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Tiwari T, Kaur GA, Singh PK, Balayan S, Mishra A, Tiwari A. Emerging bio-capture strategies for greenhouse gas reduction: Navigating challenges towards carbon neutrality. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 929:172433. [PMID: 38626824 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Greenhouse gas emissions are significantly contributing to climate change, posing one of the serious threats to our planet. Addressing these emissions urgently is imperative to prevent irreversible planetary changes. One effective long-term mitigation strategy is achieving carbon neutrality. Although numerous countries aim for carbon neutrality by 2050, only a few are on track to realize this ambition. Existing technological solutions, including chemical absorption, cryogenic separation, and membrane separation, are available but tend to be costly and time intensive. Bio-capture methods present a promising opportunity in greenhouse gas mitigation research. Recent developments in biotechnology for capturing greenhouse gases have demonstrated both effectiveness and long-term benefits. This review emphasizes the recent advancements in bio-capture techniques, showcasing them as dependable and economical solutions for carbon neutrality. The article briefly outlines various bio-capture methods and underscores their potential for industrial application. Moreover, it investigates into the challenges faced when integrating bio-capture with carbon capture and storage technology. The study concludes by exploring the recent trends and prospective enhancements in ecosystem revitalization and industrial decarbonization through green conversion techniques, reinforcing the path towards carbon neutrality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmay Tiwari
- Institute of Advanced Materials, IAAM, Gammalkilsvägen 18, Ulrika, 590 53, Sweden; International Institute of Water, Air Force Radar Road, Bijolai, Jodhpur 342003, India
| | - Gun Anit Kaur
- Institute of Advanced Materials, IAAM, Gammalkilsvägen 18, Ulrika, 590 53, Sweden; International Institute of Water, Air Force Radar Road, Bijolai, Jodhpur 342003, India
| | - Pravin Kumar Singh
- Institute of Advanced Materials, IAAM, Gammalkilsvägen 18, Ulrika, 590 53, Sweden; International Institute of Water, Air Force Radar Road, Bijolai, Jodhpur 342003, India
| | - Sapna Balayan
- Institute of Advanced Materials, IAAM, Gammalkilsvägen 18, Ulrika, 590 53, Sweden; International Institute of Water, Air Force Radar Road, Bijolai, Jodhpur 342003, India
| | - Anshuman Mishra
- Institute of Advanced Materials, IAAM, Gammalkilsvägen 18, Ulrika, 590 53, Sweden; International Institute of Water, Air Force Radar Road, Bijolai, Jodhpur 342003, India
| | - Ashutosh Tiwari
- Institute of Advanced Materials, IAAM, Gammalkilsvägen 18, Ulrika, 590 53, Sweden; International Institute of Water, Air Force Radar Road, Bijolai, Jodhpur 342003, India.
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Wu W, Tong Y, Chen P. Regulation Strategy of Nanostructured Engineering on Indium-Based Materials for Electrocatalytic Conversion of CO 2. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2305562. [PMID: 37845037 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202305562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction (CO2 RR), as an emerging technology, can combine with sustainable energies to convert CO2 into high value-added products, providing an effective pathway to realize carbon neutrality. However, the high activation energy of CO2 , low mass transfer, and competitive hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) leads to the unsatisfied catalytic activity. Recently, Indium (In)-based materials have attracted significant attention in CO2 RR and a series of regulation strategies of nanostructured engineering are exploited to rationally design various advanced In-based electrocatalysts, which forces the necessary of a comprehensive and fundamental summary, but there is still a scarcity. Herein, this review provides a systematic discussion of the nanostructure engineering of In-based materials for the efficient electrocatalytic conversion of CO2 to fuels. These efficient regulation strategies including morphology, size, composition, defects, surface modification, interfacial structure, alloying, and single-atom structure, are summarized for exploring the internal relationship between the CO2 RR performance and the physicochemical properties of In-based catalysts. The correlation of electronic structure and adsorption behavior of reaction intermediates are highlighted to gain in-depth understanding of catalytic reaction kinetics for CO2 RR. Moreover, the challenges and opportunities of In-based materials are proposed, which is expected to inspire the development of other effective catalysts for CO2 RR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China
| | - Yun Tong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China
| | - Pengzuo Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China
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Michailidou F. The Scent of Change: Sustainable Fragrances Through Industrial Biotechnology. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300309. [PMID: 37668275 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Current environmental and safety considerations urge innovation to address the need for sustainable high-value chemicals that are embraced by consumers. This review discusses the concept of sustainable fragrances, as high-value, everyday and everywhere chemicals. Current and emerging technologies represent an opportunity to produce fragrances in an environmentally and socially responsible way. Biotechnology, including fermentation, biocatalysis, and genetic engineering, has the potential to reduce the environmental footprint of fragrance production while maintaining quality and consistency. Computational and in silico methods, including machine learning (ML), are also likely to augment the capabilities of sustainable fragrance production. Continued innovation and collaboration will be crucial to the future of sustainable fragrances, with a focus on developing novel sustainable ingredients, as well as ethical sourcing practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freideriki Michailidou
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
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Zhai R, Zhang L, Gu M, Zhao X, Zhang B, Cheng Y, Zhang J. A Review of Phosphorus Structures as CO 2 Reduction Photocatalysts. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2207840. [PMID: 36775943 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Effective photocatalytic carbon dioxide (CO2 ) reduction into high-value-added chemicals is promising to mitigate current energy crisis and global warming issues. Finding effective photocatalysts is crucial for photocatalytic CO2 reduction. Currently, metal-based semiconductors for photocatalytic CO2 reduction have been well reviewed, while review of nonmetal-based semiconductors is almost limited to carbon nitrides. Phosphorus is a promising nonmetal photocatalysts with various allotropes and tunable band gaps, which has been demonstrated to be promising non-metallic photocatalysts. However, no systematic review about phosphorus structures for photocatalytic CO2 reduction reactions has been reported. Herein, the progresses of phosphorus structures as photocatalysts for CO2 reduction are reviewed. The fundamentals of photocatalytic CO2 reduction, corresponding properties of phosphorus allotropes, photocatalysts with phosphorus doping or phosphorus-containing ligands, research progress of phosphorus allotropes as photocatalysts for CO2 reduction have been reviewed in this paper. The future research and perspective of phosphorus structures for photocatalytic CO2 reduction are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Center of Nanomaterials for Renewable Energy (CNRE), School of Electrical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Lihui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Center of Nanomaterials for Renewable Energy (CNRE), School of Electrical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Mengyue Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Center of Nanomaterials for Renewable Energy (CNRE), School of Electrical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Xuewen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Center of Nanomaterials for Renewable Energy (CNRE), School of Electrical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Center of Nanomaterials for Renewable Energy (CNRE), School of Electrical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Yonghong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Center of Nanomaterials for Renewable Energy (CNRE), School of Electrical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Jinying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Center of Nanomaterials for Renewable Energy (CNRE), School of Electrical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
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Bierbaumer S, Nattermann M, Schulz L, Zschoche R, Erb TJ, Winkler CK, Tinzl M, Glueck SM. Enzymatic Conversion of CO 2: From Natural to Artificial Utilization. Chem Rev 2023; 123:5702-5754. [PMID: 36692850 PMCID: PMC10176493 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic carbon dioxide fixation is one of the most important metabolic reactions as it allows the capture of inorganic carbon from the atmosphere and its conversion into organic biomass. However, due to the often unfavorable thermodynamics and the difficulties associated with the utilization of CO2, a gaseous substrate that is found in comparatively low concentrations in the atmosphere, such reactions remain challenging for biotechnological applications. Nature has tackled these problems by evolution of dedicated CO2-fixing enzymes, i.e., carboxylases, and embedding them in complex metabolic pathways. Biotechnology employs such carboxylating and decarboxylating enzymes for the carboxylation of aromatic and aliphatic substrates either by embedding them into more complex reaction cascades or by shifting the reaction equilibrium via reaction engineering. This review aims to provide an overview of natural CO2-fixing enzymes and their mechanistic similarities. We also discuss biocatalytic applications of carboxylases and decarboxylases for the synthesis of valuable products and provide a separate summary of strategies to improve the efficiency of such processes. We briefly summarize natural CO2 fixation pathways, provide a roadmap for the design and implementation of artificial carbon fixation pathways, and highlight examples of biocatalytic cascades involving carboxylases. Additionally, we suggest that biochemical utilization of reduced CO2 derivates, such as formate or methanol, represents a suitable alternative to direct use of CO2 and provide several examples. Our discussion closes with a techno-economic perspective on enzymatic CO2 fixation and its potential to reduce CO2 emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bierbaumer
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Maren Nattermann
- Department of Biochemistry and Synthetic Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch Straße 10, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Luca Schulz
- Department of Biochemistry and Synthetic Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch Straße 10, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Tobias J Erb
- Department of Biochemistry and Synthetic Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch Straße 10, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Christoph K Winkler
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Matthias Tinzl
- Department of Biochemistry and Synthetic Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch Straße 10, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Silvia M Glueck
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Albertsen
- Center for Microbial Communities, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
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Using synthetic biology to improve photosynthesis for sustainable food production. J Biotechnol 2022; 359:1-14. [PMID: 36126804 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2022.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Photosynthesis is responsible for the primary productivity and maintenance of life on Earth, boosting biological activity and contributing to the maintenance of the environment. In the past, traditional crop improvement was considered sufficient to meet food demands, but the growing demand for food coupled with climate change has modified this scenario over the past decades. However, advances in this area have not focused on photosynthesis per se but rather on fixed carbon partitioning. In short, other approaches must be used to meet an increasing agricultural demand. Thus, several paths may be followed, from modifications in leaf shape and canopy architecture, improving metabolic pathways related to CO2 fixation, the inclusion of metabolic mechanisms from other species, and improvements in energy uptake by plants. Given the recognized importance of photosynthesis, as the basis of the primary productivity on Earth, we here present an overview of the latest advances in attempts to improve plant photosynthetic performance. We focused on points considered key to the enhancement of photosynthesis, including leaf shape development, RuBisCO reengineering, Calvin-Benson cycle optimization, light use efficiency, the introduction of the C4 cycle in C3 plants and the inclusion of other CO2 concentrating mechanisms (CCMs). We further provide compelling evidence that there is still room for further improvements. Finally, we conclude this review by presenting future perspectives and possible new directions on this subject.
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Wang Z, Hu Y, Zhang S, Sun Y. Artificial photosynthesis systems for solar energy conversion and storage: platforms and their realities. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:6704-6737. [PMID: 35815740 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs01008e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In natural photosynthesis, photosynthetic organisms such as green plants realize efficient solar energy conversion and storage by integrating photosynthetic components on the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts. Inspired by natural photosynthesis, researchers have developed many artificial photosynthesis systems (APS's) that integrate various photocatalysts and biocatalysts to convert and store solar energy in the fields of resource, environment, food, and energy. To improve the system efficiency and reduce the operation cost, reaction platforms are introduced in APS's since they allow for great stability and continuous processing. A systematic understanding of how a reaction platform affects the performance of artificial photosynthesis is conducive for designing an APS with superb solar energy utilization. In this review, we discuss the recent APS's researches, especially those confined on/in platforms. The importance of different platforms and their influences on APS's performance are emphasized. Generally, confined platforms can enhance the stability and repeatability of both photocatalysts and biocatalysts in APS's as well as improve the photosynthetic performance due to the proximity effect. For functional platforms that can participate in the artificial photosynthesis reactions as active parts, a high integration of APS's components on/in these platforms can lead to efficient electron transfer, enhanced light-harvesting, or synergistic catalysis, resulting in superior photosynthesis performance. Therefore, the integration of APS's components is beneficial for the transfer of substrates and photoexcited electrons in artificial photosynthesis. We finally summarize the current challenges of APS's development and further efforts on the improvement of APS's.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfu Wang
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering and Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Yang Hu
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering and Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Songping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering and Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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Alcántara AR, Domínguez de María P, Littlechild JA, Schürmann M, Sheldon RA, Wohlgemuth R. Biocatalysis as Key to Sustainable Industrial Chemistry. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202102709. [PMID: 35238475 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The role and power of biocatalysis in sustainable chemistry has been continuously brought forward step by step to its present outstanding position. The problem-solving capabilities of biocatalysis have been realized by numerous substantial achievements in biology, chemistry and engineering. Advances and breakthroughs in the life sciences and interdisciplinary cooperation with chemistry have clearly accelerated the implementation of biocatalytic synthesis in modern chemistry. Resource-efficient biocatalytic manufacturing processes have already provided numerous benefits to sustainable chemistry as well as customer-centric value creation in the pharmaceutical, food, flavor, fragrance, vitamin, agrochemical, polymer, specialty, and fine chemical industries. Biocatalysis can make significant contributions not only to manufacturing processes, but also to the design of completely new value-creation chains. Biocatalysis can now be considered as a key enabling technology to implement sustainable chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés R Alcántara
- Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences (QUICIFARM), Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), 28040-, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Domínguez de María
- Sustainable Momentum, SL, Av. Ansite 3, 4-6, 35011, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Is., Spain
| | - Jennifer A Littlechild
- Henry Wellcome Building for Biocatalysis, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | | | - Roger A Sheldon
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Braamfontein, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Roland Wohlgemuth
- Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-537, Lodz, Poland
- Swiss Coordination Committee for Biotechnology, 8021, Zurich, Switzerland
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10
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Cadet XF, Gelly JC, van Noord A, Cadet F, Acevedo-Rocha CG. Learning Strategies in Protein Directed Evolution. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2461:225-275. [PMID: 35727454 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2152-3_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic biology is a fast-evolving research field that combines biology and engineering principles to develop new biological systems for medical, pharmacological, and industrial applications. Synthetic biologists use iterative "design, build, test, and learn" cycles to efficiently engineer genetic systems that are reliable, reproducible, and predictable. Protein engineering by directed evolution can benefit from such a systematic engineering approach for various reasons. Learning can be carried out before starting, throughout or after finalizing a directed evolution project. Computational tools, bioinformatics, and scanning mutagenesis methods can be excellent starting points, while molecular dynamics simulations and other strategies can guide engineering efforts. Similarly, studying protein intermediates along evolutionary pathways offers fascinating insights into the molecular mechanisms shaped by evolution. The learning step of the cycle is not only crucial for proteins or enzymes that are not suitable for high-throughput screening or selection systems, but it is also valuable for any platform that can generate a large amount of data that can be aided by machine learning algorithms. The main challenge in protein engineering is to predict the effect of a single mutation on one functional parameter-to say nothing of several mutations on multiple parameters. This is largely due to nonadditive mutational interactions, known as epistatic effects-beneficial mutations present in a genetic background may not be beneficial in another genetic background. In this work, we provide an overview of experimental and computational strategies that can guide the user to learn protein function at different stages in a directed evolution project. We also discuss how epistatic effects can influence the success of directed evolution projects. Since machine learning is gaining momentum in protein engineering and the field is becoming more interdisciplinary thanks to collaboration between mathematicians, computational scientists, engineers, molecular biologists, and chemists, we provide a general workflow that familiarizes nonexperts with the basic concepts, dataset requirements, learning approaches, model capabilities and performance metrics of this intriguing area. Finally, we also provide some practical recommendations on how machine learning can harness epistatic effects for engineering proteins in an "outside-the-box" way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier F Cadet
- PEACCEL, Artificial Intelligence Department, Paris, France
| | - Jean Christophe Gelly
- Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
- BIGR, DSIMB, UMR_S1134, INSERM, University of Paris & University of Reunion, Paris, France
| | | | - Frédéric Cadet
- Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
- BIGR, DSIMB, UMR_S1134, INSERM, University of Paris & University of Reunion, Paris, France
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Xu Y, Ren J, Wang W, Zeng A. Improvement of glycine biosynthesis from one-carbon compounds and ammonia catalyzed by the glycine cleavage system in vitro. Eng Life Sci 2022; 22:40-53. [PMID: 35024026 PMCID: PMC8727733 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.202100047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycine cleavage system (GCS) plays a central role in one-carbon (C1) metabolism and receives increasing interest as a core part of the recently proposed reductive glycine pathway (rGlyP) for assimilation of CO2 and formate. Despite decades of research, GCS has not yet been well understood and kinetic data are barely available. This is to a large degree because of the complexity of GCS, which is composed of four proteins (H, T, P, and L) and catalyzes reactions involving different substrates and cofactors. In vitro kinetics of reconstructed microbial multi-enzyme glycine cleavage/synthase system is desired to better implement rGlyP in microorganisms like Escherichia coli for the use of C1 resources. Here, we examined in vitro several factors that may affect the rate of glycine synthesis via the reverse GCS reaction. We found that the ratio of GCS component proteins has a direct influence on the rate of glycine synthesis, namely higher ratios of P protein and especially H protein to T and L proteins are favorable, and the carboxylation reaction catalyzed by P protein is a key step determining the glycine synthesis rate, whereas increasing the ratio of L protein to other GCS proteins does not have significant effect and the ratio of T protein to other GCS proteins should be kept low. The effect of substrate concentrations on glycine synthesis is quite complex, showing interdependence with the ratios of GCS component proteins. Furthermore, adding the reducing agent dithiothreitol to the reaction mixture not only results in great tolerance to high concentration of formaldehyde, but also increases the rate of glycine synthesis, probably due to its functions in activating P protein and taking up the role of L protein in the non-enzymatic reduction of Hox to Hred. Moreover, the presence of some monovalent and divalent metal ions can have either positive or negative effect on the rate of glycine synthesis, depending on their type and their concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Xu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijingP. R. China
| | - Jie Ren
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijingP. R. China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests/Key Laboratory of Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Plant Origin) for Agri‐product Quality and SafetyMinistry of AgricultureInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingP. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, Hamburg University of TechnologyHamburgGermany
| | - An‐Ping Zeng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijingP. R. China
- Institute of Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, Hamburg University of TechnologyHamburgGermany
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12
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Zhou Y, Wu S, Bornscheuer UT. Recent advances in (chemo)enzymatic cascades for upgrading bio-based resources. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:10661-10674. [PMID: 34585190 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04243b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Developing (chemo)enzymatic cascades is very attractive for green synthesis, because they streamline multistep synthetic processes. In this Feature Article, we have summarized the recent advances in in vitro or whole-cell cascade reactions with a focus on the use of renewable bio-based resources as starting materials. This includes the synthesis of rare sugars (such as ketoses, L-ribulose, D-tagatose, myo-inositol or aminosugars) from readily available carbohydrate sources (cellulose, hemi-cellulose, starch), in vitro enzyme pathways to convert glucose to various biochemicals, cascades to convert 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and furfural obtained from lignin or xylose into novel precursors for polymer synthesis, the syntheses of phenolic compounds, cascade syntheses of aliphatic and highly reduced chemicals from plant oils and fatty acids, upgrading of glycerol or ethanol as well as cascades to transform natural L-amino acids into high-value (chiral) compounds. In several examples these processes have demonstrated their efficiency with respect to high space-time yields and low E-factors enabling mature green chemistry processes. Also, the strengths and limitations are discussed and an outlook is provided for improving the existing and developing new cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Shizishan Street, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China.
| | - Shuke Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Shizishan Street, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China. .,Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Uwe T Bornscheuer
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany.
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