, and invasive migration of adherent cells. In these ways, microfluidic technologies represent an increasingly important toolbox for investigating cellular mechanics and motility at high throughput and in a format that lends itself to clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna B. Dahl
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, UC-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Jung-Ming G. Lin
- Department of Bioengineering, UC-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
- The UC Berkeley/UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Susan J. Muller
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, UC-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Department of Bioengineering, UC-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
- The UC Berkeley/UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, Berkeley, CA 94720
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Rivas G, Vogel SK, Schwille P. Reconstitution of cytoskeletal protein assemblies for large-scale membrane transformation. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2014; 22:18-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Interplay of cytoskeletal activity and lipid phase stability in dynamic protein recruitment and clustering. Sci Rep 2014; 3:2608. [PMID: 24018870 PMCID: PMC3767946 DOI: 10.1038/srep02608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent experiments have revealed that some membrane proteins aggregate to form clusters. This type of process has been proven to be dynamic and to be actively maintained by external kinetics. Additionally, this dynamic recruiting is cholesterol- and actin-dependent, suggesting that raft organization and cytoskeleton rearrangement play a crucial role. In the present study, we propose a simple model that provides a general framework to describe the dynamical behavior of lipid-protein assemblies. Our results suggest that lipid-mediated interactions and cytoskeleton-anchored proteins contribute to the modulation of such behavior. In particular, we find a resonant condition between the membrane protein and cytoskeleton dynamics that results in the invariance of the ratio of clustered proteins that is found in in vivo experimental observations.
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Wauer T, Gerlach H, Mantri S, Hill J, Bayley H, Sapra KT. Construction and manipulation of functional three-dimensional droplet networks. ACS NANO 2014; 8:771-9. [PMID: 24341760 DOI: 10.1021/nn405433y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we reported the manual assembly of lipid-coated aqueous droplets in oil to form two-dimensional (2D) networks in which the droplets are connected through single lipid bilayers. Here we assemble lipid-coated droplets in robust, freestanding 3D geometries: for example, a 14-droplet pyramidal assembly. The networks are designed, and each droplet is placed in a designated position. When protein pores are inserted in the bilayers between specific constituent droplets, electrical and chemical communication pathways are generated. We further describe an improved means to construct 3D droplet networks with defined organizations by the manipulation of aqueous droplets containing encapsulated magnetic beads. The droplets are maneuvered in a magnetic field to form simple construction modules, which are then used to form larger 2D and 3D structures including a 10-droplet pyramid. A methodology to construct freestanding, functional 3D droplet networks is an important step toward the programmed and automated manufacture of synthetic minimal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Wauer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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31
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Vogel SK, Heinemann F, Chwastek G, Schwille P. The design of MACs (minimal actin cortices). Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2013; 70:706-17. [PMID: 24039068 PMCID: PMC4065363 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The actin cell cortex in eukaryotic cells is a key player in controlling and maintaining the shape of cells, and in driving major shape changes such as in cytokinesis. It is thereby constantly being remodeled. Cell shape changes require forces acting on membranes that are generated by the interplay of membrane coupled actin filaments and assemblies of myosin motors. Little is known about how their interaction regulates actin cell cortex remodeling and cell shape changes. Because of the vital importance of actin, myosin motors and the cell membrane, selective in vivo experiments and manipulations are often difficult to perform or not feasible. Thus, the intelligent design of minimal in vitro systems for actin-myosin-membrane interactions could pave a way for investigating actin cell cortex mechanics in a detailed and quantitative manner. Here, we present and discuss the design of several bottom-up in vitro systems accomplishing the coupling of actin filaments to artificial membranes, where key parameters such as actin densities and membrane properties can be varied in a controlled manner. Insights gained from these in vitro systems may help to uncover fundamental principles of how exactly actin-myosin-membrane interactions govern actin cortex remodeling and membrane properties for cell shape changes. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven K Vogel
- *Address correspondence to: Sven K. Vogel; Department of Cellular and Molecular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany. E-mail:
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32
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Heinemann F, Vogel S, Schwille P. Lateral membrane diffusion modulated by a minimal actin cortex. Biophys J 2013; 104:1465-75. [PMID: 23561523 PMCID: PMC3617436 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffusion of lipids and proteins within the cell membrane is essential for numerous membrane-dependent processes including signaling and molecular interactions. It is assumed that the membrane-associated cytoskeleton modulates lateral diffusion. Here, we use a minimal actin cortex to directly study proposed effects of an actin meshwork on the diffusion in a well-defined system. The lateral diffusion of a lipid and a protein probe at varying densities of membrane-bound actin was characterized by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). A clear correlation of actin density and reduction in mobility was observed for both the lipid and the protein probe. At high actin densities, the effect on the protein probe was ∼3.5-fold stronger compared to the lipid. Moreover, addition of myosin filaments, which contract the actin mesh, allowed switching between fast and slow diffusion in the minimal system. Spot variation FCS was in accordance with a model of fast microscopic diffusion and slower macroscopic diffusion. Complementing Monte Carlo simulations support the analysis of the experimental FCS data. Our results suggest a stronger interaction of the actin mesh with the larger protein probe compared to the lipid. This might point toward a mechanism where cortical actin controls membrane diffusion in a strong size-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Petra Schwille
- Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
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Abstract
Liposome structures have a wide range of applications in biology, biochemistry, and biophysics. As a result, several methods for forming liposomes have been developed. This review provides a critical comparison of existing microfluidic technologies for forming liposomes and, when applicable, a comparison with their analogous macroscale counterparts. The properties of the generated liposomes, including size, size distribution, lamellarity, membrane composition, and encapsulation efficiency, form the basis for comparison. We hope that this critique will allow the reader to make an informed decision as to which method should be used for a given biological application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk van Swaay
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Vogel SK, Petrasek Z, Heinemann F, Schwille P. Myosin motors fragment and compact membrane-bound actin filaments. eLife 2013; 2:e00116. [PMID: 23326639 PMCID: PMC3545444 DOI: 10.7554/elife.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell cortex remodeling during cell division is a result of myofilament-driven contractility of the cortical membrane-bound actin meshwork. Little is known about the interaction between individual myofilaments and membrane-bound actin filaments. Here we reconstituted a minimal actin cortex to directly visualize the action of individual myofilaments on membrane-bound actin filaments using TIRF microscopy. We show that synthetic myofilaments fragment and compact membrane-bound actin while processively moving along actin filaments. We propose a mechanism by which tension builds up between the ends of myofilaments, resulting in compressive stress exerted to single actin filaments, causing their buckling and breakage. Modeling of this mechanism revealed that sufficient force (∼20 pN) can be generated by single myofilaments to buckle and break actin filaments. This mechanism of filament fragmentation and compaction may contribute to actin turnover and cortex reorganization during cytokinesis. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00116.001 Actin is a multi-functional protein that is found in almost all eukaryotic cells. When polymerized, it forms robust filaments that participate in a variety of cellular processes. For example, actin filaments are involved in the contraction of muscles, and they are also a major component in the various structures that maintain and control the shape of cells as they move and divide. These structures include the cell cortex, a meshwork of actin filaments that is bound to the inner surface of the plasma membrane by anchor proteins. However, both the cell cortex and the plasma membrane must undergo dramatic changes when a cell divides, and the forces that drive these changes are generated by another protein, myosin II. Myosin II contains three domains: a head domain, also known as the motor domain, that binds to actin; a neck domain; and a tail domain. Like actin, myosin II proteins also form filaments, but these myofilaments have a distinctive structure: the tail domains of two Myosin II proteins join together, with the motor domains being found at both ends of the filament. When activated, the motor domains grab actin filaments and pull against them in a ‘powerstroke’. However, the details of the interactions between the myofilament motor domains and the actin filaments in the cell cortex, which are bound to the plasma membrane, are not fully understood. Studying these processes in living cells is extremely challenging, so Vogel et al. have built an in vitro model of the cell cortex, and then used single-molecule imaging to watch the interactions between the myofilaments and the actin filaments in this model. They show that the myofilaments move along the actin in the cortex, breaking up the filaments and compressing them in the process. They propose that tension builds up between the ends of the myofilaments, leading to compressive stress being exerted on the actin filaments. Computer simulations confirm that the forces generated are high enough to cause the actin filaments to buckle and break. The in vitro model developed by Vogel et al. should allow researchers to clarify the basic biophysical principles that underpin the structure and function of the cell cortex. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00116.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven K Vogel
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry , Department of Cellular and Molecular Biophysics , Martinsried , Germany
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Martos A, Jiménez M, Rivas G, Schwille P. Towards a bottom-up reconstitution of bacterial cell division. Trends Cell Biol 2012; 22:634-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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