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Mahanta PJ, Lhouvum K. Expression and biochemical characterization of the putative insulinase enzyme PF11_0189 found in the Plasmodium falciparum genome. Protein Expr Purif 2024; 222:106539. [PMID: 38960013 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2024.106539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
PF11_0189 is a putative insulin degrading enzyme present in Plasmodium falciparum genome. The catalytic domain of PF11_0189 is about 27 kDa. Substrate specificity study shows PF11_0189 acts upon different types of proteins. The substrate specificity is found to be highest when insulin is used as a substrate. Metal dependency study shows highest dependency of PF11_0189 towards zinc metal for its proteolytic activity. Chelation of zinc metal with EDTA shows complete absence of PF11_0189 activity. Peptide inhibitors, P-70 and P-121 from combinatorial peptide library prepared against PF11_0189 show inhibition with an IC50 value of 4.8 μM and 7.5 μM respectively. A proven natural anti-malarial peptide cyclosporin A shows complete inhibition against PF11_0189 with an IC50 value of 0.75 μM suggesting PF11_0189 as a potential target for peptide inhibitors. The study implicates that PF11_0189 is a zinc metalloprotease involved in catalysis of insulin. The study gives a preliminary insight into the mechanism of complications arising from glucose abnormalities during severe malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhash Jyoti Mahanta
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Arunachal Pradesh, India.
| | - Kimjolly Lhouvum
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Arunachal Pradesh, India
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Shoaib R, Parveen N, Kumar V, Behl A, Garg S, Chaudhary P, Rex DAB, Saini M, Maurya P, Jain R, Pandey KC, Abid M, Singh S. Prefoldins are novel regulators of the unfolded protein response in artemisinin resistant P. falciparum malaria. J Biol Chem 2024:107496. [PMID: 38925325 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Emerging Artemisinin (ART) resistance in Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) poses challenges for discovery of novel drugs to tackle ART resistant parasites. Concentrated efforts towards ART resistance mechanism indicated a strong molecular link of ART resistance with up-regulated expression of unfolded protein response pathways involving Prefoldins (PFDs). However, a complete characterization of PFDs as molecular players taking part in ART resistance mechanism, and discovery of small molecule inhibitors to block this process have not been identified to date. Here, we functionally characterized all Pf Prefoldin subunits (PFD1-6), and established a causative role played by PFDs in ART resistance by demonstrating their expression in intra-erythrocytic parasites along with their interactions with Kelch13 protein through immunoprecipitation coupled MS/MS analysis. Systematic biophysical interaction analysis between all subunits of PFDs revealed their potential to form a complex. The role of PFDs in ART resistance was confirmed in orthologous yeast PFD6 mutants, where PfPFD6 expression in yeast mutants reverted phenotype to ART resistance. We identified an FDA approved drug 'Biperiden' that restricts the formation of Prefoldin complex and inhibits its interaction with its key parasite protein substrates, MSP-1 and α-tubulin-I. Moreover, Biperiden treatment inhibits the parasite growth in ART sensitive Pf3D7 and resistant Pf3D7k13R539T strains. Ring survival assays that are clinically relevant to analyse ART resistance in Pf3D7k13R539T parasites demonstrate the potency of BPD to inhibit growth of survivor parasites. Overall, our study provides first evidence towards the role of PfPFDs in ART resistance mechanism, and opens new avenues for the management of resistant parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumaisha Shoaib
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, Delhi, 110067; India; Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, Delhi, 110025; India
| | - Nidha Parveen
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, Delhi, 110067; India
| | - Vikash Kumar
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, Delhi, 110067; India
| | - Ankita Behl
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, Delhi, 110067; India
| | - Swati Garg
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, Delhi, 110067; India
| | - Preeti Chaudhary
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India; Department of Life Sciences, IGNOU, Delhi, India
| | | | - Monika Saini
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, Delhi, 110067; India; Department of Life Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Delhi NCR, Uttar Pradesh, 201314 India
| | - Preeti Maurya
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, Delhi, 110067; India
| | - Ravi Jain
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, Delhi, 110067; India
| | | | - Mohammad Abid
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, Delhi, 110025; India
| | - Shailja Singh
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, Delhi, 110067; India.
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Stofberg ML, Muzenda FL, Achilonu I, Strauss E, Zininga T. In silico screening of selective ATP mimicking inhibitors targeting the Plasmodium falciparum Grp94. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38498364 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2024.2329304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum parasites export more than 400 proteins to remodel the host cell environment and increase its chances of surviving and reproducing. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays a central role in protein export by facilitating protein sorting and folding. The ER resident member of the Hsp90 family, glucose-regulated protein 94 (Grp94), is a molecular chaperone that facilitates the proper folding of client proteins in the ER lumen. In P. falciparum, Grp94 (PfGrp94) is essential for parasite survival, rendering it a promising anti-malarial drug target. Despite this, its druggability has not been fully explored. Consequently, this study sought to identify small molecule inhibitors targeting the PfGrp94. Potential small molecule inhibitors of PfGrp94 were designed and screened using in silico studies. Molecular docking studies indicate that two novel compounds, Compound S and Compound Z selectively bind to PfGrp94 over its human homologues. Comparatively, Compound Z had a higher affinity for PfGrp94 than Compound S. Further interrogation of the inhibitor binding using molecular dynamics (MD) analysis confirmed that Compound Z formed stable binding poses within the ATP-binding pocket of the PfGrp94 N-terminal domain (NTD) during the 250 ns simulation run. PfGrp94 interacted with Compound Z through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions with residues Asp 148, Asn 106, Gly 152, Ile 151 and Lys 113. Based on the findings of this study, Compound Z could serve as a competitive and selective inhibitor of PfGrp94 and may be useful as a starting point for the development of a potential drug for malaria.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ikechukwu Achilonu
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Erick Strauss
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Tawanda Zininga
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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Schäfer TM, Pessanha de Carvalho L, Inoue J, Kreidenweiss A, Held J. The problem of antimalarial resistance and its implications for drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2024; 19:209-224. [PMID: 38108082 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2023.2284820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Malaria remains a devastating infectious disease with hundreds of thousands of casualties each year. Antimalarial drug resistance has been a threat to malaria control and elimination for many decades and is still of concern today. Despite the continued effectiveness of current first-line treatments, namely artemisinin-based combination therapies, the emergence of drug-resistant parasites in Southeast Asia and even more alarmingly the occurrence of resistance mutations in Africa is of great concern and requires immediate attention. AREAS COVERED A comprehensive overview of the mechanisms underlying the acquisition of drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum is given. Understanding these processes provides valuable insights that can be harnessed for the development and selection of novel antimalarials with reduced resistance potential. Additionally, strategies to mitigate resistance to antimalarial compounds on the short term by using approved drugs are discussed. EXPERT OPINION While employing strategies that utilize already approved drugs may offer a prompt and cost-effective approach to counter antimalarial drug resistance, it is crucial to recognize that only continuous efforts into the development of novel antimalarial drugs can ensure the successful treatment of malaria in the future. Incorporating resistance propensity assessment during this developmental process will increase the likelihood of effective and enduring malaria treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Juliana Inoue
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Kreidenweiss
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jana Held
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Tübingen, Germany
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Nema S, Chaturvedi R, Verma K, Anvikar AR, Tiwari A, Bharti PK. A computational strategy for systematic virtual screening of plasmodium falciparum heme detoxification protein inhibitors from the Drugbank database. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-16. [PMID: 38197419 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2301510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Antimalarial drug resistance poses one of the greatest threats to malaria treatment, resulting in increased morbidity and mortality. Heme Detoxification Protein (HDP) is among the essential hemoglobinases of P. falciparum (Pf), a vital molecular target for the treatment of malaria. In this study, we utilized the virtual screening workflow tool of the Schrodinger suite to find the best hits for the PfHDP from the DrugBank library. A total of 14,942 compounds were identified against the PfHDP. The top compounds with the highest docking scores and least energy scores were subjected to molecular simulations for 500 nanosecond to check the stability of the protein-drug complexes. The top three DrugBank compounds were found to be stable over 500 ns, namely DB09298 (silibinin), DB07426 (1-Hydroxy-2-(1,1':3',1''-Terphenyl-3-Yloxy) Ethane-1,1-Diyl] Bis (Phosphonic Acid), and DB07410 [(2-(3-Dibenzofuran-4-yl-Phenyl)-1-Hydroxy-1-Phosphono-Ethyl]-Phosphonic Acid). Overall analysis suggests that the top three compounds, DB09298, DB07426, and DB07410, have good stability for 500 ns. Their scaffolds can be used to design and develop new analogs of the target HDP protein. Silibinin, the anti-cancer drug, was found to be highly stable for the entire simulation period as compared to the other compounds. DB07426 shows its therapeutic effect on bones, especially in the treatment of osteoporosis, and DB07410 has anti-tumor, antibacterial, anti-oxidative, and anti-viral activities. All three compounds can be considered for repurposing as antimalarial drugs to evaluate the binding capacity or inhibition potential of these compounds. Further in-vivo and in-vitro analysis against the PfHDP protein should be conducted.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrikant Nema
- Parasite-host biology group, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
- School of Biotechnology, Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya (State Technological University of Madhya Pradesh), Bhopal, India
| | - Rini Chaturvedi
- Molecular Medicine group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Kanika Verma
- Parasite-host biology group, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Anup R Anvikar
- Parasite-host biology group, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Archana Tiwari
- School of Biotechnology, Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya (State Technological University of Madhya Pradesh), Bhopal, India
| | - Praveen Kumar Bharti
- Parasite-host biology group, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
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Ahmed MA, Ameyaw EO, Armah FA, Fynn PM, Asiamah I, Ghartey-Kwansah G, Zoiku FK, Ofori-Attah E, Adokoh CK. Alkaloidal Extracts from Avicennia africana P. Beauv. (Avicenniaceae) Leaf: An Antiplasmodial, Antioxidant, and Erythrocyte Viable. Adv Pharmacol Pharm Sci 2024; 2024:4541581. [PMID: 38235482 PMCID: PMC10791479 DOI: 10.1155/2024/4541581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The emergence of drug-resistant parasites impedes disease management and eradication efforts. Hence, a reinvigorated attempt to search for potent lead compounds in the mangroves is imperative. Aim This study evaluates in vitro antiplasmodial activity, antioxidant properties, and cytotoxicity of A. africana leaf alkaloidal extracts. Methods The A. africana leaves were macerated with 70% ethanol to obtain a total crude extract. Dichloromethane and chloroform-isopropanol (3 : 1, v/v) were used to extract the crude alkaloids and quaternary alkaloids from the total crude. The antiplasmodial activities of the alkaloidal extracts were performed against 3D7 P. falciparum chloroquine-sensitive clone via the SYBR Green I fluorescence assay with artesunate serving as the reference drug. The alkaloidal extracts were further evaluated for antioxidant properties via the total antioxidant capacity (TAC), the total glutathione concentration (GSH), the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay, and the ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods. The cytotoxic activity of the alkaloidal extracts was tested on erythrocytes using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide-MTT assay with little modification. The phytocompounds in the alkaloidal extracts were identified via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques. Results The total crude extract showed good antiplasmodial activity (IC50 = 11.890 µg/mL). The crude and quaternary alkaloidal extracts demonstrated promising antiplasmodial effects with IC50 values of 6.217 and 6.285 µg/mL, respectively. The total crude and alkaloidal extracts showed good antioxidant properties with negligible cytotoxicity on erythrocytes with good selectivity indices. The GC-MS spectral analysis of crude alkaloidal extracts gave indole and isoquinoline alkaloids and several other compounds. Dexrazoxane was found to be the main compound predicted, with an 86% peak area in the quaternary alkaloidal extract. Conclusion The crude and quaternary alkaloidal extracts exhibited antiplasmodial activities and ability to inhibit oxidative stress with negligible toxicity on erythrocytes. This may be good characteristics to avoid oxidative stress related to Plasmodium infection in the treatment of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha A. Ahmed
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, SVM, CBAS, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Elvis O. Ameyaw
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics and Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Francis A. Armah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Patrick M. Fynn
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Isaac Asiamah
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - George Ghartey-Kwansah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Felix K. Zoiku
- Department of Epidemiology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Ebenezer Ofori-Attah
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Christian K. Adokoh
- Department of Forensic Sciences, School of Biological Science, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
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Sharma S, Ali ME. How do the mutations in PfK13 protein promote anti-malarial drug resistance? J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:7329-7338. [PMID: 36153000 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2120539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum develops resistance to artemisinin upon exposure to the anti-malarial drug. Various mutations in the Plasmodium falciparum Kelch13 (PfK13) protein such as Y493H, R539T, I543T and C580Y have been associated with anti-malarial drug resistance. These mutations impede the regular ubiquitination process that eventually invokes drug resistance. However, the relationship between the mutation and the mechanism of drug resistance has not yet been fully elucidated. The comparative protein dynamics are studied by performing the classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and subsequent analysis of the trajectories adopting root-mean-square fluctuations, the secondary-structure predictions and the dynamical cross-correlation matrix analysis tools. Here, we observed that the mutations in the Kelch-domain do not have any structural impact on the mutated site; however, it significantly alters the overall dynamics of the protein. The loop-region of the BTB-domain especially for Y493H and C580Y mutants is found to have the enhanced dynamical fluctuations. The enhanced fluctuations in the BTB-domain could affect the protein-protein (PfK13-Cullin) binding interactions in the ubiquitination process and eventually lead to anti-malarial drug resistance.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Sharma
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Sector-81, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Md Ehesan Ali
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Sector-81, Mohali, Punjab, India
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Gehlot P, Vyas VK. Recent advances on patents of Plasmodium falciparum dihydroorotate dehydrogenase ( PfDHODH) inhibitors as antimalarial agents. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2023; 33:579-596. [PMID: 37942637 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2023.2280596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pyrimidine nucleotides are essential for the parasite's growth and replication. Parasites have only a de novo pathway for the biosynthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides. Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) enzyme is involved in the rate-limiting step of the pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway. DHODH is a biochemical target for the discovery of new antimalarial agents. AREA COVERED This review discussed the development of patented PfDHODH inhibitors published between 2007 and 2023 along with their chemical structures and activities. EXPERT OPINION PfDHODH enzyme is involved in the rate-limiting fourth step of the pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway. Thus, inhibition of PfDHODH using species-selective inhibitors has drawn much attention for treating malaria because they inhibit parasite growth without affecting normal human functions. Looking at the current scenario of antimalarial drug resistance with most of the available antimalarial drugs, there is a huge need for targeted newer agents. Newer agents with unique mechanisms of action may be devoid of drug toxicity, adverse effects, and the ability of parasites to quickly gain resistance, and PfDHODH inhibitors can be those newer agents. Many PfDHODH inhibitors were patented in the past, and the dependency of Plasmodium on de novo pyrimidine provided a new approach for the development of novel antimalarial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinky Gehlot
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Vivek K Vyas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, India
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Kannan D, Joshi N, Gupta S, Pati S, Bhattacharjee S, Langsley G, Singh S. Cytoprotective autophagy as a pro-survival strategy in ART-resistant malaria parasites. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:160. [PMID: 37173329 PMCID: PMC10182036 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01401-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite several initiatives to subside the global malaria burden, the spread of artemisinin-resistant parasites poses a big threat to malaria elimination. Mutations in PfKelch13 are predictive of ART resistance, whose underpinning molecular mechanism remains obscure. Recently, endocytosis and stress response pathways such as the ubiquitin-proteasome machinery have been linked to artemisinin resistance. With Plasmodium, however, ambiguity persists regarding a role in ART resistance for another cellular stress defence mechanism called autophagy. Therefore, we investigated whether, in the absence of ART treatment, basal autophagy is augmented in PfK13-R539T mutant ART-resistant parasites and analyzed whether PfK13-R539T endowed mutant parasites with an ability to utilize autophagy as a pro-survival strategy. We report that in the absence of any ART treatment, PfK13-R539T mutant parasites exhibit increased basal autophagy compared to PfK13-WT parasites and respond aggressively through changes in autophagic flux. A clear cytoprotective role of autophagy in parasite resistance mechanism is evident by the observation that a suppression of PI3-Kinase (PI3K) activity (a master autophagy regulator) rendered difficulty in the survival of PfK13-R539T ART-resistant parasites. In conclusion, we now show that higher PI3P levels reported for mutant PfKelch13 backgrounds led to increased basal autophagy that acts as a pro-survival response to ART treatment. Our results highlight PfPI3K as a druggable target with the potential to re-sensitize ART-resistant parasites and identify autophagy as a pro-survival function that modulates ART-resistant parasite growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Kannan
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nishant Joshi
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sonal Gupta
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Soumya Pati
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Souvik Bhattacharjee
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Gordon Langsley
- Inserm U1016-CNRS UMR8104, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Shailja Singh
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
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Fitri LE, Endharti AT, Abidah HY, Khotimah ARH, Endrawati H. Fractions 14 and 36K of Metabolite Extract Streptomyces hygroscopicus subsp. Hygroscopicus Have Antimalarial Activities Against Plasmodium berghei in vitro. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:2973-2985. [PMID: 37201124 PMCID: PMC10187656 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s400538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The study was conducted to investigate the effectivity and the cytotoxicity of fractions 14 and 36K of metabolite extract of Streptomyces hygroscopicus subsp. Hygroscopicus as an antimalarial compounds against Plasmodium berghei in vitro. Methods Fractions 14 and 36K of metabolite extract of Streptomyces hygroscopicus subsp. Hygroscopicus produced by the fractionation process utilizing the Flash Column Chromatography (FCC) BUCHI Reveleris® PREP. Plasmodium berghei culture was used to assess the antimalarial activity of fractions 14 and 36K. Parasite densities and the ability of parasite growth were determined under microscopic. The cytotoxicity of the fractions was assessed using MTT assays on the MCF-7 cell line. Results Streptomyces hygroscopicus subsp. Hygroscopicus fractions 14 and 36K have antimalarial activity against Plasmodium berghei, with fraction 14 having the more potent activity. The percentage of Plasmodium berghei-infected erythrocytes was decreased as well as the increase of fraction concentration. Fraction 14 has the highest inhibition of parasite growth at a concentration of 156,25 μg/mL, with an inhibition percentage of 67.73% (R2 = 0.953, p = 0.000). IC50 of fractions 14 and 36K were found at 10.63 μg/mL and 135,91 μg/mL, respectively. The fractions caused morphological damage in almost all asexual stages of the parasite. Both fractions were not toxic against MCF-7, indicating that the fractions have a safe active metabolite. Conclusion Fractions 14 and 36K of metabolite extract Streptomyces hygroscopicus subsp. Hygroscopicus contains non-toxic compounds that could damage the morphology and inhibit the growth of Plasmodium berghei in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loeki Enggar Fitri
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
- Malaria Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Agustina Tri Endharti
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Hafshah Yasmina Abidah
- Master Program in Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
- Medical Doctor Profession Education, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, Maulana Malik Ibrahim State Islamic University, Malang, Indonesia
- Correspondence: Hafshah Yasmina Abidah, Master Program in Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia, Tel +62 895 397 064 350, Fax +62 341 564755, Email ;
| | - Alif Raudhah Husnul Khotimah
- Master Program in Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
- Medical Doctor Profession Education, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, Maulana Malik Ibrahim State Islamic University, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Heni Endrawati
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
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Mullick D, Rechav K, Leiserowitz L, Regev-Rudzki N, Dzikowski R, Elbaum M. Diffraction contrast in cryo-scanning transmission electron tomography reveals the boundary of hemozoin crystals in situ. Faraday Discuss 2022; 240:127-141. [PMID: 35938388 DOI: 10.1039/d2fd00088a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is a potentially fatal infectious disease caused by the obligate intracellular parasite Plasmodium falciparum. The parasite infects human red blood cells (RBC) and derives nutrition by catabolism of hemoglobin. As amino acids are assimilated from the protein component, the toxic heme is released. Molecular heme is detoxified by rapid sequestration to physiologically insoluble hemozoin crystals within the parasite's digestive vacuole (DV). Common antimalarial drugs interfere with this crystallization process, leaving the parasites vulnerable to the by-product of their own metabolism. A fundamental debate with important implications on drug mechanism regards the chemical environment of crystallization in situ, whether aqueous or lipid. This issue had been addressed previously by cryogenic soft X-ray tomography. We employ cryo-scanning transmission electron tomography (CSTET) to probe parasite cells throughout the life cycle in a fully hydrated, vitrified state at higher resolution. During the acquisition of CSTET data, Bragg diffraction from the hemozoin provides a uniquely clear view of the crystal boundary at nanometer resolution. No intermediate medium, such as a lipid coating or shroud, could be detected surrounding the crystals. The present study describes a unique application of CSTET in the study of malaria. The findings can be extended to evaluate new drug candidates affecting hemozoin crystal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debakshi Mullick
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Katya Rechav
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Leslie Leiserowitz
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Neta Regev-Rudzki
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Biochemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ron Dzikowski
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, and The Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Michael Elbaum
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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12
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Mrozek A, Antoshchenko T, Chen Y, Zepeda-Velázquez C, Smil D, Kumar N, Lu H, Park HW. A non-traditional crystal-based compound screening method targeting the ATP binding site of Plasmodium falciparum GRP78 for identification of novel nucleoside analogues. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:956095. [PMID: 36275624 PMCID: PMC9585173 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.956095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance to front-line malarial treatments represents an ongoing threat to control malaria, a vector borne infectious disease. The malarial parasite, Plasmodium falciparum has developed genetic variants, conferring resistance to the current standard therapeutic artemisinin and its derivatives commonly referred to as artemisinin-combination therapies (ACTs). Emergence of multi-drug resistance parasite genotypes is a warning of potential treatment failure, reaffirming the urgent and critical need to find and validate alternate drug targets to prevent the spread of disease. An attractive and novel drug target includes glucose-regulated protein 78 kDa (GRP78, or BiP), an essential molecular chaperone protein involved in the unfolded protein response that is upregulated in ACT treated P. falciparum parasites. We have shown that both sequence and structure are closely related to human GRP78 (hGRP78), a chaperone belonging to the HSP70 class of ATPase proteins, which is often upregulated in cellular stress responses and cancer. By screening a library of nucleoside analogues, we identified eight ‘hit’ compounds binding at the active site of the ATP binding domain of P. falciparum GRP78 using a high-throughput ligand soaking screen using x-ray crystallography. These compounds were further evaluated using protein thermal shift assays to assess target binding activity. The nucleoside analogues identified from our screen provide a starting point for the development of more potent and selective antimalarial inhibitors. In addition, we have established a well-defined, high-throughput crystal-based screening approach that can be applied to many crystallizable P. falciparum proteins for generating anti-Plasmodium specific compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Mrozek
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Tetyana Antoshchenko
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | | | - David Smil
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nirbhay Kumar
- Department of Global Health, George Washington University Milken Institute of Public Health, Washington, D.C., DC, United States
| | - Hua Lu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Hee-Won Park
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
- *Correspondence: Hee-Won Park,
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13
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Hanboonkunupakarn B, Tarning J, Pukrittayakamee S, Chotivanich K. Artemisinin resistance and malaria elimination: Where are we now? Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:876282. [PMID: 36210819 PMCID: PMC9538393 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.876282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of artemisinin resistance is a major obstacle to the global malaria eradication/elimination programs. Artemisinin is a very fast-acting antimalarial drug and is the most important drug in the treatment of severe and uncomplicated malaria. For the treatment of acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria, artemisinin derivatives are combined with long half-life partner drugs and widely used as artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs). Some ACTs have shown decreased efficacy in the Southeast Asian region. Fortunately, artemisinin has an excellent safety profile and resistant infections can still be treated successfully by modifying the ACT. This review describes the pharmacological properties of ACTs, mechanisms of artemisinin resistance and the potential changes needed in the treatment regimens to overcome resistance. The suggested ACT modifications are extension of the duration of the ACT course, alternating use of different ACT regimens, and addition of another antimalarial drug to the standard ACTs (Triple-ACT). Furthermore, a malaria vaccine (e.g., RTS,S vaccine) could be added to mass drug administration (MDA) campaigns to enhance the treatment efficacy and to prevent further artemisinin resistance development. This review concludes that artemisinin remains the most important antimalarial drug, despite the development of drug-resistant falciparum malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borimas Hanboonkunupakarn
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Joel Tarning
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sasithon Pukrittayakamee
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- The Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kesinee Chotivanich
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- The Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand
- *Correspondence: Kesinee Chotivanich,
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14
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Bernard MM, Mohanty A, Rajendran V. Title: A Comprehensive Review on Classifying Fast-acting and Slow-acting Antimalarial Agents Based on Time of Action and Target Organelle of Plasmodium sp. Pathog Dis 2022; 80:6589403. [PMID: 35588061 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftac015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical resistance towards malarial parasites has rendered many antimalarials ineffective, likely due to a lack of understanding of time of action and stage specificity of all life stages. Therefore, to tackle this problem a more incisive comprehensive analysis of the fast and slow-acting profile of antimalarial agents relating to parasite time-kill kinetics and the target organelle on the progression of blood-stage parasites was carried out. It is evident from numerous findings that drugs targeting food vacuole, nuclear components, and endoplasmic reticulum mainly exhibit a fast-killing phenotype within 24h affecting first-cycle activity. Whereas drugs targeting mitochondria, apicoplast, microtubules, parasite invasion and egress exhibit a largely slow-killing phenotype within 96-120h, affecting second-cycle activity with few exemptions as moderately fast-killing. It is essential to understand the susceptibility of drugs on rings, trophozoites, schizonts, merozoites, and the appearance of organelle at each stage of 48h intraerythrocytic parasite cycle. Therefore, these parameters may facilitate the paradigm for understanding the timing of antimalarials action in deciphering its precise mechanism linked with time. Thus, classifying drugs based on the time of killing may promote designing new combination regimens against varied strains of P. falciparum and evaluating potential clinical resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Marie Bernard
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India
| | - Abhinab Mohanty
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India
| | - Vinoth Rajendran
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India
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15
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Rawat M, Kanyal A, Choubey D, Deshmukh B, Malhotra R, Mamatharani DV, Rao AG, Karmodiya K. Identification of Co-Existing Mutations and Gene Expression Trends Associated With K13-Mediated Artemisinin Resistance in Plasmodium falciparum. Front Genet 2022; 13:824483. [PMID: 35464842 PMCID: PMC9019836 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.824483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum infects millions and kills thousands of people annually the world over. With the emergence of artemisinin and/or multidrug resistant strains of the pathogen, it has become even more challenging to control and eliminate the disease. Multiomics studies of the parasite have started to provide a glimpse into the confounding genetics and mechanisms of artemisinin resistance and identified mutations in Kelch13 (K13) as a molecular marker of resistance. Over the years, thousands of genomes and transcriptomes of artemisinin-resistant/sensitive isolates have been documented, supplementing the search for new genes/pathways to target artemisinin-resistant isolates. This meta-analysis seeks to recap the genetic landscape and the transcriptional deregulation that demarcate artemisinin resistance in the field. To explore the genetic territory of artemisinin resistance, we use genomic single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) datasets from 2,517 isolates from 15 countries from the MalariaGEN Network (The Pf3K project, pilot data release 4, 2015) to dissect the prevalence, geographical distribution, and co-existing patterns of genetic markers associated with/enabling artemisinin resistance. We have identified several mutations which co-exist with the established markers of artemisinin resistance. Interestingly, K13-resistant parasites harbor α-ß hydrolase and putative HECT domain-containing protein genes with the maximum number of SNPs. We have also explored the multiple, publicly available transcriptomic datasets to identify genes from key biological pathways whose consistent deregulation may be contributing to the biology of resistant parasites. Surprisingly, glycolytic and pentose phosphate pathways were consistently downregulated in artemisinin-resistant parasites. Thus, this meta-analysis highlights the genetic and transcriptomic features of resistant parasites to propel further exploratory studies in the community to tackle artemisinin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukul Rawat
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, India
| | - Abhishek Kanyal
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, India
| | - Deepak Choubey
- Life Science Research Unit, Persistent Systems Limited, Pune, India
| | - Bhagyashree Deshmukh
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, India
| | - Rashim Malhotra
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, India
| | - D V Mamatharani
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, India
| | - Anjani Gopal Rao
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, India
| | - Krishanpal Karmodiya
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, India
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16
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Abstract
Emerging resistance to artemisinin (ART) has become a challenge for reducing worldwide malaria mortality and morbidity. The C580Y mutation in Plasmodium falciparum Kelch13 has been identified as the major determinant for ART resistance in the background of other mutations, which include the T38I mutation in autophagy-related protein PfATG18. Increased endoplasmic reticulum phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (ER-PI3P) vesiculation, unfolded protein response (UPR), and oxidative stress are the proteostasis mechanisms proposed to cause ART resistance. While UPR and PI3P are known to stimulate autophagy in higher organisms to clear misfolded proteins, participation of the parasite autophagy machinery in these mechanisms of ART resistance has not yet been experimentally demonstrated. Our study establishes that ART-induced ER stress leads to increased expression of P. falciparum autophagy proteins through induction of the UPR. Furthermore, the ART-resistant K13C580Y isolate shows higher basal expression levels of autophagy proteins than those of its isogenic counterpart, and this magnifies under starvation conditions. The copresence of PfK13 with PfATG18 and PI3P on parasite hemoglobin-trafficking vesicles demonstrate interactions between the autophagy and hemoglobin endocytosis pathways proposed to be involved in ART resistance. Analysis of PfK13 mutations in 2,517 field isolates, revealing an impressive >85% coassociation between PfK13 C580Y and PfATG18 T38I, together with our experimental studies with an ART-resistant P. falciparum strain establishes that parasite autophagy underpins various mechanisms of ART resistance and is a starting point to further explore this pathway for developing antimalarials.
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17
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von Bredow L, Schäfer TM, Hogenkamp J, Tretbar M, Stopper D, Kraft FB, Schliehe-Diecks J, Schöler A, Borkhardt A, Bhatia S, Held J, Hansen FK. Synthesis, Antiplasmodial, and Antileukemia Activity of Dihydroartemisinin–HDAC Inhibitor Hybrids as Multitarget Drugs. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15030333. [PMID: 35337131 PMCID: PMC8952208 DOI: 10.3390/ph15030333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) are the gold standard for the treatment of malaria, but the efficacy is threatened by the development of parasite resistance. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis) are an emerging new class of potential antiplasmodial drugs. In this work, we present the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a mini library of dihydroartemisinin–HDACi hybrid molecules. The screening of the hybrid molecules for their activity against selected human HDAC isoforms, asexual blood stage P. falciparum parasites, and a panel of leukemia cell lines delivered important structure–activity relationships. All synthesized compounds demonstrated potent activity against the 3D7 and Dd2 line of P. falciparum with IC50 values in the single-digit nanomolar range. Furthermore, the hybrid (α)-7c displayed improved activity against artemisinin-resistant parasites compared to dihydroartemisinin. The screening of the compounds against five cell lines from different leukemia entities revealed that all hydroxamate-based hybrids (7a–e) and the ortho-aminoanilide 8 exceeded the antiproliferative activity of dihydroartemisinin in four out of five cell lines. Taken together, this series of hybrid molecules represents an excellent starting point toward the development of antimalarial and antileukemia drug leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas von Bredow
- Medical Faculty, Institute for Drug Discovery, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (L.v.B.); (M.T.); (A.S.)
| | - Thomas Martin Schäfer
- Institut für Tropenmedizin, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany; (T.M.S.); (J.H.)
| | - Julian Hogenkamp
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (J.H.); (J.S.-D.); (A.B.); (S.B.)
| | - Maik Tretbar
- Medical Faculty, Institute for Drug Discovery, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (L.v.B.); (M.T.); (A.S.)
| | - Daniel Stopper
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Cell Biological Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany; (D.S.); (F.B.K.)
| | - Fabian B. Kraft
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Cell Biological Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany; (D.S.); (F.B.K.)
| | - Julian Schliehe-Diecks
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (J.H.); (J.S.-D.); (A.B.); (S.B.)
| | - Andrea Schöler
- Medical Faculty, Institute for Drug Discovery, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (L.v.B.); (M.T.); (A.S.)
| | - Arndt Borkhardt
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (J.H.); (J.S.-D.); (A.B.); (S.B.)
| | - Sanil Bhatia
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (J.H.); (J.S.-D.); (A.B.); (S.B.)
| | - Jana Held
- Institut für Tropenmedizin, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany; (T.M.S.); (J.H.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Finn K. Hansen
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Cell Biological Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany; (D.S.); (F.B.K.)
- Correspondence:
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18
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Ataba E, Dorkenoo AM, Nguepou CT, Bakai T, Tchadjobo T, Kadzahlo KD, Yakpa K, Atcha-Oubou T. Potential Emergence of Plasmodium Resistance to Artemisinin Induced by the Use of Artemisia annua for Malaria and COVID-19 Prevention in Sub-African Region. Acta Parasitol 2022; 67:55-60. [PMID: 34797496 PMCID: PMC8602884 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-021-00489-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium resistance to antimalarial drugs is an obstacle to the elimination of malaria in endemic areas. This situation is particularly dramatic for Africa, which accounts for nearly 92% of malaria cases worldwide. Drug pressure has been identified as a key factor in the emergence of antimalarial drug resistance. Indeed, this pressure is favoured by several factors, including the use of counterfeit forms of antimalarials, inadequate prescription controls, poor adherence to treatment regimens, dosing errors, and the increasing use of other forms of unapproved antimalarials. This resistance has led to the replacement of chloroquine (CQ) by artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) which are likely to become ineffective in the coming years due to the uncontrolled use of Artemisia annua in the sub-Saharan African region for malaria prevention and COVID-19. The use of Artemisia annua for the prevention of malaria and COVID-19 could be an important factor in the emergence of resistance to Artemisinin-based combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essoham Ataba
- Ecole Supérieure des Techniques Biologiques et Alimentaires (ESTBA) /Unité de Recherche en Immunologie et Immunomodulation (UR2IM), Université de Lomé, Boulevard Eyadema, 01BP 1515 Lomé, Togo
- Programme National de Lutte Contre le Paludisme, Ministère de la Santé de l’Hygiène Publique et de l’Accès Universel Aux Soins, Quartier Administratif, 01BP 518 Lomé, Togo
| | - Ameyo M. Dorkenoo
- Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Lomé, Boulevard Eyadema, 01BP 1515 Lomé, Togo
| | - Christèle Tchopba Nguepou
- Ecole Supérieure des Techniques Biologiques et Alimentaires (ESTBA) /Unité de Recherche en Immunologie et Immunomodulation (UR2IM), Université de Lomé, Boulevard Eyadema, 01BP 1515 Lomé, Togo
| | - Tchaa Bakai
- Programme National de Lutte Contre le Paludisme, Ministère de la Santé de l’Hygiène Publique et de l’Accès Universel Aux Soins, Quartier Administratif, 01BP 518 Lomé, Togo
| | - Tchassama Tchadjobo
- Programme National de Lutte Contre le Paludisme, Ministère de la Santé de l’Hygiène Publique et de l’Accès Universel Aux Soins, Quartier Administratif, 01BP 518 Lomé, Togo
| | - Komla Dovenè Kadzahlo
- Programme National de Lutte Contre le Paludisme, Ministère de la Santé de l’Hygiène Publique et de l’Accès Universel Aux Soins, Quartier Administratif, 01BP 518 Lomé, Togo
| | - Kossi Yakpa
- Programme National de Lutte Contre le Paludisme, Ministère de la Santé de l’Hygiène Publique et de l’Accès Universel Aux Soins, Quartier Administratif, 01BP 518 Lomé, Togo
| | - Tinah Atcha-Oubou
- Programme National de Lutte Contre le Paludisme, Ministère de la Santé de l’Hygiène Publique et de l’Accès Universel Aux Soins, Quartier Administratif, 01BP 518 Lomé, Togo
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19
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Mukabane KD, Kitungulu NL, Ogutu PA, Cheruiyot JK, Tavasi NS, Mulama DH. Bed net use and malaria treatment-seeking behavior in artisanal gold mining and sugarcane growing areas of Western Kenya highlands. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2022.e01140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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20
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Zhang H, Guo J, Li H, Guan Y. Machine learning for artemisinin resistance in malaria treatment across in vivo-in vitro platforms. iScience 2022; 25:103910. [PMID: 35243261 PMCID: PMC8873607 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.103910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance has been rapidly evolving with regard to the first-line malaria treatment, artemisinin-based combination therapies. It has been an open question whether predictive models for this drug resistance status can be generalized across in vivo-in vitro transcriptomic measurements. In this study, we present a model that predicts artemisinin treatment resistance developed with transcriptomic information of Plasmodium falciparum. We demonstrated the robustness of this model across in vivo clearance rate and in vitro IC50 measurement and based on different microarray and data processing modalities. The validity of the algorithm is further supported by its first placement in the DREAM Malaria challenge. We identified transcription biomarkers to artemisinin treatment resistance that can predict artemisinin resistance and are conserved in their expression modules. This is a critical step in the research of malaria treatment, as it demonstrated the potential of a platform-robust, personalized model for artemisinin resistance using molecular biomarkers. Artemisinin resistance can be predicted from transcriptomes by machine learning Our model can be transferred between in vivo and in vitro and different platforms We identified top transcription biomarkers of artemisinin resistance
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21
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Hesping E, Chua MJ, Pflieger M, Qian Y, Dong L, Bachu P, Liu L, Kurz T, Fisher GM, Skinner-Adams TS, Reid RC, Fairlie DP, Andrews KT, Gorse ADJ. QSAR Classification Models for Prediction of Hydroxamate Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Activity against Malaria Parasites. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:106-117. [PMID: 34985259 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Malaria, caused by Plasmodium parasites, results in >400,000 deaths annually. There is no effective vaccine, and new drugs with novel modes of action are needed because of increasing parasite resistance to current antimalarials. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are epigenetic regulatory enzymes that catalyze post-translational protein deacetylation and are promising malaria drug targets. Here, we describe quantitative structure-activity relationship models to predict the antiplasmodial activity of hydroxamate-based HDAC inhibitors. The models incorporate P. falciparum in vitro activity data for 385 compounds containing a hydroxamic acid and were subject to internal and external validation. When used to screen 22 new hydroxamate-based HDAC inhibitors for antiplasmodial activity, model A7 (external accuracy 91%) identified three hits that were subsequently verified as having potent in vitro activity against P. falciparum parasites (IC50 = 6, 71, and 84 nM), with 8 to 51-fold selectivity for P. falciparum versus human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Hesping
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan 4111, Australia
| | - Ming Jang Chua
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan 4111, Australia
| | - Marc Pflieger
- Institut für pharmazeutische und medizinische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Dusseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Yunan Qian
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan 4111, Australia
| | - Lilong Dong
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Prabhakar Bachu
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Ligong Liu
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Thomas Kurz
- Institut für pharmazeutische und medizinische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Dusseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Gillian M. Fisher
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan 4111, Australia
| | | | - Robert C. Reid
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - David P. Fairlie
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Katherine T. Andrews
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan 4111, Australia
| | - Alain-Dominique J.P. Gorse
- QCIF Bioinformatics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Saint Lucia 4072, Australia
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22
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Chung IY, Jang HJ, Yoo YJ, Hur J, Oh HY, Kim SH, Cho YH. Artemisinin displays bactericidal activity via copper-mediated DNA damage. Virulence 2022; 13:149-159. [PMID: 34983312 PMCID: PMC8741286 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.2021643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Artemisinin (ARS) and its semi-synthetic derivatives are effective drugs to treat malaria and possess multiple therapeutic activities based on their endoperoxide bridge. Here, we showed that ARS displayed antibacterial efficacy in Drosophila systemic infections caused by bacterial pathogens but killed only Vibrio cholerae (VC) in vitro, involving reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and/or DNA damage. This selective antibacterial activity of ARS was attributed to the higher intracellular copper levels in VC, in that the antibacterial activity was observed in vitro upon addition of cuprous ions even against other bacteria and was compromised by the copper-specific chelators neocuproine (NC) and triethylenetetramine (TETA) in vitro and in vivo. We suggest that copper can enhance or reinforce the therapeutic activities of ARS to be repurposed as an antibacterial drug for the treatment of bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Young Chung
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cha University, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Hye-Jeong Jang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cha University, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Yeon-Ji Yoo
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cha University, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Joonseong Hur
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cha University, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Hyo-Young Oh
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cha University, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Seok-Ho Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cha University, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - You-Hee Cho
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cha University, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
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23
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Kingston DGI, Cassera MB. Antimalarial Natural Products. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2022; 117:1-106. [PMID: 34977998 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-89873-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Natural products have made a crucial and unique contribution to human health, and this is especially true in the case of malaria, where the natural products quinine and artemisinin and their derivatives and analogues, have saved millions of lives. The need for new drugs to treat malaria is still urgent, since the most dangerous malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, has become resistant to quinine and most of its derivatives and is becoming resistant to artemisinin and its derivatives. This volume begins with a short history of malaria and follows this with a summary of its biology. It then traces the fascinating history of the discovery of quinine for malaria treatment and then describes quinine's biosynthesis, its mechanism of action, and its clinical use, concluding with a discussion of synthetic antimalarial agents based on quinine's structure. The volume then covers the discovery of artemisinin and its development as the source of the most effective current antimalarial drug, including summaries of its synthesis and biosynthesis, its mechanism of action, and its clinical use and resistance. A short discussion of other clinically used antimalarial natural products leads to a detailed treatment of other natural products with significant antiplasmodial activity, classified by compound type. Although the search for new antimalarial natural products from Nature's combinatorial library is challenging, it is very likely to yield new antimalarial drugs. The chapter thus ends by identifying over ten natural products with development potential as clinical antimalarial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G I Kingston
- Department of Chemistry and the Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
| | - Maria Belen Cassera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases (CTEGD), University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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24
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Enechi OC, Amah CC, Okagu IU, Ononiwu PC, Nweke AC, Ugwuanyi TC, Ajibo EA, Nweze AC, Chukwurah BC. Sida acuta Burm.f. leaves ethanol extract ameliorates haematological and biochemical alterations induced by Plasmodium berghei ANKA-65 in mice. CLINICAL PHYTOSCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s40816-021-00317-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Malaria has continued to be a threat to man and his wellbeing, especially Africans and Asians. New antimalarial drugs are urgently needed to mitigate malaria treatment failure due to resistant Plasmodium species. Medicinal plants used by indigenous Nigerians for treating fever and malaria such as Sida acuta Burm.f. (Malvaceae) could be a promising source of lead compounds for developing new generations of antimalarial drugs. The effects of ethanol extract of S. acuta leaves (EESAL) on malaria parasitemia, haematological and biochemical status of P. berghei-infected mice were investigated, using the 4-day curative test.
Methodology
EESAL was prepared by maceration method. The phyto-constituents and acute toxicity profile of the extract were evaluated using standard protocols. In addition, malaria parasitemia and chemo-suppression, and indicators of haematological and biochemical status of P. berghei-infected mice treated with EESAL were assessed.
Results
At 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg/d b.w., p.o doses for 4 consecutive days, EESAL significantly (p < 0.05) decreased parasitaemia and suppressed malaria parasite by 89.64%, 95.95% and 97.38%, respectively comparable to negative control. The reduction in percentage malaria parasitemia by EESAL is comparable to Artemether (140 mg/kg/d b.w., p.o) used as standard antimalarial drug in this study. The packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb) concentration, and red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) counts of negative control are significantly (p < 0.05) higher than normal control. However, parasitized-EESAL-treated mice have significantly (p < 0.05) higher PCV value, Hb concentration and RBC and WBC counts than negative control. Similarly, treatment of parasitized mice with EESAL restored some indicators of the antioxidant, lipid peroxidation, lipid profile and liver status altered by malaria. In addition, EESAL was tolerable up to 5000 mg/kg b.w., p.o.
Conclusion
These results indicate that the EESAL possesses antimalarial activity and normalizes alterations in haematological and biochemical status of malaria-infected mice.
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25
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Heidari A, Keshavarz H. The Drug Resistance of Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax in Iran: A Review Article. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2021; 16:173-185. [PMID: 34557232 PMCID: PMC8418652 DOI: 10.18502/ijpa.v16i2.6265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background One of the main obstacles to malaria control in the world has been the emergence of resistance in Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine and other anti-malarial drugs. This study aimed to review studies in Iran on resistance in P. falciparum and P. vivax to drugs, and to reveal the mechanisms and molecular markers of resistance of these two species. Methods The databases of PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Magiran, and reputable Iranian journals were searched to find published studies on the resistance in P. falciparum and P. vivax to antimalarial drugs in Iran. Results There is a significant relationship between resistance to chloroquine in P. falciparum and the emergence of K76T mutation in the P. falciparum chloroquine-resistance transporter gene in Iran. Resistance to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) in P. falciparum is also significantly associated with the development of mutations in the dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthase genes. Resistance to chloroquine in P. vivax has not been reported in Iran and it is used as a first-line treatment for P. vivax malaria. Conclusion P. falciparum has become resistant to chloroquine in different regions of Iran and is not currently used to treat malaria. Besides, cases have emerged of P. falciparum resistance to SP in different parts of southern Iran, and SP is not administered alone for treating P. falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliehsan Heidari
- Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Hossein Keshavarz
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Endemic Parasites of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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26
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Diagnosing the drug resistance signature in Plasmodium falciparum: a review from contemporary methods to novel approaches. J Parasit Dis 2021; 45:869-876. [PMID: 34475670 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-020-01333-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The genome sequence project of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum reveal variations in the parasite DNA sequence. Most of these variations are single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). A high frequency of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the Plasmodium falciparum population is usually a benchmark for anti-malarial resistance which allows parasites to be elusive to the chemotherapeutic agents, vaccine and vector control strategies, resulting in the leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally. The high density of drug resistance signature markers such as pfcrt,pfmdr1, pfdhps, pfdhfr, pfkelch13, pfatpase6 and pfmrp1 in the genome opens up a scope for the study of the genetic basis of this elusive parasite. The precise and prompt diagnosis of resistance strains of parasite plays vital role in malaria elimination program.This review probably shed light on contemporary SNP diagnostic tools used in molecular surveillance of Plasmodium falciparum drug resistance in terms of mechanism, reaction modalities, and development with their virtues and shortcomings.
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Tandoh KZ, Wilson MD, Quashie NB, Duah-Quashie NO. Implicating extracellular vesicles in Plasmodium falciparum artemisinin resistance development. Traffic 2021; 22:194-200. [PMID: 33860593 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum malaria remains a disease of significant public health impact today. With the risk of emerging artemisinin resistance stalling malaria control efforts, the need to deepen our understanding of the parasite's biology is dire. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are vital to the biology of P. falciparum and play a role in the pathogenesis of malaria. Recent studies have also shown that EVs may play a role in the development of artemisinin resistance in P. falciparum. Here, we highlight evidence on EVs in P. falciparum biology and malaria pathogenesis and argue that there is sufficient ground to propose a role for EVs in the development of P. falciparum artemisinin resistance. We suggest that EVs are actively secreted functional organelles that contribute to cellular homeostasis in P. falciparum-infected red blood cells under artemisinin pressure. Further exploration of this hypothesized EVs-based molecular mechanism of artemisinin resistance will aid the discovery of novel antimalarial therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwesi Z Tandoh
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Michael D Wilson
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Neils B Quashie
- Department of Epidemiology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.,Centre for Tropical Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Nancy O Duah-Quashie
- Department of Epidemiology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
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28
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Tandoh KZ, Amenga-Etego L, Quashie NB, Awandare G, Wilson M, Duah-Quashie NO. Plasmodium falciparum Malaria Parasites in Ghana Show Signatures of Balancing Selection at Artemisinin Resistance Predisposing Background Genes. Evol Bioinform Online 2021; 17:1176934321999640. [PMID: 33746510 PMCID: PMC7940735 DOI: 10.1177/1176934321999640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sub-Saharan Africa is courting the risk of artemisinin resistance (ARTr) emerging in Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites. Current molecular surveillance efforts for ARTr have been built on the utility of P. falciparum kelch13 (pfk13) validated molecular markers. However, whether these molecular markers will serve the purpose of early detection of artemisinin-resistant parasites in Ghana is hinged on a pfk13 dependent evolution. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the background pfk13 genome may be present before the pfk13 ARTr-conferring variant(s) is selected and that signatures of balancing selection on these genomic loci may serve as an early warning signal of ARTr. We analyzed 12 198 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in Ghanaian clinical isolates in the Pf3K MalariaGEN dataset that passed a stringent filtering regimen. We identified signatures of balancing selection in 2 genes (phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase and chloroquine resistance transporter) previously reported as background loci for ARTr. These genes showed statistically significant and high positive values for Tajima's D, Fu and Li's F, and Fu and Li's D. This indicates that the biodiversity required to establish a pfk13 background genome may have been primed in clinical isolates of P. falciparum from Ghana as of 2010. Despite the absence of ARTr in Ghana to date, our finding supports the current use of pfk13 for molecular surveillance of ARTr in Ghana and highlights the potential utility of monitoring malaria parasite populations for balancing selection in ARTr precursor background genes as early warning molecular signatures for the emergence of ARTr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwesi Z Tandoh
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Lucas Amenga-Etego
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Neils B Quashie
- Department of Epidemiology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.,Centre for Tropical Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Gordon Awandare
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Michael Wilson
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Nancy O Duah-Quashie
- Department of Epidemiology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
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29
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Zheng J, Li X, Yang W, Zhang F. Dihydroartemisinin regulates apoptosis, migration, and invasion of ovarian cancer cells via mediating RECK. J Pharmacol Sci 2021; 146:71-81. [PMID: 33941323 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dihydroartemisinin (DHA) possesses an inhibitory effect on ovarian cancer and promotes reversion-inducing cysteine-rich protein with Kazal motifs (RECK) expression in glioma cells. This study explored the role of DHA and RECK on ovarian cancer. METHODS The RECK level in ovarian cancer was analyzed under GEPIA 2 database and proved by RT-qPCR. After being treated with DHA or infected with siRECK lentivirus, the viability, apoptosis, migration, and invasion of ovarian cancer cells were evaluated by CCK-8, flow cytometry, wound healing, and transwell assays. Also, the expressions of factors related to apoptosis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition were measured by Western blot or RT-qPCR. RESULTS DHA-treatment weakened the viability, migration, invasion, and enhanced apoptosis of ovarian cancer cells. DHA also down-regulated the levels of Bcl-2, N-cadherin, and Vimentin, and up-regulated the levels of Bax, C-caspase-3 and E-cadherin in ovarian cancer cells. RECK was lowly expressed in both ovarian cancer tissues and cells. siRECK not only had an effect opposite to DHA on the viability, apoptosis, migration, invasion, and related-factors of ovarian cancer cells but also offset the effect of DHA on ovarian cancer cells. CONCLUSION DHA regulated apoptosis, migration, and invasion of ovarian cancer cells via mediating RECK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfei Zheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, China.
| | - Xuehe Li
- Department of Gynecology, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, China
| | - Weili Yang
- Department of Gynecology, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, China
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30
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Nguyen W, Dans MG, Ngo A, Gancheva MR, Romeo O, Duffy S, de Koning-Ward TF, Lowes KN, Sabroux HJ, Avery VM, Wilson DW, Gilson PR, Sleebs BE. Structure activity refinement of phenylsulfonyl piperazines as antimalarials that block erythrocytic invasion. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 214:113253. [PMID: 33610028 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The emerging resistance to combination therapies comprised of artemisinin derivatives has driven a need to identify new antimalarials with novel mechanisms of action. Central to the survival and proliferation of the malaria parasite is the invasion of red blood cells by Plasmodium merozoites, providing an attractive target for novel therapeutics. A screen of the Medicines for Malaria Venture Pathogen Box employing transgenic P. falciparum parasites expressing the nanoluciferase bioluminescent reporter identified the phenylsulfonyl piperazine class as a specific inhibitor of erythrocyte invasion. Here, we describe the optimization and further characterization of the phenylsulfonyl piperazine class. During the optimization process we defined the functionality required for P. falciparum asexual stage activity and determined the alpha-carbonyl S-methyl isomer was important for antimalarial potency. The optimized compounds also possessed comparable activity against multidrug resistant strains of P. falciparum and displayed weak activity against sexual stage gametocytes. We determined that the optimized compounds blocked erythrocyte invasion consistent with the asexual activity observed and therefore the phenylsulfonyl piperazine analogues described could serve as useful tools for studying Plasmodium erythrocyte invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Nguyen
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Madeline G Dans
- Macfarlane Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, 3004, Australia; School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, 3216, Australia
| | - Anna Ngo
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Maria R Gancheva
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Ornella Romeo
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Sandra Duffy
- Discovery Biology, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | | | - Kym N Lowes
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Helene Jousset Sabroux
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Vicky M Avery
- Discovery Biology, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - Danny W Wilson
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Macfarlane Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, 3004, Australia
| | - Paul R Gilson
- Macfarlane Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, 3004, Australia
| | - Brad E Sleebs
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia.
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Repurposing of existing therapeutics to combat drug-resistant malaria. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 136:111275. [PMID: 33485067 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the era of drug repurposing, speedy discovery of new therapeutic options for the drug-resistant malaria is the best available tactic to reduce the financial load and time in the drug discovery process. Six anticancer drugs, three immunomodulators and four antibiotics were selected for the repositioning against experimental malaria owing to their mode of action and published literature. The efficacy of existing therapeutics was evaluated against chloroquine-resistant in vitro and in vivo strains of Plasmodium falciparum and P. yoelii, respectively. All the pre-existing FDA-approved drugs along with leptin were primarily screened against chloroquine-resistant (PfK1) and drug-sensitive (Pf3D7) strains of P. falciparum using SYBR green-based antiplasmodial assay. Cytotoxic profiling of these therapeutics was achieved on Vero and HepG2 cell lines, and human erythrocytes. Percent blood parasitemia and host survival was determined in chloroquine-resistant P. yoelii N67-infected Swiss mice using appropriate doses of these drugs/immunomodulators. Antimalarial screening together with cytotoxicity data revealed that anticancer drugs, idelalisib and 5-fluorouracil acquired superiority over their counterparts, regorafenib, and tamoxifen, respectively. ROS-inducer anticancer drugs, epirubicin and bleomycin were found toxic for the host. Immunomodulators (imiquimod, lenalidomide and leptin) were safest but less active in in vitro system, however, in P. yoelii-infected mice, they exhibited modest parasite suppression at their respective doses. Among antibiotics, moxifloxacin exhibited better antimalarial prospective than levofloxacin, roxithromycin and erythromycin. 5-Fluorouracil, imiquimod and moxifloxacin displayed 97.64, 81.18 and 91.77 % parasite inhibition in treated animals and attained superiority in their respective groups thus could be exploited further in combination with suitable antimalarials.
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Rawat M, Kanyal A, Sahasrabudhe A, Vembar SS, Lopez-Rubio JJ, Karmodiya K. Histone acetyltransferase PfGCN5 regulates stress responsive and artemisinin resistance related genes in Plasmodium falciparum. Sci Rep 2021; 11:852. [PMID: 33441725 PMCID: PMC7806804 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79539-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum has evolved resistance to almost all front-line drugs including artemisinin, which threatens malaria control and elimination strategies. Oxidative stress and protein damage responses have emerged as key players in the generation of artemisinin resistance. In this study, we show that PfGCN5, a histone acetyltransferase, binds to the stress-responsive genes in a poised state and regulates their expression under stress conditions. Furthermore, we show that upon artemisinin exposure, genome-wide binding sites for PfGCN5 are increased and it is directly associated with the genes implicated in artemisinin resistance generation like BiP and TRiC chaperone. Interestingly, expression of genes bound by PfGCN5 was found to be upregulated during stress conditions. Moreover, inhibition of PfGCN5 in artemisinin-resistant parasites increases the sensitivity of the parasites to artemisinin treatment indicating its role in drug resistance generation. Together, these findings elucidate the role of PfGCN5 as a global chromatin regulator of stress-responses with a potential role in modulating artemisinin drug resistance and identify PfGCN5 as an important target against artemisinin-resistant parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukul Rawat
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411 008, India
| | - Abhishek Kanyal
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411 008, India
| | - Aishwarya Sahasrabudhe
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411 008, India
| | | | - Jose-Juan Lopez-Rubio
- Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interactions (LPHI), UMR5235, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Krishanpal Karmodiya
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411 008, India.
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Traditional application and modern pharmacological research of Artemisia annua L. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 216:107650. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Surur AS, Huluka SA, Mitku ML, Asres K. Indole: The After Next Scaffold of Antiplasmodial Agents? Drug Des Devel Ther 2020; 14:4855-4867. [PMID: 33204071 PMCID: PMC7666986 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s278588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains a global public health problem due to the uphill fight against the causative Plasmodium parasites that are relentless in developing resistance. Indole-based antiplasmodial compounds are endowed with multiple modes of action, of which inhibition of hemozoin formation is the major mechanism of action reported for compounds such as cryptolepine, flinderoles, and isosungucine. Indole-based compounds exert their potent activity against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium strains by inhibiting hemozoin formation in a mode of action different from that of chloroquine or through a novel mechanism of action. For example, dysregulating the sodium and osmotic homeostasis of Plasmodium through inhibition of PfATP4 is the novel mechanism of cipargamin. The potential of developing multi-targeted compounds through molecular hybridization ensures the existence of indole-based compounds in the antimalarial pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Solomon Assefa Huluka
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Kaleab Asres
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Sissoko A, Vásquez-Ocmín P, Maciuk A, Barbieri D, Neveu G, Rondepierre L, Grougnet R, Leproux P, Blaud M, Hammad K, Michel S, Lavazec C, Clain J, Houzé S, Duval R. A Chemically Stable Fluorescent Mimic of Dihydroartemisinin, Artemether, and Arteether with Conserved Bioactivity and Specificity Shows High Pharmacological Relevance to the Antimalarial Drugs. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:1532-1547. [PMID: 32267151 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Three novel tracers designed as fluorescent surrogates of artemisinin-derived antimalarial drugs (i.e., dihydroartemisinin, artemether, arteether, and artemisone) were synthesized from dihydroartemisinin. One of these tracers, corresponding to a dihydroartemisinin/artemether/arteether mimic, showed a combination of excellent physicochemical and biological properties such as hydrolytic stability, high inhibitory potency against blood-stage parasites, similar ring-stage survival assay values than the clinical antimalarials, high cytopermeability and specific labeling of live P. falciparum cells, alkylation of heme, as well as specific covalent labeling of drug-sensitive and drug-resistant P. falciparum proteomes at physiological concentrations, consistent with a multitarget action of the drugs. Our study demonstrates that probes containing the complete structural core of clinical artemisinin derivatives can be stable in biochemical and cellular settings, and recapitulate the complex mechanisms of these frontline, yet threatened, antimalarial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdoulaye Sissoko
- Université de Paris, MERIT, IRD, F-75006 Paris, France
- Laboratoire d’Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | | | - Alexandre Maciuk
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, BioCIS, F-92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Daniela Barbieri
- Laboratoire d’Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, U1016, INSERM, and UMR 8104,
CNRS, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Gaëlle Neveu
- Laboratoire d’Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, U1016, INSERM, and UMR 8104,
CNRS, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Laurine Rondepierre
- Université de Paris, MERIT, IRD, F-75006 Paris, France
- Laboratoire d’Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Magali Blaud
- Université de Paris, CiTCoM, CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Karim Hammad
- Université de Paris, CiTCoM, CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Michel
- Université de Paris, CiTCoM, CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Catherine Lavazec
- Laboratoire d’Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, U1016, INSERM, and UMR 8104,
CNRS, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Clain
- Université de Paris, MERIT, IRD, F-75006 Paris, France
- Laboratoire d’Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Houzé
- Université de Paris, MERIT, IRD, F-75006 Paris, France
- CNR du Paludisme, AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat − Claude-Bernard, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Romain Duval
- Université de Paris, MERIT, IRD, F-75006 Paris, France
- Laboratoire d’Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
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Green JL, Wu Y, Encheva V, Lasonder E, Prommaban A, Kunzelmann S, Christodoulou E, Grainger M, Truongvan N, Bothe S, Sharma V, Song W, Pinzuti I, Uthaipibull C, Srichairatanakool S, Birault V, Langsley G, Schindelin H, Stieglitz B, Snijders AP, Holder AA. Ubiquitin activation is essential for schizont maturation in Plasmodium falciparum blood-stage development. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008640. [PMID: 32569299 PMCID: PMC7332102 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitylation is a common post translational modification of eukaryotic proteins and in the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) overall ubiquitylation increases in the transition from intracellular schizont to extracellular merozoite stages in the asexual blood stage cycle. Here, we identify specific ubiquitylation sites of protein substrates in three intraerythrocytic parasite stages and extracellular merozoites; a total of 1464 sites in 546 proteins were identified (data available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD014998). 469 ubiquitylated proteins were identified in merozoites compared with only 160 in the preceding intracellular schizont stage, suggesting a large increase in protein ubiquitylation associated with merozoite maturation. Following merozoite invasion of erythrocytes, few ubiquitylated proteins were detected in the first intracellular ring stage but as parasites matured through trophozoite to schizont stages the apparent extent of ubiquitylation increased. We identified commonly used ubiquitylation motifs and groups of ubiquitylated proteins in specific areas of cellular function, for example merozoite pellicle proteins involved in erythrocyte invasion, exported proteins, and histones. To investigate the importance of ubiquitylation we screened ubiquitin pathway inhibitors in a parasite growth assay and identified the ubiquitin activating enzyme (UBA1 or E1) inhibitor MLN7243 (TAK-243) to be particularly effective. This small molecule was shown to be a potent inhibitor of recombinant PfUBA1, and a structural homology model of MLN7243 bound to the parasite enzyme highlights avenues for the development of P. falciparum specific inhibitors. We created a genetically modified parasite with a rapamycin-inducible functional deletion of uba1; addition of either MLN7243 or rapamycin to the recombinant parasite line resulted in the same phenotype, with parasite development blocked at the schizont stage. Nuclear division and formation of intracellular structures was interrupted. These results indicate that the intracellular target of MLN7243 is UBA1, and this activity is essential for the final differentiation of schizonts to merozoites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith L. Green
- Malaria Parasitology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yang Wu
- Malaria Parasitology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vesela Encheva
- Mass Spectrometry Proteomics, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Edwin Lasonder
- School of Biomedical Science, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Adchara Prommaban
- Malaria Parasitology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Biochemistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Simone Kunzelmann
- Structural Biology Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Evangelos Christodoulou
- Structural Biology Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Munira Grainger
- Malaria Parasitology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ngoc Truongvan
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bothe
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Vikram Sharma
- School of Biomedical Science, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Wei Song
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Irene Pinzuti
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chairat Uthaipibull
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Khlong Luang, Thailand
| | | | | | - Gordon Langsley
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Hermann Schindelin
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Stieglitz
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Anthony A. Holder
- Malaria Parasitology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Ounjaijean S, Somsak V. Combination of zingerone and dihydroartemisinin presented synergistic antimalarial activity against Plasmodium berghei infection in BALB/c mice as in vivo model. Parasitol Int 2020; 76:102088. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2020.102088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Yaremenko IA, Coghi P, Prommana P, Qiu C, Radulov PS, Qu Y, Belyakova YY, Zanforlin E, Kokorekin VA, Wu YYJ, Fleury F, Uthaipibull C, Wong VKW, Terent'ev AO. Synthetic Peroxides Promote Apoptosis of Cancer Cells by Inhibiting P‐Glycoprotein ABCB5. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:1118-1127. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan A. Yaremenko
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic ChemistryRussian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Prospect 47 Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Paolo Coghi
- School of PharmacyMacau University of Science and Technology Avenida Wai Long Taipa, Macau China
| | - Parichat Prommana
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC)National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA) 113 Thailand Science Park Pathum Thani 12120 Thailand
| | - Congling Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese MedicineMacau University of Science and Technology Avenida Wai Long Taipa, Macau China
| | - Peter S. Radulov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic ChemistryRussian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Prospect 47 Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Yuanqing Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese MedicineMacau University of Science and Technology Avenida Wai Long Taipa, Macau China
| | - Yulia Yu. Belyakova
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic ChemistryRussian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Prospect 47 Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Enrico Zanforlin
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological SciencesUniversity of Padova via Marzolo 5 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Vladimir A. Kokorekin
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic ChemistryRussian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Prospect 47 Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Yuki Yu Jun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese MedicineMacau University of Science and Technology Avenida Wai Long Taipa, Macau China
| | - Fabrice Fleury
- Mechanism and Regulation of DNA Repair Team UFIP CNRS UMR 6286Université de Nantes 2 chemin de la Houssinière 44322 Nantes France
| | - Chairat Uthaipibull
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC)National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA) 113 Thailand Science Park Pathum Thani 12120 Thailand
| | - Vincent Kam Wai Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese MedicineMacau University of Science and Technology Avenida Wai Long Taipa, Macau China
| | - Alexander O. Terent'ev
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic ChemistryRussian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Prospect 47 Moscow 119991 Russia
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Gomes CRB, de Souza MVN, Facchinetti V. A Review on Onychine and its Analogs: Synthesis and Biological Activity. Curr Org Synth 2020; 17:3-22. [PMID: 32103713 DOI: 10.2174/1570179417666191218112842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Onychine is a 4-azafluorenone alkaloid isolated from the Annonaceae family, in low concentrations. Onychine and its analogs exhibit a wide range of pharmacological activities such as antifungal, antibacterial, anticancer, and antimalarial. Because of the high bioactivity of some 4-azafluorenone derivatives, several synthetic methods have been developed for their procurement. OBJECTIVE Considering the importance of these alkaloids, we aim to present the main synthetic approaches to onychines and its derivatives and the biological activity of some 4-azafluorenones. METHODS The most prominent methodologies for the synthesis of onychines were reviewed. RESULTS In this work, we cover many synthetic approaches for the synthesis of onychine and 4-azafluorenone derivatives including intramolecular cyclizations, multicomponent reactions, microwave-assisted multicomponent reactions, Diels-alder reactions, among others. Moreover, we also review the biological activity of 4-azafluorenones. CONCLUSION 4-azafluorenones have risen as prominent structures in medicinal chemistry; however, most of the time, access to new derivatives involves toxic catalysts, harsh reaction conditions, and long-step procedures. Therefore, the development of new synthetic routes with more operational simplicity, simple purification procedure, good yields, and low environmental impact, is desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia R B Gomes
- Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Farmacos - Farmanguinhos. Rua Sizenando Nabuco 100, Manguinhos, 21041- 250, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcus V N de Souza
- Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Farmacos - Farmanguinhos. Rua Sizenando Nabuco 100, Manguinhos, 21041- 250, RJ, Brazil
| | - Victor Facchinetti
- Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Farmacos - Farmanguinhos. Rua Sizenando Nabuco 100, Manguinhos, 21041- 250, RJ, Brazil
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40
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Lu F, He XL, Richard C, Cao J. A brief history of artemisinin: Modes of action and mechanisms of resistance. Chin J Nat Med 2020; 17:331-336. [PMID: 31171267 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(19)30038-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The cornerstone of antimalarial treatment, artemisinin, has reduced malaria associated morbidity and mortality worldwide. However, Plasmodium falciparum parasites with reduced sensitivity to artemisinin have emerged, and this threatens malaria control and elimination efforts. In this minireview, we describe the initial development of artemisinin as an antimalarial drug, its use both historically and currently, and our current understanding of its mode of action and the mechanisms by which malaria parasites achieve resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Lu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Key Laboratory of National Health Commission on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi 214064, China; Jiangsu Key laboratory of integrated traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for prevention and treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xin-Long He
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Culleton Richard
- Malaria Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan.
| | - Jun Cao
- Key Laboratory of National Health Commission on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi 214064, China; Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Public Health Research Center, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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41
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Jung JH, Hwang J, Kim JH, Sim DY, Im E, Park JE, Park WY, Shim BS, Kim B, Kim SH. Phyotochemical candidates repurposing for cancer therapy and their molecular mechanisms. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 68:164-174. [PMID: 31883914 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Though limited success through chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery has been obtained for efficient cancer therapy for modern decades, cancers are still considered high burden to human health worldwide to date. Recently repurposing drugs are attractive with lower cost and shorter time compared to classical drug discovery, just as Metformin from Galega officinalis, originally approved for treating Type 2 diabetes by FDA, is globally valued at millions of US dollars for cancer therapy. As most previous reviews focused on FDA approved drugs and synthetic agents, current review discussed the anticancer potential of phytochemicals originally approved for treatment of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, infectious diarrhea, depression and malaria with their molecular mechanisms and efficacies and suggested future research perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hoon Jung
- Cancer Molecular Target Herbal Research Laboratory, College of Korean Medicine, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisung Hwang
- Cancer Molecular Target Herbal Research Laboratory, College of Korean Medicine, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Ha Kim
- Cancer Molecular Target Herbal Research Laboratory, College of Korean Medicine, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok Yong Sim
- Cancer Molecular Target Herbal Research Laboratory, College of Korean Medicine, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunji Im
- Cancer Molecular Target Herbal Research Laboratory, College of Korean Medicine, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eon Park
- Cancer Molecular Target Herbal Research Laboratory, College of Korean Medicine, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Woon Yi Park
- Cancer Molecular Target Herbal Research Laboratory, College of Korean Medicine, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Bum-Sang Shim
- Cancer Molecular Target Herbal Research Laboratory, College of Korean Medicine, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Bonglee Kim
- Cancer Molecular Target Herbal Research Laboratory, College of Korean Medicine, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hoon Kim
- Cancer Molecular Target Herbal Research Laboratory, College of Korean Medicine, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
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42
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Enechi OC, Amah CC, Okagu IU, Ononiwu CP, Azidiegwu VC, Ugwuoke EO, Onoh AP, Ndukwe EE. Methanol extracts of Fagara zanthoxyloides leaves possess antimalarial effects and normalizes haematological and biochemical status of Plasmodium berghei-passaged mice. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2019. [PMID: 31500475 PMCID: PMC6746293 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2019.1656753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Context: The resistance of Plasmodium species to many available antimalarials calls for a continuous search for newer antimalarial agents. One possible source of new antimalarials is from natural sources such as Fagara zanthoxyloides Lam (Rutaceae), a medicinal plant used traditionally for treating malaria in South-Eastern Nigeria, Uganda and Asia. Objectives: To investigate the application of methanol extracts of F. zanthoxyloides in combating malaria infection and its associated disorders. Materials and methods: Methanol extracts of F. zanthoxyloides leaves (MEFZ) were evaluated for in vivo antimalarial activity. MEFZ at doses of 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg/d were administered orally for 4 consecutive days (days 0-4) to P. berghei-infected mice. The possible ameliorative effects of MEFZ on malaria-associated organ malfunctions were also assessed. Results: At 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg b.w., respectively, MEFZ produced 82.37% and 68.39%, 84.84%, and 90.75%, 95.95% and 92.67% chemosuppression and inhibition of P. berghei, respectively, comparable to 98.67% and 97.29% by combisunate, a standard antimalarial. The IC50 of MEFZ was estimated to be 235.23 mg/kg b.w. Similarly, treatment of parasitized mice with MEFZ significantly restored the malaria-modified haematological and biochemical status of the parasitized-MEFZ-treated mice compared with parasitized-untreated mice. MEFZ was tolerable up to 5000 mg/kg b.w dose; hence, the LD50 is above 5000 mg/kg b.w. Discussion and conclusions: The results of this curative assay demonstrated that MEFZ has antimalarial effects and normalized haematological and biochemical aberrations generated by malaria. The isolation of the antimalarial principles in MEFZ is warranted; they could be lead molecules for the development of new antimalarials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Innocent Uzochukwu Okagu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
- CONTACT Innocent Uzochukwu Okagu Medical Parasitology, Toxicology and Drug Discovery Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
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Artemisinin Bioactivity and Resistance in Malaria Parasites. Trends Parasitol 2019; 35:953-963. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Prevalence of mutations in Plasmodium falciparum genes associated with resistance to different antimalarial drugs in Nyando, Kisumu County in Kenya. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 78:104121. [PMID: 31756512 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to the mainstay antimalarial drugs is a major concern in the control of malaria. Delayed Plasmodium falciparum parasite clearance has been associated with Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in the kelch propeller region (K13). However, SNPs in the Pf-adaptor protein complex 2 mu subunit (Pfap2-mu), Pfcrt and Pfmdr1 are possible markers associated with multi-drug resistance. Here, we explored the prevalence of SNPs in the K13, Pfap2-mu, Pfcrt, and Pfmdr1 in 94 dried blood spot field isolates collected from children aged below 12 years infected with P. falciparum during a cross-sectional study. The samples were collected in 2015 during the peak malaria transmission season in the Nyando region of Western Kenya before treatment with Artemether-Lumefantrine, the first-line artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) in Kenya. However, 47 of the 94 samples had recurrent parasitemia and were interrogated for the presence of the SNPs in K13 and Pfap2-mu. We used PCR amplification and sequencing to evaluate specific regions of K13 (codons 432-702), Pfap2-mu (codons 1-350), Pfmdr1 (codons 86, 1034-1246), and Pfcrt (codons 72-76) gene(s). The majority of parasites harbored the wild type K13 sequence. However, we found a unique non-synonymous W611S change. In silico studies on the impact of the W611S predicted structural changes in the overall topology of the K13 protein. Of the 47 samples analyzed for SNPs in the Pfap2-mu gene, 14 (29%) had S160 N/T mutation. The CVIET haplotype associated with CQ resistance in the Pfcrt yielded a 7.44% (7/94), while CVMNK haplotype was at 92.56%. Mutations in the Pfmdr1 region were detected only in three samples (3/94; 3.19%) at codon D1246Y. Our data suggest that parasites in the western part of Kenya harbor the wildtype strains. However, the detection of the unique SNP in K13 and Pfap2-mu linked with ACT delayed parasite clearance may suggest slow filtering of ACT-resistant parasites.
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Development of artemisinin resistance in malaria therapy. Pharmacol Res 2019; 146:104275. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Sirignano C, Snene A, Tenoh AR, El Mokni R, Rigano D, Habluetzel A, Hammami S, Taglialatela-Scafati O. Daucovirgolides I-L, four congeners of the antimalarial daucovirgolide G from Daucus virgatus. Fitoterapia 2019; 137:104188. [PMID: 31158428 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2019.104188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Repeated chromatographic purifications of aerial parts of the Tunisian plant Daucus virgatus led to the isolation of four new germacranolides, named daucovirgolides I-L (2-5), along with the Plasmodium transmission-blocking agent daucovirgolide G. The chemical structures of the new compounds were defined as mono- or di-angeloylated germacrane-type sesquiterpenoids by spectroscopic (mainly 1D and 2D NMR) and spectrometric methods (ESIMS). The low potency exhibited by daucovirgolides I-L further supports the observation that strict structural requirements do exist for the Plasmodium transmission blocking activity in the daucovirgolide series. In particular, the endocyclic double bond system seems to be crucial for bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmina Sirignano
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Alì Snene
- Research Unit Applied Chemistry and Environment 13ES63, Faculty of Sciences of Monastir, University of Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Alain Rodrigue Tenoh
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri 9, 63032 Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Ridha El Mokni
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy of Monastir, University of Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Daniela Rigano
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Annette Habluetzel
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri 9, 63032 Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Saoussen Hammami
- Research Unit Applied Chemistry and Environment 13ES63, Faculty of Sciences of Monastir, University of Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Orazio Taglialatela-Scafati
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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Ricotta E, Kwan J. Artemisinin-Resistant Malaria as a Global Catastrophic Biological Threat. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2019; 424:33-57. [PMID: 31218504 DOI: 10.1007/82_2019_163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The global spread of artemisinin resistance brings with it the threat of incurable malaria. Already, this disease threatens over 219 million lives per year and causes 5-6% losses in GDP in endemic areas, even with current advances in prevention and treatment. This chapter discusses the currently tenuous position we are in globally, and the impact that could be seen if artemisinin treatment is lost, whether due to the unchecked spread of K13 mutations or poor global investment in treatment and prevention advances. Artemisinin is the backbone of current ACT treatment programs and severe malarial treatment; without it, the success of future malaria eradication programs will be in jeopardy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Ricotta
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Quarters 15B-1, 8 West Dr, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
- Kelly Government Solutions, Bethesda, USA.
| | - Jennifer Kwan
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Quarters 15B-1, 8 West Dr, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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Pratap S, Naaz F, Reddy S, Jha KK, Sharma K, Sahal D, Akhter M, Nayakanti D, Kumar HMS, Kumari V, Pandey K, Shafi S. Anti-proliferative and anti-malarial activities of spiroisoxazoline analogues of artemisinin. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2018:e1800192. [PMID: 30537298 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201800192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A series of spiroisoxazoline analogues of artemisinin was synthesized by employing 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between various in situ generated nitrile oxides and artemisitene. All the synthesized compounds were tested for their anti-proliferative and anti-malarial activities. Among the compounds tested, compound 11a was found to be potent against the HCT-15 cancer cell line with IC50 = 4.04 μM when compared to 5-fluorouracil (IC50 = 35.53 μM). DNA cell cycle analysis shows that 11a was inhibiting cell proliferation at the G2/M phase. Compound 11b was found to be most active against Plasmodium falciparum with IC50 = 0.1 μM and also blocked host hemoglobin hydrolysis by the falcipain-3 receptor. It was demonstrated to have better dynamics of parasite killing efficiency than artemisinin. Molecular docking studies revealed that these compounds interacted with falcipain-3 receptor sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surya Pratap
- Research Scholar, Department of Biosciences, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Anantapur, India
| | - Fatima Naaz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Srinivas Reddy
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, Natural Products Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
- CNRS, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry/Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Strasbourg, France
| | - Kunal K Jha
- Chemical and Biological Crystallography Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Science, Shiv Nadar University, Tehsil Dadri, India
| | - Kalicharan Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Dinakar Sahal
- Malaria Research Laboratory, ICGEB, New Delhi, India
| | - Mymoona Akhter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Devanna Nayakanti
- Research Scholar, Department of Biosciences, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Anantapur, India
| | - Halmuthur M S Kumar
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, Natural Products Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Vandana Kumari
- National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Kailash Pandey
- National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
- National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Syed Shafi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Life Science, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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