1
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Stevenson ER, Smith LC, Wilkinson ML, Lee SJ, Gow AJ. Etiology of lipid-laden macrophages in the lung. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 123:110719. [PMID: 37595492 PMCID: PMC10734282 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Uniquely positioned as sentinel cells constantly exposed to the environment, pulmonary macrophages are vital for the maintenance of the lung lining. These cells are responsible for the clearance of xenobiotics, pathogen detection and clearance, and homeostatic functions such as surfactant recycling. Among the spectrum of phenotypes that may be expressed by macrophages in the lung, the pulmonary lipid-laden phenotype is less commonly studied in comparison to its circulatory counterpart, the atherosclerotic lesion-associated foam cell, or the acutely activated inflammatory macrophage. Herein, we propose that lipid-laden macrophage formation in the lung is governed by lipid acquisition, storage, metabolism, and export processes. The cellular balance of these four processes is critical to the maintenance of homeostasis and the prevention of aberrant signaling that may contribute to lung pathologies. This review aims to examine mechanisms and signaling pathways that are involved in lipid-laden macrophage formation and the potential consequences of this phenotype in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Stevenson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - L C Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - M L Wilkinson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - S J Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - A J Gow
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
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2
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Han N, Yuan M, Yan L, Tang H. Emerging Insights into Liver X Receptor α in the Tumorigenesis and Therapeutics of Human Cancers. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1184. [PMID: 37627249 PMCID: PMC10452869 DOI: 10.3390/biom13081184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver X receptor α (LXRα), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, is identified as a protein activated by ligands that interacts with the promoters of specific genes. It regulates cholesterol, bile acid, and lipid metabolism in normal physiological processes, and it participates in the development of some related diseases. However, many studies have demonstrated that LXRα is also involved in regulating numerous human malignancies. Aberrant LXRα expression is emerging as a fundamental and pivotal factor in cancer cell proliferation, invasion, apoptosis, and metastasis. Herein, we outline the expression levels of LXRα between tumor tissues and normal tissues via the Oncomine and Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER) 2.0 databases; summarize emerging insights into the roles of LXRα in the development, progression, and treatment of different human cancers and their diversified mechanisms; and highlight that LXRα can be a biomarker and therapeutic target in diverse cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Han
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Man Yuan
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Libo Yan
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hong Tang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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3
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Uppal S, Postnikova O, Villasmil R, Rogozin IB, Bocharov AV, Eggerman TL, Poliakov E, Redmond TM. Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor (LDLR) Is Involved in Internalization of Lentiviral Particles Pseudotyped with SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein in Ocular Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11860. [PMID: 37511618 PMCID: PMC10380832 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we present evidence that caveolae-mediated endocytosis using LDLR is the pathway for SARS-CoV-2 virus internalization in the ocular cell line ARPE-19. Firstly, we found that, while Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is expressed in these cells, blocking ACE2 by antibody treatment did not prevent infection by SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudovirions, nor did antibody blockade of extracellular vimentin and other cholesterol-rich lipid raft proteins. Next, we implicated the role of cholesterol homeostasis in infection by showing that incubating cells with different cyclodextrins and oxysterol 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC) inhibits pseudovirion infection of ARPE-19. However, the effect of 25-HC is likely not via cholesterol biosynthesis, as incubation with lovastatin did not appreciably affect infection. Additionally, is it not likely to be an agonistic effect of 25-HC on LXR receptors, as the LXR agonist GW3965 had no significant effect on infection of ARPE-19 cells at up to 5 μM GW3965. We probed the role of endocytic pathways but determined that clathrin-dependent and flotillin-dependent rafts were not involved. Furthermore, 20 µM chlorpromazine, an inhibitor of clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME), also had little effect. In contrast, anti-dynamin I/II antibodies blocked the entry of SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudovirions, as did dynasore, a noncompetitive inhibitor of dynamin GTPase activity. Additionally, anti-caveolin-1 antibodies significantly blocked spike pseudotyped lentiviral infection of ARPE-19. However, nystatin, a classic inhibitor of caveolae-dependent endocytosis, did not affect infection while indomethacin inhibited only at 10 µM at the 48 h time point. Finally, we found that anti-LDLR antibodies block pseudovirion infection to a similar degree as anti-caveolin-1 and anti-dynamin I/II antibodies, while transfection with LDLR-specific siRNA led to a decrease in spike pseudotyped lentiviral infection, compared to scrambled control siRNAs. Thus, we conclude that SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudovirion infection in ARPE-19 cells is a dynamin-dependent process that is primarily mediated by LDLR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheetal Uppal
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell & Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Olga Postnikova
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell & Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rafael Villasmil
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Igor B Rogozin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | | | - Thomas L Eggerman
- Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
- National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Eugenia Poliakov
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell & Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - T Michael Redmond
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell & Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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4
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Chen Y, Jiang H, Zhan Z, Lu J, Gu T, Yu P, Liang W, Zhang X, Liu S, Bi H, Zhong S, Tang L. Restoration of lipid homeostasis between TG and PE by the LXRα-ATGL/EPT1 axis ameliorates hepatosteatosis. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:85. [PMID: 36746922 PMCID: PMC9902534 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05613-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Converting lipid disturbances in response to energy oversupply into healthy lipid homeostasis is a promising therapy to alleviate hepatosteatosis. Our clinical studies found that a further elevation of triglyceride (TG) in obese patients with the body mass index (BMI) greater than 28 was accompanied by a further reduction of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). Shorter survival and poor prognosis were shown for the patients with high TG and low PE levels. Liver X receptor alpha (LXRα) knockout mice aggravated high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity and lipid disorders, making the TG enrichment and the PE decrease more pronounced according to the liver lipidomics analysis. The RNA-seq from mice liver exhibited that these metabolism disorders were attributed to the decline of Atgl (encoding the TG metabolism enzyme ATGL) and Ept1 (encoding the PE synthesis enzyme EPT1) expression. Mechanistic studies uncovered that LXRα activated the ATGL and EPT1 gene via direct binding to a LXR response element (LXRE) in the promoter. Moreover, both the supplement of PE in statin or fibrate therapy, and the LXRα inducer (oridonin) ameliorated cellular lipid deposition and lipotoxicity. Altogether, restoration of lipid homeostasis of TG and PE via the LXRα-ATGL/EPT1 axis may be a potential approach for the management of hepatosteatosis and metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulian Chen
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huanguo Jiang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhikun Zhan
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jindi Lu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tanwei Gu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Yu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weimin Liang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuwen Liu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huichang Bi
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shilong Zhong
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China.
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Lan Tang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China.
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5
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Röszer T. Metabolic impact of adipose tissue macrophages in the early postnatal life. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:1515-1524. [PMID: 35899927 PMCID: PMC9796690 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3mr0722-201r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) play key roles in metabolic inflammation, insulin resistance, adipose tissue fibrosis, and immune disorders associated with obesity. Research on ATM biology has mostly been conducted in the setting of adult obesity, since adipocyte hypertrophy is associated with a significant increase in ATM number. Signals that control ATM activation toward a proinflammatory or a proresolving phenotype also determine the developmental program and lipid metabolism of adipocytes after birth. ATMs are present at birth and actively participate in the synthesis of mediators, which induce lipolysis, mitobiogenesis, and mitochondrial uncoupling in adipocytes. ATMs in the newborn and the infant promote a lipolytic and fatty acid oxidizing adipocyte phenotype, which is essential to support the lipid-fueled metabolism, to maintain nonshivering thermogenesis and counteract an excessive adipose tissue expansion. Since adipose tissue metabolism in the early postnatal life determines obesity status in adulthood, early-life ATM functions may have a life-long impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Röszer
- Division of Pediatric Obesity, Children's Hospital and Institute of PediatricsUniversity of DebrecenDebrecenHungary,Institute of NeurobiologyUlm UniversityUlmGermany
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6
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Ejam SS, Saleh RO, Catalan Opulencia MJ, Najm MA, Makhmudova A, Jalil AT, Abdelbasset WK, Al-Gazally ME, Hammid AT, Mustafa YF, Sergeevna SE, Karampoor S, Mirzaei R. Pathogenic role of 25-hydroxycholesterol in cancer development and progression. Future Oncol 2022; 18:4415-4442. [PMID: 36651359 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2022-0819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential lipid that serves several important functions, including maintaining the homeostasis of cells, acting as a precursor to bile acid and steroid hormones and preserving the stability of membrane lipid rafts. 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC) is a cholesterol derivative that may be formed from cholesterol. 25-HC is a crucial component in various biological activities, including cholesterol metabolism. In recent years, growing evidence has shown that 25-HC performs a critical function in the etiology of cancer, infectious diseases and autoimmune disorders. This review will summarize the latest findings regarding 25-HC, including its biogenesis, immunomodulatory properties and role in innate/adaptive immunity, inflammation and the development of various types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raed Obaid Saleh
- Department of Pharmacy, Al-Maarif University College, Al-Anbar, Iraq
| | | | - Mazin Aa Najm
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Iraq
| | - Aziza Makhmudova
- Department of Social Sciences & Humanities, Samarkand State Medical Institute, Samarkand, Uzbekistan
- Department of Scientific Affairs, Tashkent State Dental Institute, Makhtumkuli Street 103, Tashkent, 100047, Uzbekistan
| | - Abduladheem Turki Jalil
- Medical Laboratories Techniques Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Hilla, 51001, Iraq
| | - Walid Kamal Abdelbasset
- Department of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Physical Therapy, Kasr Al-Aini Hospital, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Ali Thaeer Hammid
- Computer Engineering Techniques Department, Faculty of Information Technology, Imam Ja'afar Al-Sadiq University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Yasser Fakri Mustafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul, 41001, Iraq
| | - Sergushina Elena Sergeevna
- National Research Ogarev Mordovia State University, 68 Bolshevitskaya Street, Republic of Mordovia, Saransk, 430005, Russia
| | - Sajad Karampoor
- Gastrointestinal & Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rasoul Mirzaei
- Venom & Biotherapeutics Molecules Lab, Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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7
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Song XY, Wu WF, Dai YB, Xu HW, Roman A, Wang L, Warner M, Gustafsson JÅ. Ablation of Liver X receptor β in mice leads to overactive macrophages and death of spiral ganglion neurons. Hear Res 2022; 422:108534. [PMID: 35623301 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2022.108534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Age-related hearing loss is the most common type of hearing impairment, and is typically characterized by the loss of spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs). The two Liver X receptors (LXRs) are oxysterol-activated nuclear receptors which in adults, regulate genes involved in cholesterol homeostasis and modulation of macrophage activity. LXRβ plays a key role in maintenance of health of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, large motor neurons in the spinal cord, and retinal ganglion cells in adult mice. We now report that LXRβ is expressed in the SGNs of the cochlea and that loss of LXRβ leads to age-related cochlea degeneration. We found that in the cochlea of LXRβ-/- mice, there is loss of SGNs, activation of macrophages, demyelination in the spiral ganglion, decrease in glutamine synthetase (GS) expression and increase in glutamate accumulation in the cochlea. Part of the cause of damage to the SGNs might be glutamate toxicity which is known to be very toxic to these cells. Our study provides a so far unreported role of LXRβ in maintenance of SGNs whose loss is a very common cause of hearing impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yu Song
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States
| | - Wan-Fu Wu
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States
| | - Yu-Bing Dai
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States
| | - Hai-Wei Xu
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Andrew Roman
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States
| | - Li Wang
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States
| | - Margaret Warner
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States
| | - Jan-Åke Gustafsson
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States; Center for Innovative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Novum, Stockholm 14186, Sweden.
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8
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Eshghjoo S, Kim DM, Jayaraman A, Sun Y, Alaniz RC. Macrophage Polarization in Atherosclerosis. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13050756. [PMID: 35627141 PMCID: PMC9142092 DOI: 10.3390/genes13050756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The implication of the heterogeneous spectrum of pro- and anti-inflammatory macrophages (Macs) has been an important area of investigation over the last decade. The polarization of Macs alters their functional phenotype in response to their surrounding microenvironment. Macs are the major immune cells implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. A hallmark pathology of atherosclerosis is the accumulation of pro-inflammatory M1-like macrophages in coronary arteries induced by pro-atherogenic stimuli; these M1-like pro-inflammatory macrophages are incapable of digesting lipids, thus resulting in foam cell formation in the atherosclerotic plaques. Recent findings suggest that the progression and stability of atherosclerotic plaques are dependent on the quantity of infiltrated Macs, the polarization state of the Macs, and the ratios of different types of Mac populations. The polarization of Macs is defined by signature markers on the cell surface, as well as by factors in intracellular and intranuclear compartments. At the same time, pro- and anti-inflammatory polarized Macs also exhibit different gene expression patterns, with differential cellular characteristics in oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis. Macs are reflective of different metabolic states and various types of diseases. In this review, we discuss the major differences between M1-like Macs and M2-like Macs, their associated metabolic pathways, and their roles in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Eshghjoo
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Da Mi Kim
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Arul Jayaraman
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Yuxiang Sun
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
- Correspondence: (Y.S.); (R.C.A.); Tel.: +1-(979)-862-9143 (Y.S.); +1-(206)-818-9450 (R.C.A.)
| | - Robert C. Alaniz
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
- Correspondence: (Y.S.); (R.C.A.); Tel.: +1-(979)-862-9143 (Y.S.); +1-(206)-818-9450 (R.C.A.)
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9
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2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin Regulates the Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition in Breast Cancer Cells by Modulating Cholesterol Homeostasis and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11080562. [PMID: 34436503 PMCID: PMC8399758 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11080562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol metabolism affects endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and modulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Our previous study demonstrated that 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) attenuated EMT by blocking the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β/Smad signaling pathway and activating ER stress in MDA-MB-231 cells. To further assess the detailed mechanisms between cholesterol metabolism, ER stress, and EMT, LXR-623 (an agonist of LXRα) and simvastatin were used to increase and decrease cholesterol efflux and synthesis, respectively. Here, we found that high HP-β-CD concentrations could locally increase cholesterol levels in the ER by decreasing LXRα expression and increasing Hydroxymethylglutaryl-Coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR) expression in MDA-MB-231 and BT-549 cells, which triggered ER stress and inhibited EMT. Meanwhile, tunicamycin-induced ER stress blocked the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway. However, low HP-β-CD concentrations can decrease the level of membrane cholesterol, enhance the TGF-β receptor I levels in lipid rafts, which helped to activate TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway, inhibit ER stress and elevate EMT. Based on our findings, the use of high HP-β-CD concentration can lead to cholesterol accumulation in the ER, thereby inducing ER stress, which directly suppresses TGF-β pathway-induced EMT. However, HP-β-CD is proposed to deplete membrane cholesterol at low concentrations and concurrently inhibit ER stress and induce EMT by promoting the TGF-β signaling pathways.
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10
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Liao Q, Zhou Y, Xia L, Cao D. Lipid Metabolism and Immune Checkpoints. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1316:191-211. [PMID: 33740251 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-33-6785-2_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoints are essential for the regulation of immune cell functions. Although the abrogation of immunosurveillance of tumor cells is known, the regulators of immune checkpoints are not clear. Lipid metabolism is one of the important metabolic activities in organisms. In lipid metabolism, a large number of metabolites produced can regulate the gene expression and activation of immune checkpoints through various pathways. In addition, increasing evidence has shown that lipid metabolism leads to transient generation or accumulation of toxic lipids that result in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and then regulate the transcriptional and posttranscriptional modifications of immune checkpoints, including transcription, protein folding, phosphorylation, palmitoylation, etc. More importantly, the lipid metabolism can also affect exosome transportation of checkpoints and the degradation of checkpoints by affecting ubiquitination and lysosomal trafficking. In this chapter, we mainly empathize on the roles of lipid metabolism in the regulation of immune checkpoints, such as gene expression, activation, and degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianjin Liao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Yujuan Zhou
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Longzheng Xia
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Deliang Cao
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Simmons Cancer Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA
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11
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Multiple Roles of 25-Hydroxycholesterol in Lipid Metabolism, Antivirus Process, Inflammatory Response, and Cell Survival. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:8893305. [PMID: 33274010 PMCID: PMC7695496 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8893305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As an essential lipid, cholesterol is of great value in keeping cell homeostasis, being the precursor of bile acid and steroid hormones, and stabilizing membrane lipid rafts. As a kind of cholesterol metabolite produced by enzymatic or radical process, oxysterols have drawn much attention in the last decades. Among which, the role of 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC) in cholesterol and bile acid metabolism, antivirus process, and inflammatory response has been largely disclosed. This review is aimed at revealing these functions and underlying mechanisms of 25-HC.
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12
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Xu D, Wang Y, Zhou K, Wu J, Zhang Z, Zhang J, Yu Z, Liu L, Liu X, Li B, Zheng J. Development and Validation of a Novel 8 Immune Gene Prognostic Signature Based on the Immune Expression Profile for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:8125-8140. [PMID: 32884295 PMCID: PMC7439501 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s263047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The immune microenvironment plays a vital role in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study explored novel immune-related biomarkers to predict the prognosis of patients with HCC. Methods RNA-Seq data were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Univariate Cox regression was used to identify prognosis-related genes; the Lasso method was used to construct the prognosis risk model. Validation was performed on the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) cohort, and the C-index was calculated to evaluate its overall predictive performance. Western blots were conducted to evaluate the expression of genes. Results There were 320 immune-related genes, 40 of which were significantly related to prognosis. Eight immune gene signatures (CKLF, IL12A, CCL20, PRELID1, GLMN, ACVR2A, CD7, and FYN) were established by Lasso Cox regression analysis. This immune signature performed well in different cohorts and can be an independent risk factor for prognosis. In addition, the overall predictive performance of this model was higher than the other models reported previously. Conclusion The predictive immune model will enable patients with HCC to be more accurately managed in immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafeng Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 570311, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Wang
- Geriatrics Center, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 570311, People's Republic of China
| | - Kailun Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 570311, People's Republic of China
| | - Jincai Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 570311, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhensheng Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 570311, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiachao Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 570311, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 570311, People's Republic of China
| | - Luzheng Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 570311, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangmei Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 570311, People's Republic of China
| | - Bidan Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 570311, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinfang Zheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 570311, People's Republic of China
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13
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Shi Y, Jiang S, Zhao T, Gong Y, Liao D, Qin L. Celastrol suppresses lipid accumulation through LXRα/ABCA1 signaling pathway and autophagy in vascular smooth muscle cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 532:466-474. [PMID: 32892949 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.08.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The uptake of modified low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and the accumulation of lipid droplets induce the formation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs)-derived foam cells, thereby promoting the development and maturation of plaques and accelerating the progression of atherosclerosis. Celastrol is a quinine methide triterpenoid isolated from the root bark of traditional Chinese herb Tripterygium wilfordii. It possesses various biological properties, including anti-obesity, cardiovascular protection, anti-inflammation, etc. In the present study, we found that celastrol significantly reduced lipid accumulation induced by oxidized LDL (ox-LDL) in VSMCs. Mechanistically, celastrol up-regulated adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) expression through activating liver X receptor α (LXRα) expression, which contributed to inhibit lipid accumulation in VSMCs. Meanwhile, celastrol decreased lipid accumulation by triggering autophagy in VSMCs. Therefore, these findings supported celastrol as a potentially effective agent for the prevention and therapy of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaning Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China; Division of Stem Cell Regulation and Application, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shuang Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China; Division of Stem Cell Regulation and Application, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Tanjun Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China; Division of Stem Cell Regulation and Application, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yongzhen Gong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China; Division of Stem Cell Regulation and Application, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Duanfang Liao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China; Division of Stem Cell Regulation and Application, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Li Qin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China; Division of Stem Cell Regulation and Application, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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Röszer T. Editorial overview: Immunomodulation 2020 - nuclear receptors. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2020; 53:vi-viii. [PMID: 33183678 PMCID: PMC7832667 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2020.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Röszer
- Institute of Neurobiology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
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