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Zheng Y, Pokorski JK. Hot melt extrusion: An emerging manufacturing method for slow and sustained protein delivery. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 13:e1712. [PMID: 33691347 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid development of the biopharmaceutical industry, an increasing number of new therapeutic protein products (TPPs) have been approved by the FDA and many others are under pre-clinical and clinical evaluation. A major limitation of biopharmaceuticals is their limited half-life when administered systemically. A one-time, implantable, sustained protein delivery device would be advantageous in order to improve the quality of life of patients. Hot melt extrusion (HME) is a mature technology that has been extensively used for a broad spectrum of applications in the polymer and pharmaceutical industry and has achieved success as evidenced by a variety of FDA-approved commercial products. These commercial products are mostly for sustained delivery of small molecule therapeutics, leaving a significant gap for HME formulation of therapeutic proteins. With the increasing need of sustained TPP delivery, HME shows promise as a downstream processing method due to its high efficiency and economic value. Several challenges remain for the application of HME in protein delivery. Progress of HME for protein delivery, challenges encountered, and potential solutions will be detailed in this review article. This article is categorized under: Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanomaterials and Implants Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Protein and Virus-Based Structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zheng
- Department of NanoEngineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jonathan K Pokorski
- Department of NanoEngineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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2
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Kiryukhin MV, Lau HH, Lim SH, Salgado G, Fan C, Ng YZ, Leavesley DI, Upton Z. Arrays of Biocompatible and Mechanically Robust Microchambers Made of Protein-Polyphenol-Clay Multilayer Films. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:5653-5661. [PMID: 33320583 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing demand for biocompatible and mechanically robust arrays of microcompartments loaded with minute amounts of active substances for sensing or controlled release applications. Here we report on a novel biocompatible composite material, protein-polyphenol-clay (PPC) multilayer film. The material is shown to be strong enough to make robust microchambers retaining the shape and dimensions of truncated square pyramids. We study the mechanical properties and biocompatibility of the PPC microchambers and compare them to those made of synthetic polyelectrolyte multilayer film, poly(styrenesulfonate)-poly(allylammonium) (PSS-PAH). The mechanical properties of the microchambers were characterized under uniaxial compression using nanoindentation with a flat-punch tip. The effective Young's modulus of PPC microchambers, 166 ± 53 MPa, is found to be lower than that of PSS-PAH microchambers, 245 ± 52 MPa. However, the capacity to elastically absorb the energy of the former, 2.4 ± 1.0 MPa, is marginally higher than of the latter, 2.0 ± 1.3 MPa. Arrays of microchambers were sealed onto a polyethylene film, loaded with a model oil-soluble drug, and their biocompatibility was tested using an ex vivo 3D human skin reconstruct model. We found no evidence for toxicity with the PPC microchambers; however, PSS-PAH microchambers stimulated reduced cell density in the epidermis and significantly affected epidermal-dermal attachment. Both materials do not alter skin cell proliferation but affect skin cell differentiation. We interpret that rather than affecting epidermal barrier function, these data suggest the applied plastic films with microchamber arrays affect transpiration, normoxia, and moisture exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim V Kiryukhin
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore 138634
| | - Hooi Hong Lau
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore 138634
| | - Su Hui Lim
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore 138634
| | - Giorgiana Salgado
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, 11 Mandalay Road, #17-01, Singapore 308232
| | - Chen Fan
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, 11 Mandalay Road, #17-01, Singapore 308232
| | - Yi Zhen Ng
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, 11 Mandalay Road, #17-01, Singapore 308232
| | - David I Leavesley
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, 11 Mandalay Road, #17-01, Singapore 308232
| | - Zee Upton
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, 11 Mandalay Road, #17-01, Singapore 308232
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Gupta A, Bhasarkar J, Chandan MR, Shaik AH, Kiran B, Bal DK. Diffusion Kinetics of Vitamin B12 from Alginate and Poly(vinyl acetate) Based Gel Scaffolds for Targeted Drug Delivery. J MACROMOL SCI B 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2020.1800246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ambuj Gupta
- Colloids and Polymers Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jaykumar Bhasarkar
- Department of Pulp and Paper Technology, Laxminarayan Institute of Technology, R.T.M. Nagpur University, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mohammed Rehaan Chandan
- Colloids and Polymers Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Aabid Hussain Shaik
- Colloids and Polymers Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Bandaru Kiran
- Colloids and Polymers Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dharmendra K. Bal
- Colloids and Polymers Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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Abstract
Currently, with the rapid development of nanotechnology, novel drug delivery systems (DDSs) have made rapid progress, in which nanocarriers play an important role in the tumour treatment. In view of the conventional chemotherapeutic drugs with many restrictions such as nonspecific systemic toxicity, short half-life and low concentration in the tumour sites, stimuli-responsive DDSs can deliver anti-tumour drugs targeting to the specific sites of tumours. Owing to precise stimuli response, stimuli-responsive DDSs can control drug release, so as to improve the curative effects, reduce the damage of normal tissues and organs, and decrease the side effects of traditional anticancer drugs. At present, according to the physicochemical properties and structures of nanomaterials, they can be divided into three categories: (1) endogenous stimuli-responsive materials, including pH, enzyme and redox responsive materials; (2) exogenous stimuli-responsive materials, such as temperature, light, ultrasound and magnetic field responsive materials; (3) multi-stimuli responsive materials. This review mainly focuses on the researches and developments of these novel stimuli-responsive DDSs based on above-mentioned nanomaterials and their clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- a Department of Oncology Minimally Invasive , Hospital of PLA, Clinical College of Anhui Medical University , Beijing , PR China.,b Institute of Military Cognitive and Brain Sciences , Beijing , PR China
| | - Wu-Wei Yang
- a Department of Oncology Minimally Invasive , Hospital of PLA, Clinical College of Anhui Medical University , Beijing , PR China
| | - Dong-Gang Xu
- b Institute of Military Cognitive and Brain Sciences , Beijing , PR China
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Sindeeva OA, Prikhozhdenko ES, Bratashov DN, Vostrikova AM, Atkin VS, Ermakov AV, Khlebtsov BN, Sapelkin AV, Goryacheva IY, Sukhorukov GB. Carbon dot aggregates as an alternative to gold nanoparticles for the laser-induced opening of microchamber arrays. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:9012-9019. [PMID: 30378616 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm01714j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are usually used as an alternative to other fluorescent nanoparticles. Apart from fluorescence, CDs also have other important properties for use in composite materials, first of all their ability to absorb light energy and convert it into heat. In our work, for the first time, CDs have been proposed as an alternative to gold nanostructures for harvesting light energy, which results in the opening of polymer-based containers with biologically active compounds. In this paper, we propose a method for the synthesis of polylactic acid microchamber arrays with embedded CDs. A comparative analysis was made of the damage to microchambers functionalized with gold nanorods and with CD aggregates, depending on the wavelength and power of the laser used. The release of fluorescent cargo from the microchamber arrays with CD aggregates under laser exposure was demonstrated.
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Sindeeva OA, Gusliakova OI, Inozemtseva OA, Abdurashitov AS, Brodovskaya EP, Gai M, Tuchin VV, Gorin DA, Sukhorukov GB. Effect of a Controlled Release of Epinephrine Hydrochloride from PLGA Microchamber Array: In Vivo Studies. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:37855-37864. [PMID: 30299076 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b15109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the synthesis of highly biocompatible and biodegradable poly(lactide- co-glycolide) (PLGA) microchamber arrays sensitive to low-intensity therapeutic ultrasound (1 MHz, 1-2 W, 1 min). A reliable method was elaborated that allowed the microchambers to be uniformly filled with epinephrine hydrochloride (EH), with the possibility of varying the cargo amount. The maximum load of EH was 4.5 μg per array of 5 mm × 5 mm (about 24 pg of EH per single microchamber). A gradual, spontaneous drug release was observed to start on the first day, which is especially important in the treatment of acute patients. Ultrasound triggered a sudden substantial release of EH from the films. In vivo real-time studies using a laser speckle contrast imaging system demonstrated changes in the hemodynamic parameters as a consequence of EH release under ultrasound exposure. We recorded a decrease in blood flow as a vascular response to EH release from a PLGA microchamber array implanted subcutaneously in a mouse. This response was immediate and delayed (1 and 2 days after the implantation of the array). The PLGA microchamber array is a new, promising drug depot implantable system that is sensitive to external stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Sindeeva
- School of Engineering and Materials Science , Queen Mary University of London , Mile End, Eng, 215 , London E1 4NS , United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Ekaterina P Brodovskaya
- School of Engineering and Materials Science , Queen Mary University of London , Mile End, Eng, 215 , London E1 4NS , United Kingdom
- Ogarev Mordovia State University , 68 Bolshevistskaya Street , Saransk 430005 , Russia
| | - Meiyu Gai
- School of Engineering and Materials Science , Queen Mary University of London , Mile End, Eng, 215 , London E1 4NS , United Kingdom
- Tomsk Polytechnic University , 30 Lenin Avenue , Tomsk 634050 , Russia
- Max Plank Institute of Polymer Research , 10 Ackermannweg , Mainz 55128 , Germany
| | - Valery V Tuchin
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biophotonics , Tomsk State University , 36 Lenin Avenue , Tomsk 634050 , Russia
- Laboratory of Laser Diagnostics of Technical and Living Systems , Institute of Precision Mechanics and Control of RAS , 24 Rabochaya Street , 410028 Saratov , Russia
| | - Dmitry A Gorin
- Laboratory of Biophotonics, Center for Photonics and Quantum Materials , Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology , Nobel Street, Building 3 , Moscow 121205 , Russia
| | - Gleb B Sukhorukov
- School of Engineering and Materials Science , Queen Mary University of London , Mile End, Eng, 215 , London E1 4NS , United Kingdom
- Tomsk Polytechnic University , 30 Lenin Avenue , Tomsk 634050 , Russia
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Polyelectrolyte multilayer microchamber-arrays for in-situ cargo release: Low frequency vs . medical frequency range ultrasound. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Ermakov A, Lim SH, Gorelik S, Kauling AP, de Oliveira RVB, Castro Neto AH, Glukhovskoy E, Gorin DA, Sukhorukov GB, Kiryukhin MV. Polyelectrolyte-Graphene Oxide Multilayer Composites for Array of Microchambers which are Mechanically Robust and Responsive to NIR Light. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 40:e1700868. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201700868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Ermakov
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering; Agency for Science,; Technology and Research (A*STAR); 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03 Singapore 138634 Singapore
- Educational Research Institute of Nanostructures and Biosystems; N. G. Chernyshevsky Saratov State University; 83 Astrakhanskaya Street Saratov 410012 Russia
| | - Su Hui Lim
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering; Agency for Science,; Technology and Research (A*STAR); 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03 Singapore 138634 Singapore
| | - Sergey Gorelik
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering; Agency for Science,; Technology and Research (A*STAR); 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03 Singapore 138634 Singapore
| | - Alan P. Kauling
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials; National University of Singapore; 6 Science Drive 2 Singapore 117546 Singapore
| | - Ricardo V. B. de Oliveira
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials; National University of Singapore; 6 Science Drive 2 Singapore 117546 Singapore
| | - A. H. Castro Neto
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials; National University of Singapore; 6 Science Drive 2 Singapore 117546 Singapore
| | - Evgeniy Glukhovskoy
- Educational Research Institute of Nanostructures and Biosystems; N. G. Chernyshevsky Saratov State University; 83 Astrakhanskaya Street Saratov 410012 Russia
| | - Dmitry A. Gorin
- Educational Research Institute of Nanostructures and Biosystems; N. G. Chernyshevsky Saratov State University; 83 Astrakhanskaya Street Saratov 410012 Russia
- Biophotonics Lab Center of Photonics & Quantum Materials; Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology; Nobel Str. 3 Moscow 143026 Russia
| | - Gleb B. Sukhorukov
- School of Engineering and Materials Science; Queen Mary University of London; Mile End Road London E1 4NS UK
| | - Maxim V. Kiryukhin
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering; Agency for Science,; Technology and Research (A*STAR); 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03 Singapore 138634 Singapore
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Vannozzi L, Iacovacci V, Menciassi A, Ricotti L. Nanocomposite thin films for triggerable drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2018. [PMID: 29521583 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2018.1451512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Traditional drug release systems normally rely on a passive delivery of therapeutic compounds, which can be partially programmed, prior to injection or implantation, through variations in the material composition. With this strategy, the drug release kinetics cannot be remotely modified and thus adapted to changing therapeutic needs. To overcome this issue, drug delivery systems able to respond to external stimuli are highly desirable, as they allow a high level of temporal and spatial control over drug release kinetics, in an operator-dependent fashion. AREAS COVERED On-demand drug delivery systems actually represent a frontier in this field and are attracting an increasing interest at both research and industrial level. Stimuli-responsive thin films, enabled by nanofillers, hold a tremendous potential in the field of triggerable drug delivery systems. The inclusion of responsive elements in homogeneous or heterogeneous thin film-shaped polymeric matrices strengthens and/or adds intriguing properties to conventional (bare) materials in film shape. EXPERT OPINION This Expert Opinion review aims to discuss the approaches currently pursued to achieve an effective on-demand drug delivery, through nanocomposite thin films. Different triggering mechanisms allowing a fine control on drug delivery are described, together with current challenges and possible future applications in therapy and surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Vannozzi
- a The BioRobotics Institute , Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna , Pontedera , Italy
| | - Veronica Iacovacci
- a The BioRobotics Institute , Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna , Pontedera , Italy
| | - Arianna Menciassi
- a The BioRobotics Institute , Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna , Pontedera , Italy
| | - Leonardo Ricotti
- a The BioRobotics Institute , Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna , Pontedera , Italy
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Jackson J, Chen A, Zhang H, Burt H, Chiao M. Design and Near-Infrared Actuation of a Gold Nanorod⁻Polymer Microelectromechanical Device for On-Demand Drug Delivery. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:mi9010028. [PMID: 30393302 PMCID: PMC6187483 DOI: 10.3390/mi9010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric drug delivery systems usually deliver drugs by diffusion with an initial burst of release followed by a slower prolonged release phase. An optimal system would release exact doses of drugs using an on-demand external actuation system. The purpose of this study was to design and characterize a novel drug-delivery device that utilizes near infrared (NIR 800 nm) laser-actuated drug release. The device was constructed from biocompatible polymers comprising a reservoir of drug covered by an elastic perforated diaphragm composed of a bilayer of two polymers with different thermal expansion coefficients (ethylenevinylacetate (EVA) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) containing gold nanoparticles). Upon illumination with a NIR laser, the gold nanoparticles rapidly heated the bilayer resulting in bending and a drug-pumping action through the perforated bilayer, following sequential laser-actuation cycles. Devices filled with the anti-proliferative drug docetaxel were seen to release only small amounts of drug by diffusion but to release large and reproducible amounts of drug over 20 s laser-actuation periods. Because NIR 800 nm is tissue-penetrating without heating tissue, suitable geometry drug-delivery devices might be implanted in the body to be actuated by an externally applied NIR laser to allow for on-demand exact drug dosing in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Jackson
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2045 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Aurora Chen
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2045 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 6250 Applied Science, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Hongbin Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 6250 Applied Science, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Helen Burt
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2045 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Mu Chiao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 6250 Applied Science, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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Freire MCLC, Alexandrino F, Marcelino HR, Picciani PHDS, Silva KGDHE, Genre J, Oliveira AGD, Egito ESTD. Understanding Drug Release Data through Thermodynamic Analysis. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 10:E651. [PMID: 28773009 PMCID: PMC5554032 DOI: 10.3390/ma10060651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the factors that can modify the drug release profile of a drug from a Drug-Delivery-System (DDS) is a mandatory step to determine the effectiveness of new therapies. The aim of this study was to assess the Amphotericin-B (AmB) kinetic release profiles from polymeric systems with different compositions and geometries and to correlate these profiles with the thermodynamic parameters through mathematical modeling. Film casting and electrospinning techniques were used to compare behavior of films and fibers, respectively. Release profiles from the DDSs were performed, and the mathematical modeling of the data was carried out. Activation energy, enthalpy, entropy and Gibbs free energy of the drug release process were determined. AmB release profiles showed that the relationship to overcome the enthalpic barrier was PVA-fiber > PVA-film > PLA-fiber > PLA-film. Drug release kinetics from the fibers and the films were better fitted on the Peppas-Sahlin and Higuchi models, respectively. The thermodynamic parameters corroborate these findings, revealing that the AmB release from the evaluated systems was an endothermic and non-spontaneous process. Thermodynamic parameters can be used to explain the drug kinetic release profiles. Such an approach is of utmost importance for DDS containing insoluble compounds, such as AmB, which is associated with an erratic bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francisco Alexandrino
- Programa de Pós-graduaçãoem Nanotecnologia Farmacêutica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal-RN 59012-570, Brazil.
| | - Henrique Rodrigues Marcelino
- Programa de Pós-graduaçãoem Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal-RN 59012-570, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Julieta Genre
- Programa de Pós-graduaçãoem Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal-RN 59012-570, Brazil.
| | - Anselmo Gomes de Oliveira
- Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara-SP 14800-903, Brazil.
| | - Eryvaldo Sócrates Tabosa do Egito
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal-RN 59012-570, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-graduaçãoem Nanotecnologia Farmacêutica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal-RN 59012-570, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-graduaçãoem Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal-RN 59012-570, Brazil.
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Sitti M, Ceylan H, Hu W, Giltinan J, Turan M, Yim S, Diller E. Biomedical Applications of Untethered Mobile Milli/Microrobots. PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE. INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS 2015; 103:205-224. [PMID: 27746484 PMCID: PMC5063027 DOI: 10.1109/jproc.2014.2385105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Untethered robots miniaturized to the length scale of millimeter and below attract growing attention for the prospect of transforming many aspects of health care and bioengineering. As the robot size goes down to the order of a single cell, previously inaccessible body sites would become available for high-resolution in situ and in vivo manipulations. This unprecedented direct access would enable an extensive range of minimally invasive medical operations. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the current advances in biome dical untethered mobile milli/microrobots. We put a special emphasis on the potential impacts of biomedical microrobots in the near future. Finally, we discuss the existing challenges and emerging concepts associated with designing such a miniaturized robot for operation inside a biological environment for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Metin Sitti
- Max-Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany, and also are with Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15238 USA
| | - Hakan Ceylan
- Max-Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Wenqi Hu
- Max-Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Joshua Giltinan
- Max-Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany, and also are with Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15238 USA
| | - Mehmet Turan
- Max-Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sehyuk Yim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Eric Diller
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S3G8, Canada
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