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He Y, Gu R, Deng G, Lin Y, Gan T, Cui F, Liu C, Luo YJ. Psychological and Brain Responses to Artificial Intelligence's Violation of Community Ethics. CYBERPSYCHOLOGY, BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL NETWORKING 2024; 27:562-570. [PMID: 38757680 DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2023.0524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Human moral reactions to artificial intelligence (AI) agents' behavior constitute an important aspect of modern-day human-AI relationships. Although previous studies have mainly focused on autonomy ethics, this study investigates how individuals judge AI agents' violations of community ethics (including betrayals and subversions) compared with human violations. Participants' behavioral responses, event-related potentials (ERPs), and individual differences were assessed. Behavioral findings reveal that participants rated AI agents' community-violating actions less morally negative than human transgressions, possibly because AI agents are commonly perceived as having less agency than human adults. The ERP N1 component showed the same pattern with moral rating scores, indicating the modulation effect of human-AI differences on initial moral intuitions. Moreover, the level of social withdrawal correlated with a smaller N1 in the human condition but not in the AI condition. The N2 and P2 components were sensitive to the difference between the loyalty/betrayal and authority/subversion domains but not human/AI differences. Individual levels of moral sense and autistic traits also influenced behavioral data, especially on the loyalty/betrayal domain. In our opinion, these findings offer insights for predicting moral responses to AI agents and guiding ethical AI development aligned with human moral values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue He
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruolei Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangzhi Deng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (BNU), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongling Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Gan
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Research Institute on Aging, School of Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Cui
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Neuroscience, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Center, Center for Brain Disorders and Cognitive Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Imaging and Connectomics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue-Jia Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Institute for Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
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Hart W, Wahlers DE, Cease CK, Lambert JT, Castagna P. Shining the "Light" on Moral Foundations: Light Versus Dark Personality Relates More Strongly to Moral Foundations. Psychol Rep 2024:332941241264786. [PMID: 39047070 DOI: 10.1177/00332941241264786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Endorsement of the moral foundations specified by Moral Foundations Theory (MFT) can sometimes fail to relate negatively to certain dispositions indicative of bad moral character. This evidence has fueled some concerns over whether the moral foundations in MFT are "moral." To increase understanding of how moral foundations relate to moral character, we proposed the "asymmetry hypothesis." This hypothesis states that "good" character is a more powerful predictor of each moral foundation than "bad" character. Put differently, there is an asymmetry in the strength (not merely direction) with which the moral foundations relate to encompassing indicators of good versus bad character. This is important because it suggests that links between the moral foundations and moral character will be somewhat concealed by focusing on bad character and/or not considering encompassing indicators of good character. A sample of college participants (N = 514) rated their endorsement of moral foundations and completed two sets of measures that represented encompassing indicators of both good and bad character. The data supported the asymmetry hypothesis: Each encompassing good-character assessment was a stronger predictor of each moral foundation than its corresponding encompassing bad-character assessment. Furthermore, variance unique to any good-character assessment had about moderate relations with each moral foundation, but variance unique to any bad-character assessment had no more than small relations with each moral foundation. The study provides a more nuanced understanding of how moral character relates to moral foundations and highlights utility in considering moral character as multidimensional.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Hart
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | | | - Charlotte K Cease
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Joshua T Lambert
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Peter Castagna
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
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Guo Z, Yu J, Wang W, Lockwood P, Wu Z. Reinforcement learning of altruistic punishment differs between cultures and across the lifespan. PLoS Comput Biol 2024; 20:e1012274. [PMID: 38990982 PMCID: PMC11288421 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Altruistic punishment is key to establishing cooperation and maintaining social order, yet its developmental trends across cultures remain unclear. Using computational reinforcement learning models, we provided the first evidence of how social feedback dynamically influences group-biased altruistic punishment across cultures and the lifespan. Study 1 (n = 371) found that Chinese participants exhibited higher learning rates than Americans when socially incentivized to punish unfair allocations. Additionally, Chinese adults showed slower learning and less exploration when punishing ingroups than outgroups, a pattern absent in American counterparts, potentially reflecting a tendency towards ingroup favoritism that may contribute to reinforcing collectivist values. Study 2 (n = 430, aged 12-52) further showed that such ingroup favoritism develops with age. Chinese participants' learning rates for ingroup punishment decreased from adolescence into adulthood, while outgroup rates stayed constant, implying a process of cultural learning. Our findings highlight cultural and age-related variations in altruistic punishment learning, with implications for social reinforcement learning and culturally sensitive educational practices promoting fairness and altruism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Guo
- Department of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Lab for Lifelong Learning, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jialu Yu
- Department of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Lab for Lifelong Learning, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxin Wang
- Department of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Lab for Lifelong Learning, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Patricia Lockwood
- Centre for Human Brain Health and Institute for Mental Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Zhen Wu
- Department of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Lab for Lifelong Learning, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Rehren P, Blunden C. Let's not get ahead of ourselves: we have no idea if moral reasoning causes moral progress. PHILOSOPHICAL EXPLORATIONS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR THE PHILOSOPHY OF MIND AND ACTION 2024; 27:351-369. [PMID: 39140007 PMCID: PMC11318506 DOI: 10.1080/13869795.2024.2363876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
An important question about moral progress is what causes it. One of the most popular proposed mechanisms is moral reasoning: moral progress often happens because lots of people reason their way to improved moral beliefs. Authors who defend moral reasoning as a cause of moral progress have relied on two broad lines of argument: the general and the specific line. The general line presents evidence that moral reasoning is in general a powerful mechanism of moral belief change, while the specific line tries to establish that moral reasoning can explain specific historical examples of moral progress. In this paper, we examine these lines in detail, using Kumar and Campbell's (2022, A Better Ape: The Evolution of the Moral Mind and How It Made Us Human. Oxford University Press) model of rational moral progress to sharpen our focus. For each line, we explain the empirical assumptions it makes; we then argue that the available evidence supports none of these assumptions. We conclude that at this point, we have no idea if moral reasoning causes moral progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Rehren
- Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies, Ethics Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Charlie Blunden
- Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies, Ethics Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Pringle V, Sun J, Carlson EN. What is the moral person like? An examination of the shared and unique perspectives on moral character. J Pers 2024; 92:697-714. [PMID: 38014735 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The psychological profile of the moral person might depend on whose perspective is being used. Here, we decompose moral impressions into three components: (a) Shared Moral Character (shared variance across self- and informant reports), (b) Moral Identity (how a person uniquely views their morality), and (c) Moral Reputation (how others uniquely view that person's morality). METHOD In two samples (total N = 458), we used an extended version of the Trait-Reputation-Identity model to examine the extent to which each perspective accounts for the overall variance in moral impressions and the degree to which social and personal outcomes were associated with each perspective, controlling for method variance (i.e., positivity and acquiescence bias). RESULTS Results suggest that moral character impressions are strongly influenced by positivity and largely idiosyncratic. All components were related to higher levels of agreeableness. For the most part, however, the three components had unique correlates: people higher in Shared Moral Character tended to have higher standings on conscientiousness and honesty-humility, were more respected, and donated more during an in-lab game; people higher in Moral Identity endorsed various moral foundations to a greater extent; and people higher in Moral Reputation valued the loyalty foundation less. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate the value of considering multiple perspectives when measuring moral character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Pringle
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessie Sun
- Department of Psychology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Erika N Carlson
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
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Sun J, Smillie LD. Why moral psychology needs personality psychology. J Pers 2024; 92:653-665. [PMID: 38450583 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
People vary in how they perceive, think about, and respond to moral issues. Clearly, we cannot fully understand the psychology of morality without accounting for individual differences in moral functioning. But decades of neglect of and explicit skepticism toward such individual differences has resulted in a lack of integration between moral psychology and personality psychology-the study of psychological differences between people. In recent years, these barriers to progress have started to break down. This special issue aims to celebrate and further increase the visibility of the personality psychology of morality. Here, we introduce the articles in this special issue by highlighting some important contributions a personality-based perspective has to offer moral psychology-particularly in comparison to the currently prominent social psychological approach. We show that personality psychology is well-placed to (a) contribute toward a rigorous empirical foundation for moral psychology, (b) tackle the conceptualization and assessment of stable moral tendencies, (c) assess the predictive validity of moral traits in relation to consequential outcomes, (d) uncover the mechanisms underlying individual differences in moral judgments and behavior, and (e) provide insights into moral development. For these reasons, we believe that moral psychology needs personality psychology to reach its full scholarly potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie Sun
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Luke D Smillie
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Medvedev D, Davenport D, Talhelm T, Li Y. The motivating effect of monetary over psychological incentives is stronger in WEIRD cultures. Nat Hum Behav 2024; 8:456-470. [PMID: 38191844 PMCID: PMC10963269 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-023-01769-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Motivating effortful behaviour is a problem employers, governments and nonprofits face globally. However, most studies on motivation are done in Western, educated, industrialized, rich and democratic (WEIRD) cultures. We compared how hard people in six countries worked in response to monetary incentives versus psychological motivators, such as competing with or helping others. The advantage money had over psychological interventions was larger in the United States and the United Kingdom than in China, India, Mexico and South Africa (N = 8,133). In our last study, we randomly assigned cultural frames through language in bilingual Facebook users in India (N = 2,065). Money increased effort over a psychological treatment by 27% in Hindi and 52% in English. These findings contradict the standard economic intuition that people from poorer countries should be more driven by money. Instead, they suggest that the market mentality of exchanging time and effort for material benefits is most prominent in WEIRD cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danila Medvedev
- University of Chicago, Booth School of Business, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Diag Davenport
- Princeton University, School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Thomas Talhelm
- University of Chicago, Booth School of Business, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yin Li
- Yale University, Yale School of Management, New Haven, CT, USA
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8
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Lei Q, He Z, Koenig HG, Hu X, Xiong M, Shi X, Liu J, Wang Z. Light Personality Style and Moral Injury Among Chinese Health Professionals. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2023; 62:3942-3956. [PMID: 37777659 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-023-01921-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Moral injury has attracted attention widely in various occupations, particularly health professionals. Personality traits involve the professional values in clinical decision-making associated with mental outcomes. The current study examines the relationship between "light personality" style and moral injury. Scores on three subscales of the Light Triad Scale were negatively correlated with the Moral Injury Symptoms Scale-Health Professional. Health professionals more likely to have light personality styles may be less likely to suffer from moral injury under high-stake situations. The findings provide evidence to better understand the inner core of the moral injury, suggesting a potential pathway to improve the moral well-being of health professionals by strengthening key elements of light personality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhui Lei
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health at Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 560001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhehao He
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health at Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 560001, People's Republic of China
| | - Harold G Koenig
- Departments of Psychiatry and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xue Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health at Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 560001, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengyun Xiong
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health at Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 560001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuquan Shi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health at Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 56006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 56006, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhizhong Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health at Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 560001, People's Republic of China.
- The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, #1 Xincheng Road, Songshanhu, Dongguan, 523808, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Silver E, Ulmer JT, Silver JR. Do moral intuitions influence judges' sentencing decisions? A multilevel study of criminal court sentencing in Pennsylvania. SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 2023; 115:102927. [PMID: 37858364 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2023.102927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
The influence of judges' personal moral values on their sentencing decisions is of longstanding interest to researchers and the public. Few studies, however, have examined this influence empirically. Using a unique data set that combines a survey of 81 criminal court judges with archival data on their 40,385 criminal sentences over a 2-year period, and drawing on Moral Foundations Theory, we hypothesize that judges with strong care and fairness intuitions will sentence defendants less severely while judges with strong loyalty, authority, and sanctity intuitions will sentence defendants more severely. We further hypothesize that these effects will be heightened when the defendant is from a racial minority group. Results show that sentencing outcomes are largely independent of judges' moral intuitions, except that fairness intuitions tend to increase leniency, especially when the defendant is Black, and sanctity intuitions tend to decrease leniency. Implications for future research on sentencing are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Silver
- Department of Sociology, Penn State University, USA.
| | | | - Jason R Silver
- School of Criminal Justice, Rutgers University, Newark, USA.
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Kurschilgen M. Moral awareness polarizes people's fairness judgments. SOCIAL CHOICE AND WELFARE 2023:1-26. [PMID: 37362311 PMCID: PMC10039363 DOI: 10.1007/s00355-023-01454-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
How does moral awareness affect people's fairness judgments? Using a simple model of identity utility, I predict that if individuals differ in their personal fairness ideals (equality versus efficiency), reflecting over what one thinks is right should not only make people's choices less selfish but also more polarized. On the other hand, people's desire for conforming with the behavior of their peers could help mitigate polarization. I test these conjectures in a laboratory experiment, in which participants can pursue different fairness ideals. I exogenously vary (i) whether participants are prompted to state their moral opinions behind the veil of ignorance, and (ii) whether they are informed about the behavior of their peers. I find that moral introspection makes choices more polarized, reflecting even more divergent moral opinions. The increase in polarization coincides largely with a widening of revealed gender differences as introspection makes men's choices more efficiency-oriented and women's more egalitarian. Disclosing the descriptive norm of the situation is not capable of mitigating the polarization.
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Villegas-Galaviz C, Martin K. Moral distance, AI, and the ethics of care. AI & SOCIETY 2023:1-12. [PMID: 37358944 PMCID: PMC10033285 DOI: 10.1007/s00146-023-01642-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
This paper investigates how the introduction of AI to decision making increases moral distance and recommends the ethics of care to augment the ethical examination of AI decision making. With AI decision making, face-to-face interactions are minimized, and decisions are part of a more opaque process that humans do not always understand. Within decision-making research, the concept of moral distance is used to explain why individuals behave unethically towards those who are not seen. Moral distance abstracts those who are impacted by the decision and leads to less ethical decisions. The goal of this paper is to identify and analyze the moral distance created by AI through both proximity distance (in space, time, and culture) and bureaucratic distance (derived from hierarchy, complex processes, and principlism). We then propose the ethics of care as a moral framework to analyze the moral implications of AI. The ethics of care brings to the forefront circumstances and context, interdependence, and vulnerability in analyzing algorithmic decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Villegas-Galaviz
- Technology Ethics Center, University of Notre Dame, 204 O’Shaughnessy Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
| | - Kirsten Martin
- IT, Analytics, and Operations, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN USA
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12
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Park J, Shin Y, Kim S, Maeng S, Ihm J. Effects of perspective switching and utilitarian thinking on moral judgments in a sacrificial dilemma among healthcare and non-healthcare students. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 43:1-13. [PMID: 36820198 PMCID: PMC9932409 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-023-04380-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, healthcare professionals have often faced moral challenges, which required them to choose between endorsing self- or other-sacrifice for the greater good. Drawing on the altruistic rationalization hypothesis and trait-activation theory, this study investigates (a) whether healthcare students' endorsement of utilitarian solutions to sacrificial moral dilemmas varies when they are confronted with the minority group, majority group, or third-person perspective on the given dilemma and (b) whether individual differences in utilitarian thinking, as measured by the Oxford Utilitarianism Scale (both instrumental harm and impartial beneficence), predict endorsement of utilitarian solutions to moral dilemmas. The study population was divided into a group of healthcare students and a group of non-healthcare students. It was found that the members of both groups expressed a stronger pro-utilitarian position when making moral dilemma judgments from a majority perspective than from the two other perspectives. However, a difference was observed with healthcare students being more reluctant to endorse the utilitarian action than their non-healthcare counterparts in the self-in-majority context. The instrumental harm component was a significant predictor of utilitarian judgments in the healthcare group, but impartial beneficence significantly predicted utilitarian judgments in the non-healthcare group in the self-in-majority context. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12144-023-04380-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsu Park
- Department of Social Entrepreneurship and Humanistic Future Studies, SungKyunKwan University, 25-2 Sungkyunkwan-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03063 South Korea
| | - Yongmin Shin
- Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, 101 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03080 South Korea
| | - Seungmin Kim
- Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, 101 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03080 South Korea
| | - Seho Maeng
- Graduate School of Counseling, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-Ro, Bucheon, 14662 South Korea
| | - Jungjoon Ihm
- Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, 101 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03080 South Korea
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Guaracha-Basañez GA, Contreras-Yáñez I, Álvarez-Hernández E, Reyes-Cordero G, Flores-Alvarado DE, González-Chávez SA, Galarza-Delgado DÁ, Martínez-Leyva PR, Moctezuma-Ríos JF, García-García C, Medrano-Ramírez G, Gastelum-Strozzi A, Pacheco-Tena C, Peláez-Ballestas I, Pascual-Ramos V. Factors associated to COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in Mexican patients with rheumatic diseases: A cross-sectional and multicenter study. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2049131. [PMID: 35389817 PMCID: PMC9196644 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2049131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 vaccination is recommended in patients with rheumatic diseases (RDs) to prevent hospitalized COVID-19 and worse outcomes. However, patients' willingness to receive a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine and the associated factors vary across populations, vaccines, and time. The objective was to identify factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine acceptance (VA) in Mexican outpatients with RDs. This multicenter study was performed between March 1 and September 30, 2021, and four national centers contributed with patients. Participants filled out a questionnaire, which included 32 items related to patients' perception of the patient-doctor relationship, the COVID-19 vaccine component, the pandemic severity, the RD-related disability, comorbid conditions control, immunosuppressive treatment impact on the immune system, and moral/civil position of COVID-19 vaccine. Sociodemographic, disease-related, and treatment-related variables and previous influenza record vaccination were also obtained. Multiple logistic regression analyses identified factors associated with VA, which was defined based on a questionnaire validated in our population. There were 1439 patients whose data were analyzed, and the most frequent diagnoses were Rheumatoid Arthritis in 577 patients (40.1%) and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in 427 (29.7%). Patients were primarily middle-aged women (1235 [85.8%]), with (mean±SD) 12.1 (±4.4) years of formal education. Years of education, corticosteroid use, patient perceptions about the vaccine and the pandemic severity, patient civil/moral position regarding COVID-19 vaccine, and previous influenza vaccination were associated with VA. In Mexican patients with RDs, COVID-19 VA is associated with individual social-demographic and disease-related factors, patient´s perceptions, and previous record vaccination. This information is crucial for tailoring effective vaccine messaging in Mexican patients with RDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Arturo Guaracha-Basañez
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición “Salvador Zubirán”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Irazú Contreras-Yáñez
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición “Salvador Zubirán”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Diana Elsa Flores-Alvarado
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario “Dr. José Eleuterio González”, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico
| | | | - Dionicio Ángel Galarza-Delgado
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario “Dr. José Eleuterio González”, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Perla Rocío Martínez-Leyva
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario “Dr. José Eleuterio González”, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico
| | | | - Conrado García-García
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital General de México “Dr. Eduardo Liceaga”, México City, México
| | - Gabriel Medrano-Ramírez
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital General de México “Dr. Eduardo Liceaga”, México City, México
| | | | - César Pacheco-Tena
- Facultad de Medicina y Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - Ingris Peláez-Ballestas
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital General de México “Dr. Eduardo Liceaga”, México City, México
| | - Virginia Pascual-Ramos
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición “Salvador Zubirán”, Mexico City, Mexico
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Li Z, Gao L, Zhang L. Anticipatory Stress Increases Deontological Inclinations: The Mediating Role of Emotional Valence. Behav Sci (Basel) 2022; 12:bs12120476. [PMID: 36546959 PMCID: PMC9774951 DOI: 10.3390/bs12120476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have explored the differences in moral judgments under normal situations and acute stress using the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST). The present study examined whether anticipatory stress (i.e., induced by an anticipated speech) could elicit similar effects and further explored the mediation of emotional responses between acute stress and moral judgments with a process-dissociation approach. Fifty-three undergraduate students (20 males and 33 females) were randomly assigned to the stress and control groups. In the first stage, they were instructed to prepare a public speech (the stress group) or just recall events during the previous vacation (the control group). In the second stage, they reported emotional valence and arousal for each moral dilemma in a set of 12 moral dilemmas, followed by judgments on moral acceptability of the agent's action. The manipulation check confirmed that anticipatory stress was reliably induced, as indicated in both self-reported and physiological data. The traditional dilemma analysis revealed that participants in the stress group would make fewer utilitarian judgments than those in the control group. The process dissociation (PD) analyses further revealed that the stress group exhibited higher deontological inclinations than the control group, but no significant differences in utilitarian inclinations. Emotional valence played a mediating role in the association between stress and deontological inclinations. To sum up, our study extended the investigation of the relationship between acute stress and moral judgment to anticipatory stress, clarified its distinct impact on deontological and utilitarian inclinations, and revealed the mediating effect of emotional valence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongquan Li
- Department of Psychology, School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Liuping Gao
- Jiangsu Provincial Education Examination Authority, Nanjing 210036, China
| | - Lisong Zhang
- School of Sociology and Population, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210049, China
- Correspondence:
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15
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Nickerson A, Byrow Y, Hoffman J, O'Donnell M, Bryant RA, Mastrogiovanni N, McMahon T, Benson G, Mau V, Liddell BJ. The longitudinal association between moral injury appraisals and psychological outcomes in refugees. Psychol Med 2022; 52:2352-2364. [PMID: 33261693 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291720004262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Refugees report a diverse array of psychological responses following persecution and displacement. Little is known, however, regarding the mechanisms that underlie differential psychological reactions in refugees. This study investigated the longitudinal impact of negative moral appraisals about one's own actions [i.e. moral injury-self (MI-self) appraisals] and others' actions [i.e. moral injury-other (MI-others) appraisals] on a variety of psychological symptoms over a period of 6 months. METHODS Participants were 1085 Arabic, Farsi, Tamil, or English-speaking refugees who completed a survey at baseline and 6 months later either on-line or via pen-and-paper. The survey indexed demographic factors, exposure to potentially traumatic events (PTEs), exposure to ongoing stressors, MI-other appraisals, MI-self appraisals, re-experiencing and arousal symptoms, and feelings of sadness, anger and shame. RESULTS Findings indicated that, after controlling for demographics, PTE exposure and ongoing stressors, MI-other appraisals predicted increased re-experiencing and hyperarousal symptoms, and feelings of sadness and shame. MI-self appraisals predicted decreased feelings of shame, and decreased re-experiencing symptoms. In contrast, psychological symptoms at baseline did not as strongly influence MI appraisals 6 months later. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight the important role that cognitive appraisals of adverse events play in the longitudinal course of psychological symptoms. These results thus have important implications for the development of tailored psychological interventions to alleviate the mental health burden held by refugees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Nickerson
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Yulisha Byrow
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Joel Hoffman
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Meaghan O'Donnell
- Phoenix Australia, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Richard A Bryant
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | | | - Tadgh McMahon
- Settlement Services International, Ashfield, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Greg Benson
- Settlement Services International, Ashfield, NSW, Australia
| | - Vicki Mau
- Australian Red Cross, North Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Belinda J Liddell
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW Australia
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16
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Scattolin M, Panasiti MS, Aglioti SM. Morality in the flesh: on the link between bodily self-consciousness, moral identity and (dis)honest behaviour. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:220061. [PMID: 36061520 DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.c.6158554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The sense of owning a body (ownership) and controlling its actions (agency) are two main pillars of bodily self-consciousness (BSC). Although studies suggest that BSC signals and morality may be associated, whether such association has a positive or negative direction remains unclear. To investigate this issue, we conducted two pre-registered, online studies, in which a total of 1309 participants completed BSC- and morality-related questionnaires and undertook a task where they could cheat for monetary gain. We found that participants with high sense of ownership displayed high moral identity, which supports the notion that ownership is used to associate the self with positive characteristics. Moreover, high agency was associated with increased moral identity when sense of power is high. Results regarding deception are less clear, and might relate to the impact of COVID-19. Our results concerning moral identity may inspire policies that rely on changes of corporeal awareness to contrast immorality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Scattolin
- Sapienza University of Rome and CLN2S@Sapienza, Italian Institute of Technology, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Serena Panasiti
- Santa Lucia Foundation, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Maria Aglioti
- Sapienza University of Rome and CLN2S@Sapienza, Italian Institute of Technology, Rome, Italy
- Santa Lucia Foundation, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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17
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Scattolin M, Panasiti MS, Aglioti SM. Morality in the flesh: on the link between bodily self-consciousness, moral identity and (dis)honest behaviour. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:220061. [PMID: 36061520 PMCID: PMC9428530 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The sense of owning a body (ownership) and controlling its actions (agency) are two main pillars of bodily self-consciousness (BSC). Although studies suggest that BSC signals and morality may be associated, whether such association has a positive or negative direction remains unclear. To investigate this issue, we conducted two pre-registered, online studies, in which a total of 1309 participants completed BSC- and morality-related questionnaires and undertook a task where they could cheat for monetary gain. We found that participants with high sense of ownership displayed high moral identity, which supports the notion that ownership is used to associate the self with positive characteristics. Moreover, high agency was associated with increased moral identity when sense of power is high. Results regarding deception are less clear, and might relate to the impact of COVID-19. Our results concerning moral identity may inspire policies that rely on changes of corporeal awareness to contrast immorality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Scattolin
- Sapienza University of Rome and CLNS@Sapienza, Italian Institute of Technology, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Serena Panasiti
- Santa Lucia Foundation, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Maria Aglioti
- Sapienza University of Rome and CLNS@Sapienza, Italian Institute of Technology, Rome, Italy
- Santa Lucia Foundation, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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18
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Scattolin M, Panasiti MS, Aglioti SM. Morality in the flesh: on the link between bodily self-consciousness, moral identity and (dis)honest behaviour. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:220061. [PMID: 36061520 DOI: 10.17632/84tz3jkhr3.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The sense of owning a body (ownership) and controlling its actions (agency) are two main pillars of bodily self-consciousness (BSC). Although studies suggest that BSC signals and morality may be associated, whether such association has a positive or negative direction remains unclear. To investigate this issue, we conducted two pre-registered, online studies, in which a total of 1309 participants completed BSC- and morality-related questionnaires and undertook a task where they could cheat for monetary gain. We found that participants with high sense of ownership displayed high moral identity, which supports the notion that ownership is used to associate the self with positive characteristics. Moreover, high agency was associated with increased moral identity when sense of power is high. Results regarding deception are less clear, and might relate to the impact of COVID-19. Our results concerning moral identity may inspire policies that rely on changes of corporeal awareness to contrast immorality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Scattolin
- Sapienza University of Rome and CLN2S@Sapienza, Italian Institute of Technology, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Serena Panasiti
- Santa Lucia Foundation, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Maria Aglioti
- Sapienza University of Rome and CLN2S@Sapienza, Italian Institute of Technology, Rome, Italy
- Santa Lucia Foundation, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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19
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Horský J. “Black CNN”: Cultural Transmission of Moral Norms through Narrative Art. JOURNAL OF COGNITION AND CULTURE 2022. [DOI: 10.1163/15685373-12340130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In recent debates in moral psychology and literary Darwinism, several authors suggested that narrative art plays a significant role in the process of the social learning of moral norms, functioning as storage of locally salient moral information. However, an integrative view, which would help explain the inner workings of this morally educative function of narrative art, is still lacking. This paper provides such a unifying theoretical account by bringing together insights from moral psychology (concerning the non-reflective nature of moral cognition), educational sciences (concerning different types of settings and methods of moral learning), cognitive/evolutionary narratology (concerning how easy narrative art lends itself to the transmission of moral information), and cultural evolution (concerning different types of learning strategies/biases in relation to narrative art). A study of contemporary American rap music is included to showcase the benefits of this integrative approach in the context of one particular type of narrative art.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Horský
- Ph.D. Researcher, LEVYNA Laboratory for the Experimental Research of Religion, Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic
- Ph.D. Researcher, Department for the Study of Religions, Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic
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20
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Guo Z, Guo R, Xu C, Wu Z. Reflexive or reflective? Group bias in third-party punishment in Chinese and Western cultures. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2022.104284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Dargahi H, Veysi F. The relationship between managers' ideal intelligence as a hybrid model and employees' organizational commitment: a case study in Tehran University of Medical Sciences. J Med Ethics Hist Med 2022; 14:8. [PMID: 35035796 PMCID: PMC8696576 DOI: 10.18502/jmehm.v14i8.6752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
High ideal hybrid intelligence of managers is among the factors that can improve employees’ organizational commitment. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the relationship between managers’ ideal hybrid intelligence and employees’ organizational commitment in the Vice Chancellors’ Headquarters of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. This was a descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study conducted in 2017 - 2018. The research sample size consisted of 86 senior and middle-level managers selected through census method, as well as 181 employees, selected using the Kerjecie and Morgan table. The research tool was an ideal hybrid intelligence questionnaire consisting of 102 questions on cultural, moral and spiritual intelligence, and also Meyer and Allens’ organizational commitment questionnaire including 24 questions. Face validity and reliability of each questionnaire were confirmed by an expert panel and Chronbach’s alpha method. The data were analyzed by SPSS software, and descriptive results were shown through mean and standard deviation, and analytical results by inferential tests. The results showed that the ideal hybrid intelligence of the Vice Chancellors’ Headquarters managers and employees’ organizational commitment were at a desirable level. Also, there was a significant correlation between cultural, moral and spiritual intelligence as constituents of the ideal hybrid intelligence of managers and employees’ organizational commitment. We found that ideal hybrid intelligence may affect employees’ organizational commitment, but it should be mentioned that other forms of intelligence may also affect organizational commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Dargahi
- Professor, Department of Management Sciences and Health Economics, Health Information Management Research Center, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Veysi
- Researcher, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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22
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Bruno G, Sarlo M, Lotto L, Cellini N, Cutini S, Spoto A. Moral judgment, decision times and emotional salience of a new developed set of sacrificial manual driving dilemmas. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 42:1-14. [PMID: 35035197 PMCID: PMC8752177 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-02511-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The growing interest in the subject of moral judgment in driver and autonomous vehicle behavior highlights the importance of investigating the suitability of sacrificial dilemmas as experimental tools in the context of traffic psychology. To this aim a set of validated sacrificial trolley problems and a new set of trolley-like driving dilemmas were compared through an online survey experiment, providing normative values for rates of participants' choices; decision times; evaluation of emotional valence and arousal experienced during the decision process; and ratings of the moral acceptability. Results showed that while both sets of dilemmas led to a more frequent selection of utilitarian outcomes, the driving-type dilemmas seemed to enhance faster decisions mainly based on the utilitarian moral code. No further differences were observed between the two sets, confirming the reliability of the moral dilemma tool in the investigation of moral driving behaviors. We suggest that as moral judgments and behaviors become more lifelike, the individual's moral inclination emerge more automatically and effectively. This new driving-type dilemma set may help researchers who work in traffic psychology and moral decision-making to approach the complex task of developing realistic moral scenarios more easily in the context of autonomous and nonautonomous transportation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Bruno
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Via Venezia 8, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Michela Sarlo
- Department of Communication Sciences, Humanities and International Studies, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Lorella Lotto
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Nicola Cellini
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Via Venezia 8, 35131 Padua, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Human Inspired Technology Center, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Simone Cutini
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Andrea Spoto
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Via Venezia 8, 35131 Padua, Italy
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23
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24
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Bentahila L, Fontaine R, Pennequin V. Universality and Cultural Diversity in Moral Reasoning and Judgment. Front Psychol 2021; 12:764360. [PMID: 34966326 PMCID: PMC8710723 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.764360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many theories have shaped the concept of morality and its development by anchoring it in the realm of the social systems and values of each culture. This review discusses the current formulation of moral theories that attempt to explain cultural factors affecting moral judgment and reasoning. It aims to survey key criticisms that emerged in the past decades. In both cases, we highlight examples of cultural differences in morality, to show that there are cultural patterns of moral cognition in Westerners' individualistic culture and Easterners' collectivist culture. It suggests a paradigmatic change in this field by proposing pluralist "moralities" thought to be universal and rooted in the human evolutionary past. Notwithstanding, cultures vary substantially in their promotion and transmission of a multitude of moral reasonings and judgments. Depending on history, religious beliefs, social ecology, and institutional regulations (e.g., kinship structure and economic markets), each society develops a moral system emphasizing several moral orientations. This variability raises questions for normative theories of morality from a cross-cultural perspective. Consequently, we shed light on future descriptive work on morality to identify the cultural characteristics likely to impact the expression or development of reasoning, justification, argumentation, and moral judgment in Westerners' individualistic culture and Easterners' collectivist culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Bentahila
- Laboratory PAVeA, EA 2114, Department of Psychology, University of Tours, Tours, France
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25
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Ebert T, Gebauer JE, Brenner T, Bleidorn W, Gosling SD, Potter J, Rentfrow PJ. Are Regional Differences in Psychological Characteristics and Their Correlates Robust? Applying Spatial-Analysis Techniques to Examine Regional Variation in Personality. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2021; 17:407-441. [PMID: 34699736 DOI: 10.1177/1745691621998326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that psychological characteristics are spatially clustered across geographic regions and that regionally aggregated psychological characteristics are related to important outcomes. However, much of the evidence comes from research that relied on methods that are theoretically ill-suited for working with spatial data. The validity and generalizability of this work are thus unclear. Here we address two main challenges of working with spatial data (i.e., modifiable areal unit problem and spatial dependencies) and evaluate data-analysis techniques designed to tackle those challenges. To illustrate these issues, we investigate the robustness of regional Big Five personality differences and their correlates within the United States (Study 1; N = 3,387,303) and Germany (Study 2; N = 110,029). First, we display regional personality differences using a spatial smoothing approach. Second, we account for the modifiable areal unit problem by examining the correlates of regional personality scores across multiple spatial levels. Third, we account for spatial dependencies using spatial regression models. Our results suggest that regional psychological differences are robust and can reliably be studied across countries and spatial levels. The results also show that ignoring the methodological challenges of spatial data can have serious consequences for research concerned with regional psychological differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Ebert
- Mannheim Centre for European Social Research, University of Mannheim
| | - Jochen E Gebauer
- Mannheim Centre for European Social Research, University of Mannheim.,Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen
| | | | | | - Samuel D Gosling
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin.,School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne
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26
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Zapko-Willmes A, Schwartz SH, Richter J, Kandler C. Basic value orientations and moral foundations: Convergent or discriminant constructs? JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2021.104099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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27
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Hone LSE, McCauley TG, Pedersen EJ, Carter EC, McCullough ME. The sex premium in religiously motivated moral judgment. J Pers Soc Psychol 2021; 120:1621-1633. [PMID: 32463272 PMCID: PMC7704543 DOI: 10.1037/pspp0000296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recent theorizing suggests that religious people's moral convictions are quite strategic (albeit unconsciously so), designed to make their worlds more amenable to their favored approaches to solving life's basic challenges. In a meta-analysis of 5 experiments and a preregistered replication, we find that religious identity places a sex premium on moral judgments, causing people to judge violations of conventional sexual morality as particularly objectionable. The sex premium is especially strong among highly religious people, and applies to both legal and illegal acts. Religion's influence on moral reasoning emphasizes conventional sexual norms, and may reflect the strategic projects to which religion has been applied throughout history. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana S. E. Hone
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami; Clinical and
Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo
| | - Thomas G. McCauley
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami; Department of
Psychology, University of California, San Diego
| | - Eric J. Pedersen
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami; Department of
Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder
| | - Evan C. Carter
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami; Human Research and
Engineering Directorate, United States Army Research Laboratory
| | - Michael E. McCullough
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami; Department of
Psychology, University of California, San Diego
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28
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Khan R, Murtaza G, Neveu JP, Newman A. Reciprocal relationship between workplace incivility and deviant silence—The moderating role of moral attentiveness. APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY-AN INTERNATIONAL REVIEW-PSYCHOLOGIE APPLIQUEE-REVUE INTERNATIONALE 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/apps.12316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rahman Khan
- School of Management Sciences Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology Topi Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Murtaza
- Department of Management Kedge Business School Marseille France
| | - Jean Pierre Neveu
- Institut d'Administration des Entreprises Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour Bayonne France
| | - Alexander Newman
- Department of Management Deakin University Burwood VIC Australia
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29
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Yazdanpanah A, Soltani S, Mirfazeli FS, Shariat SV, Jahanbakhshi A, GhaffariHosseini F, Alavi K, Hosseinpour P, Javadnia P, Grafman J. Iranian and American Moral Judgments for Everyday Dilemmas Are Mostly Similar. Front Psychol 2021; 12:640620. [PMID: 33859595 PMCID: PMC8042310 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.640620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Moral judgment is a complex cognitive process that partly depends upon social and individual cultural values. There have been various efforts to categorize different aspects of moral judgment, but most studies depend upon rare dilemmas. We recruited 25 subjects from Tehran, Iran, to rate 150 everyday moral scenarios developed by Knutson et al. Using exploratory factor analysis (EFA), we observed that the same moral dimensions (except socialness dimension) were driven by the same moral cognitive factors (norm violation, intention, and social affect) in Iranian vs. American studies. However, there were minor differences in the factor loadings between the two cultures. Furthermore, based on the EFA results, we developed a short form of the questionnaire by removing eleven of the fifteen scenarios from each of the ten categories. These results could be used in further studies to better understand the similarities and differences in moral judgment in everyday interactions across different cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aryan Yazdanpanah
- Cognitive Systems Laboratory, Control and Intelligent Processing Center of Excellence (CIPCE), School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sarvenaz Soltani
- Mental Health Research Center, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sadat Mirfazeli
- Mental Health Research Center, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Vahid Shariat
- Mental Health Research Center, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Jahanbakhshi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Skull Base Research Center, Rasool-e-Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faraneh GhaffariHosseini
- Mental Health Research Center, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kaveh Alavi
- Mental Health Research Center, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Hosseinpour
- Faculty of Medicine, Rasool-e-Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Javadnia
- Faculty of Medicine, Rasool-e-Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jordan Grafman
- Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Neurology, Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Center, Chicago, IL, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Feinberg School of Medicine and Department of Psychology, Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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30
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Vucetich JA, Macdonald EA, Burnham D, Bruskotter JT, Johnson DDP, Macdonald DW. Finding Purpose in the Conservation of Biodiversity by the Commingling of Science and Ethics. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:837. [PMID: 33809534 PMCID: PMC7998897 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Averting the biodiversity crisis requires closing a gap between how humans tend to behave, individually and collectively, and how we ought to behave-"ought to" in the sense of behaviors required to avert the biodiversity crisis. Closing that gap requires synthesizing insight from ethics with insights from social and behavioral sciences. This article contributes to that synthesis, which presents in several provocative hypotheses: (i) Lessening the biodiversity crisis requires promoting pro-conservation behavior among humans. Doing so requires better scientific understanding of how one's sense of purpose in life affects conservation-relevant behaviors. Psychology and virtue-focused ethics indicate that behavior is importantly influenced by one's purpose. However, conservation psychology has neglected inquiries on (a) the influence of one's purpose (both the content and strength of one's purpose) on conservation-related behaviors and (b) how to foster pro-conservation purposes; (ii) lessening the biodiversity crisis requires governance-the regulation of behavior by governments, markets or other organization through various means, including laws, norms, and power-to explicitly take conservation as one of its fundamental purposes and to do so across scales of human behaviors, from local communities to nations and corporations; (iii) lessening the biodiversity crisis requires intervention via governance to nudge human behavior in line with the purpose of conservation without undue infringement on other basic values. Aligning human behavior with conservation is inhibited by the underlying purpose of conservation being underspecified. Adequate specification of conservation's purpose will require additional interdisciplinary research involving insights from ethics, social and behavioral sciences, and conservation biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A. Vucetich
- College of Forest Resources and Environmental Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - Ewan A. Macdonald
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, University of Oxford, Oxfordshire OX13 5QL, UK; (E.A.M.); (D.B.); (D.W.M.)
- Saïd Business School, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 1HP, UK
| | - Dawn Burnham
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, University of Oxford, Oxfordshire OX13 5QL, UK; (E.A.M.); (D.B.); (D.W.M.)
| | - Jeremy T. Bruskotter
- Terrestrial Wildlife Ecology Lab, School Environment and Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Dominic D. P. Johnson
- Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3UQ, UK;
| | - David W. Macdonald
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, University of Oxford, Oxfordshire OX13 5QL, UK; (E.A.M.); (D.B.); (D.W.M.)
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Mezquita L, Bravo AJ, Pilatti A, Ortet G, Ibáñez MI. Preliminary validity and reliability evidence of the Brief Antisocial Behavior Scale (B-ABS) in young adults from four countries. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247528. [PMID: 33617586 PMCID: PMC7899364 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present research built on the Self-Reported Delinquency interview and the Antisocial Behavior Scale to develop an updated brief instrument to measure antisocial behavior. College students (n = 3188, 67.75% women) from the USA, Argentina, the Netherlands and Spain completed an online survey. Analyses that combined approaches from the Classical Test Theory and Item Response Theory were conducted to select the items for the brief version. Findings suggested that a 13-item Brief Antisocial Behavior Scale (B-ABS) fulfilled the high-quality criteria: salient factor loadings, adequate discrimination, variability in response endorsement, adequate fit based on infit/outfit values, nondifferent item functioning across the four participating countries, and Cronbach's alpha and ordinal omega coefficients higher than .70. The B-ABS scores generally significantly correlated with personality scores, mental health and marijuana outcomes, showing criterion-related validity evidence. Our overall findings suggest that B-ABS adequately assesses antisocial behavior in young adults from different countries/cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mezquita
- Department of Basic and Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón de la Plana, Castellón, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Research Network on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Castellón de la Plana, Castellón, Spain
| | - Adrian J. Bravo
- Department of Psychological Sciences, William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Angelina Pilatti
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, CIPSI Grupo Vinculado CIECS-UNC-CONICET, Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Generós Ortet
- Department of Basic and Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón de la Plana, Castellón, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Research Network on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Castellón de la Plana, Castellón, Spain
| | - Manuel I. Ibáñez
- Department of Basic and Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón de la Plana, Castellón, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Research Network on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Castellón de la Plana, Castellón, Spain
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Rivera-Urbina GN, Molero-Chamizo A, Hinojiante H, Vargas-Contreras E, Martínez-Garcia C. High and low conflict moral dilemmas resolution: comparing moral judgment from Spanish and Mexican samples. AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00049530.2021.1882276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Nathzidy Rivera-Urbina
- School of Administrative and Social Sciences, Autonomous University of Baja California, Mexicali, Mexico
| | | | - Héctor Hinojiante
- School of Administrative and Social Sciences, Autonomous University of Baja California, Mexicali, Mexico
| | - Eunice Vargas-Contreras
- School of Administrative and Social Sciences, Autonomous University of Baja California, Mexicali, Mexico
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Ciccarelli T, Soberman M, Leshuk T, Cole H, Afreen F, Manwell LA. Is cleanliness next to abstinence? The effect of cleanliness priming on attitudes towards harm reduction strategies for people with substance use disorders. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 56:322-330. [PMID: 33242345 DOI: 10.1002/ijop.12703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Can exposure to a cleanliness prime affect moral judgements towards harm reduction strategies (HRS) for individuals with substance use disorders? Our research examined (a) the effect of a cleanliness prime on attitudes towards HRS and (b) whether this effect would be attenuated by a brief educational presentation. Participants were randomly assigned to a priming condition and an educational presentation condition. Results demonstrated that (a) the cleanliness prime did not shift attitudes towards HRS, however, (b) the educational presentations significantly shifted attitudes to be more positive after the Harm Reduction presentation and more negative after the Healthy Living presentation. The literature on priming is mixed and our results support a growing body of research challenging the robustness of cleanliness priming and also demonstrates that brief presentations can change attitudes. Our research has implications for education on the benefits of HRS in reducing disease transmission, refuse in the community, and overdose deaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiana Ciccarelli
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Molly Soberman
- Department of Psychology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Taylor Leshuk
- Department of Psychology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Hannah Cole
- Department of Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Farhana Afreen
- Department of Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Laurie A Manwell
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Canada.,Department of Psychology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Canada.,Department of Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Canada
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Moral reasoning perspectives of community pharmacists in situations of drug shortages. Res Social Adm Pharm 2020; 18:2424-2431. [PMID: 33349586 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug shortages affect health systems worldwide. Research in community pharmacy has focused on the nature, extent and impact of these shortages on patients and pharmacists. However, pharmacists' moral reasoning in situations of drug shortages has not been addressed. OBJECTIVE To explore the moral reasoning perspectives of Dutch community pharmacists in situations of drug shortages. METHOD An electronic survey was developed around three drug shortage scenarios with a varying impact on patient outcomes: a Contraceptive, a Parkinson's and an Osteoporosis scenario. Pharmacists rated the likelihood of nine handling options and rated and ranked 13 considerations that may have played a role therein. The considerations represented three moral reasoning perspectives (MRPs): a business orientation (BO), a rules and regulations (RR), and a professional ethics (PE) MRP. Principle component analysis (PCA) was used to investigate construct validity of the MRPs. MRP rating and MRP ranking scores measured the relative importance of the different MRPs of pharmacists in the three shortages. RESULTS Results from 267 Pharmacists were obtained. They reported mostly similar handling in the three shortages, except for the likelihood to make agreements with prescribers or other pharmacists and regarding the decision to import a product. The PCA analysis confirmed the three MRPs that accounted for 29% of variance in the data. Both the MRP rating and especially the MRP ranking scores indicated that PE-MRP considerations were most influential on pharmacists' intended handling of the shortages. In the Contraceptive and the Osteoporosis scenarios, the relative importance of a BO-MRP was higher than in the Parkinson's scenario. CONCLUSION Pharmacists predominantly reason with a PE-MRP when handling drug shortages. However, this perspective can be compromised when the drug shortage is perceived to have a lower impact on patient outcomes and when alternative drugs or therapy are expensive.
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Abstract
We created practical moral dilemmas for which participants imagined witnessing a transgression by a target person. The identity of the transgressor was manipulated to be either a stranger or the participant's brother. In Experiment 1, whether the target person committed a violation was left ambiguous. Participants made factual (how strongly they believe the target person actually committed a transgression) and unethicality judgments regarding the incident, and rated their willingness to report the transgressor to the police. Given ambiguity (Experiment 1), participants interpreted the facts in favor of their brother, but not in favor of a stranger. This interpretation led to moral judgments and willingness to report that favored family over strangers, while creating overall coherence in reasoning. In Experiment 2, we eliminated the ambiguity of the factual situation so that the possibility of achieving coherence between unethicality of an act and leniency toward a family member was blocked. Nonetheless, participants were less willing to report their brother to the police. Experiment 3 replicated the findings of the first two experiments within an integrated study design. Results from path analyses indicated that the factual judgment depended on factual understanding of an event, but willingness to report depended on identity of the target (i.e., brother vs. stranger), even at the cost of reduced coherence in reasoning. Moral decisions are thus strongly influenced by agent-relative obligations, such as duty to protect a family member.
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36
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Clancy RF. The Ethical Education and Perspectives of Chinese Engineering Students: A Preliminary Investigation and Recommendations. SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING ETHICS 2020; 26:1935-1965. [PMID: 31115775 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-019-00108-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To develop more effective ethics education for cross-cultural and international engineering, a study was conducted to determine what Chinese engineering students have learned and think about ethics. Recent research shows traditional approaches to ethics education are potentially ineffective, but also points towards ways of improving ethical behaviors. China is the world's most populous country, graduating and employing the highest number of STEM majors, although little empirical research exists about the ethical knowledge and perspectives of Chinese engineering students. When compared to engineering students in the US, Chinese engineering students (1) received less ethics education; (2) the form of the education they did receive stressed virtue ethics or the development of moral character; (3) conceive of ethics in contradistinction to the law, where ethics deals with matters of right and wrong not covered by legality. Based on these findings and research in moral psychology and behavioral ethics, recommendations are made for improving engineering ethics education both in China and abroad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rockwell F Clancy
- University of Michigan-Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Room 411C, Long Bin Building, 800 Dongchuan Road - Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, China.
- Institute of Social Cognition and Decision-making, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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37
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Barrett HC. Towards a Cognitive Science of the Human: Cross-Cultural Approaches and Their Urgency. Trends Cogn Sci 2020; 24:620-638. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2020.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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38
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Ludwig J, Reisenzein R, Hiemisch A. Effects of Instrumentality and Personal Force on Deontological and Utilitarian Inclinations in Harm-Related Moral Dilemmas. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1222. [PMID: 32636781 PMCID: PMC7318801 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Moral dilemmas often concern actions that involve causing harm to others in the attempt to prevent greater harm. But not all actions of this kind are equal in terms of their moral evaluation. In particular, a harm-causing preventive action is typically regarded as less acceptable if the harm is a means to achieve the goal of preventing greater harm than if it is a foreseen but unintended side-effect of the action. Likewise, a harm-causing preventive action is typically deemed less acceptable if it directly produces the harm than if it merely initiates a process that brings about the harmful consequence by its own dynamics. We report three experiments that investigated to which degree these two variables, the instrumentality of the harm (harm as means vs. side-effect; Experiments 1, 2, and 3) and personal force (personal vs. impersonal dilemmas; Experiments 2 and 3) influence deontological (harm-rejection) and utilitarian (outcome-maximization) inclinations that have been hypothesized to underly moral judgments in harm-related moral dilemmas. To measure these moral inclinations, the process dissociation procedure was used. The results suggest that the instrumentality of the harm and personal force affect both inclinations, but in opposite ways. Personal dilemmas and dilemmas characterized by harm as a means evoked higher deontological tendencies and lower utilitarian tendencies, than impersonal dilemmas and dilemmas where the harm was a side-effect. These distinct influences of the two dilemma conceptualization variables went undetected if the conventional measure of moral inclinations, the proportion of harm-accepting judgments, was analyzed. Furthermore, although deontological and utilitarian inclinations were found to be largely independent overall, there was some evidence that their correlation depended on the experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Ludwig
- Institut für Psychologie, Universität Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,Fachbereich Staats- und Gesellschaftswissenschaften, Zeppelin Universität Friedrichshafen, Friedrichshafen, Germany.,Pädagogische Psychologie, Pädagogische Hochschule Weingarten, Weingarten, Germany
| | - Rainer Reisenzein
- Institut für Psychologie, Universität Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Anette Hiemisch
- Institut für Psychologie, Universität Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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39
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Buttrick N, Moulder R, Oishi S. Historical Change in the Moral Foundations of Political Persuasion. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2020; 46:1523-1537. [PMID: 32186442 DOI: 10.1177/0146167220907467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
How have attempts at political persuasion changed over time? Using nine corpora dating back through 1789, containing over 7 million words of speech (1,666 documents in total), covering three different countries, plus the entire Google nGram corpus, we find that language relating to togetherness permanently crowded out language relating to duties and obligations in the persuasive speeches of politicians during the early 20th century. This shift is temporally predicted by a rise in Western nationalism and the mass movement of people from more rural to more urban areas and is unexplained by changes in language, private political speech, or nonmoral persuasion. We theorize that the emergence of the modern state in the 1920s had psychopolitical consequences for the ways that people understood and communicated their relationships with their government, which was then reflected in the levers of persuasion chosen by political elites.
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40
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Niazi F, Inam A, Akhtar Z. Accuracy of consensual stereotypes in moral foundations: A gender analysis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229926. [PMID: 32135546 PMCID: PMC7058411 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study explored the accuracy of consensual moral stereotypes that women and men hold about each other, as well as whether the gender differences in morality found in previous literature replicate on a sample of Pakistani individuals. A sample of 300 was used with an equal number of men and women. Data from 50 of the respondents was collected online, whereas the rest was collected in person from universities. The 30-item Moral Foundations Questionnaire (MFQ30) was used as a measure of five Moral Foundations, which are the basic elements of moral psychology as posited by Moral Foundations Theory. Men and women answered the questionnaire for themselves and then a second time, according to their perception of how a typical member of the other gender would respond which gave a measure of their stereotype. Comparison of actual scores of men and women revealed a statistically significant difference where women scored higher than men on the Harm foundation (p = 0.001). All other foundations, except for the Authority foundation showed the same pattern of differences as the previous literature, although they did not reach statistical significance. Stereotypes about men held by women were inaccurate underestimations on the Harm and Fairness foundations. The stereotype about women, held by men, was accurate on the Fairness foundation and inaccurate on the Authority foundation in the direction of underestimation. This research serves to further the study of Moral Foundations Theory as well as exploring the reasons behind the inaccurate moral stereotypes that men and women hold about each other, and actual gender differences in morality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhan Niazi
- Department of Humanities, COMSATS University Islamabad, Tarlai Kalan, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Inam
- Department of Humanities, COMSATS University Islamabad, Tarlai Kalan, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zubaa Akhtar
- Department of Humanities, COMSATS University Islamabad, Tarlai Kalan, Islamabad, Pakistan
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41
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The role of moral reasoning & personality in explaining lyrical preferences. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228057. [PMID: 31978181 PMCID: PMC6980482 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research has supported that personality traits can act to a precursor to media preferences. Due to the ongoing association between morality and media preferences in public and political discourse (e.g., blaming immoral behaviours on media preferences), this research sought to expand the knowledge about factors that contribute to media preferences by investigating if moral reasoning styles explain some of the variance that was not already explained by personality traits. A specific form of media preferences were chosen – lyrical preferences in metal music – as claims between metal lyrical themes and behaviour have been ongoing since the 1980s, despite a lack of empirical evidence to support these claims. A lyrical preferences scale was developed, and utilizing this scale, it was found that different types of metal fans exhibit different moral reasoning styles dependent on their metal sub-genre identification. Further, it was found that moral reasoning styles explain a portion of the variance in lyrical preferences that weren’t already explained by personality traits. In particular, lyrical preferences were often thematically consistent with moral reasoning content and personality traits, such as that individuals that preferred lyrics about celebrating metal culture and unity had higher levels of the group loyalty moral reasoning domain alongside being higher in extraversion. The implications of moral reasoning styles and personality traits as being precursors to media preferences are discussed.
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42
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Abstract
Although many studies show cultural or ecological variability in moral judgments, cross-cultural responses to the trolley problem (kill one person to save five others) indicate that certain moral principles might be prevalent in human populations. We conducted a study in a traditional, indigenous, non-Western society inhabiting the remote Yalimo valley in Papua, Indonesia. We modified the original trolley dilemma to produce an ecologically valid "falling tree dilemma." Our experiment showed that the Yali are significantly less willing than Western people to sacrifice one person to save five others in this moral dilemma. The results indicate that utilitarian moral judgments to the trolley dilemma might be less widespread than previously supposed. On the contrary, they are likely to be mediated by sociocultural factors.
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43
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Hu X, Zhu Y, Yu F, Wilder DA, Zhang L, Chen SX, Peng K. A cross-cultural examination on global orientations and moral foundations. Psych J 2019; 9:108-117. [PMID: 31742927 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Although there is a flourishing literature on the psychology of globalization and the psychology of morality, respectively, the moral dimension has been largely absent in the discourse of globalization psychology. Our current work attempts to fill this gap by establishing a conceptual and empirical link between global orientations and moral foundations. Our results indicated that (1) multicultural acquisition was positively linked with both individualizing and binding values; (2) ethnic protection was positively linked with only binding values; and (3) the relation patterns between global orientations and moral foundations were essentially congruent across cultures albeit with some cultural variations. Our findings provide direct evidence to map out the relation patterns between how people mentally cope with globalization and their explicit moral matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Hu
- Department of Psychology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yijie Zhu
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Feng Yu
- Institute of Social Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaan Xi, China
| | - David A Wilder
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University - New Brunswick, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Sylvia Xiaohua Chen
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kaiping Peng
- Department of Psychology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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44
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45
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Turri J. Excuse Validation: A Cross-cultural Study. Cogn Sci 2019; 43:e12748. [PMID: 31446667 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.12748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
If someone unintentionally breaks the rules, do they break the rules? In the abstract, the answer is obviously "yes." But, surprisingly, when considering specific examples of unintentional, blameless rule-breaking, approximately half of people judge that no rule was broken. This effect, known as excuse validation, has previously been observed in American adults. Outstanding questions concern what causes excuse validation, and whether it is peculiar to American moral psychology or cross-culturally robust. The present paper studies the phenomenon cross-culturally, focusing on Korean and American adults, and proposes a new explanation of why people engage in excuse validation, in terms of competing forces in human norm-psychology. The principal findings are that Americans and Koreans engaged in excuse validation at similar levels, and older adults were more likely to engage in excuse validation. OPEN RESEARCH BADGES: This article has been awarded Open Materials and Open Data badges. All materials and data are publicly accessible via the Open Science Framework at https://osf.io/8juyc/. Learn more about the Open Practices badges from the Center for Open Science: https://osf.io/tvyxz/wiki .
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Affiliation(s)
- John Turri
- Philosophy Department and Cognitive Science Program, University of Waterloo
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46
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Kruijtbosch M, Göttgens-Jansen W, Floor-Schreudering A, van Leeuwen E, Bouvy ML. Moral reasoning among Dutch community pharmacists: testing the applicability of the Australian Professional Ethics in Pharmacy test. Int J Clin Pharm 2019; 41:1323-1331. [PMID: 31254151 PMCID: PMC6800840 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-019-00869-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Moral reasoning competency is essential in healthcare practice, especially in situations of moral dilemmas when a professional has to choose a morally justifiable action among several suboptimal action options. The Australian Professional Ethics in Pharmacy test (PEP test) measures moral reasoning among pharmacists. In Australia three levels of moral reasoning (schemas) were measured (1) business orientation (2) rules and regulations, and (3) patient rights (i.e. most advanced schema). Objective To test the applicability of the PEP test to pharmacists working in the Netherlands. Setting Dutch community pharmacy. Methods The PEP test consists of 36 statements (items) accompanying 3 moral dilemma scenarios. It was translated into Dutch and completed by 390 pharmacists. Principle component analysis (PCA) was used to investigate construct validity and Cronbach's Alpha was used to indicate internal consistency of the Dutch version of the PEP test. The eligible grouped statements and perceived possible moral reasoning schemas were compared to the Australian findings. Main outcome measure Moral reasoning schemas. Results The PCA analysis resulted in 3 components (i.e. possible moral reasoning schemas) that together accounted 27% variance in the data. The statements that represented the moral reasoning schemas 'business orientation' and 'rules and regulations' were somewhat similar when comparing these with the statements that represented these schemas in the PEP test study. The most advanced moral reasoning schema identified in Dutch pharmacists contained different statements compared to the statements that represented that schema among Australian pharmacists. This schema was labelled 'professional ethics'. Conclusion The PEP test needs further adaptation to the Dutch pharmacy practice context: especially the statements that should reflect the most advanced moral reasoning schema, need more accurate representations of professional pharmacy ethics that guide pharmacists in the Netherlands. Moral reasoning tests for a specific professional setting or country should be developed and adapted by experts who share the same professional values and practice as the respondents.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kruijtbosch
- SIR Institute for Pharmacy Practice and Policy, Theda Mansholtstraat 5b, 2331 JE, Leiden, The Netherlands. .,Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - W Göttgens-Jansen
- Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences (RIHS), Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 120, ELG, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A Floor-Schreudering
- SIR Institute for Pharmacy Practice and Policy, Theda Mansholtstraat 5b, 2331 JE, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - E van Leeuwen
- Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences (RIHS), Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 120, ELG, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M L Bouvy
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Zmigrod L, Rentfrow PJ, Robbins TW. Cognitive Inflexibility Predicts Extremist Attitudes. Front Psychol 2019; 10:989. [PMID: 31133930 PMCID: PMC6514156 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Research into the roots of ideological extremism has traditionally focused on the social, economic, and demographic factors that make people vulnerable to adopting hostile attitudes toward outgroups. However, there is insufficient empirical work on individual differences in implicit cognition and information processing styles that amplify an individual’s susceptibility to endorsing violence to protect an ideological cause or group. Here we present original evidence that objectively assessed cognitive inflexibility predicts extremist attitudes, including a willingness to harm others, and sacrifice one’s life for the group. Across two samples (N = 1,047) from the United Kingdom and United States, structural equation models demonstrated that cognitive inflexibility predicted endorsement of violence to protect the national ingroup, which in turn predicted a willingness to die for the group. These statistical models accounted for an average of 31.4% of the variance in willingness to die for the group, after accounting for demographic variables. Furthermore, cognitive inflexibility was related to greater confidence in the decision to sacrifice one’s life in an ingroup trolley problem scenario. Analysis of participants’ performance on the cognitive tasks revealed that cognitive rigidity – distinctly from other aspects of cognition – was specifically implicated as a cognitive antecedent of extremist attitudes. Implications for the study of radicalization and identity fusion through a neurocognitive lens are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leor Zmigrod
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Trevor W Robbins
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Uijong J, Kang J, Wallraven C. You or Me? Personality Traits Predict Sacrificial Decisions in an Accident Situation. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VISUALIZATION AND COMPUTER GRAPHICS 2019; 25:1898-1907. [PMID: 30802865 DOI: 10.1109/tvcg.2019.2899227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Emergency situations during car driving sometimes force the driver to make a sudden decision. Predicting these decisions will have important applications in updating risk analyses in insurance applications, but also can give insights for drafting autonomous vehicle guidelines. Studying such behavior in experimental settings, however, is limited by ethical issues as it would endanger peoples' lives. Here, we employed the potential of virtual reality (VR) to investigate decision-making in an extreme situation in which participants would have to sacrifice others in order to save themselves. In a VR driving simulation, participants first trained to complete a difficult course with multiple crossroads in which the wrong turn would lead the car to fall down a cliff. In the testing phase, obstacles suddenly appeared on the "safe" turn of a crossroad: for the control group, obstacles consisted of trees, whereas for the experimental group, they were pedestrians. In both groups, drivers had to decide between falling down the cliff or colliding with the obstacles. Results showed that differences in personality traits were able to predict this decision: in the experimental group, drivers who collided with the pedestrians had significantly higher psychopathy and impulsivity traits, whereas impulsivity alone was to some degree predictive in the control group. Other factors like heart rate differences, gender, video game expertise, and driving experience were not predictive of the emergency decision in either group. Our results show that self-interest related personality traits affect decision-making when choosing between preservation of self or others in extreme situations and showcase the potential of virtual reality in studying and modeling human decision-making.
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Schönegger P, Wagner J. The moral behavior of ethics professors: A replication-extension in German-speaking countries. PHILOSOPHICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/09515089.2019.1587912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Johannes Wagner
- University of Graz, Department of Philosophy, Institute of Psychology
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Ju U, Kang J, Wallraven C. To Brake or Not to Brake? Personality Traits Predict Decision-Making in an Accident Situation. Front Psychol 2019; 10:134. [PMID: 30804837 PMCID: PMC6370639 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many situations require decisions to be made in very little time—in emergency or accident situations such decisions will carry potentially harmful consequences. Can we predict how people react in such situations from their personality traits alone? Since experimental tests of accident situations are not possible in the real world, existing studies usually employ text-based surveys or post-situation assessments, making predictions and generalization difficult. In the present study, we used virtual reality to create a more life-like situation in order to study decision-making under controlled circumstances. In our experiment, participants trained in an immersive car simulation to complete a race-course as fast as possible. In the testing phase, pedestrians appeared on the course without warning, forcing participants to react. The experiment used a one-shot design to avoid pre-meditation and to test naïve, rapid decision-making. Participants' reactions could be classified into two categories: people who tried to brake, and people who potentially endangered pedestrians by not braking or conducting hazardous evasion maneuvers. Importantly, this latter group of participants scored significantly higher on psychopathy-related traits among a set of personality-related factors. Additional personality factors, as well as age, gender, gaming expertise, and driving experience did not significantly influence participants' decision-making. This result was true for both a Korean sample (N = 94) and an independently-tested German sample (N = 94), indicating cross-cultural stability of the results. Overall, our results demonstrate that decision-making in an extreme, simulated accident situation is critically influenced by personality traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uijong Ju
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Cognitive Systems Lab, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - June Kang
- Department of Biomedical Science, Interdisciplinary Affective Neuroscience Lab, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.,Empathy Research Institute, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Christian Wallraven
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Cognitive Systems Lab, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
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