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van Kleef GA, Wanders F, van Vianen AEM, Dunham RL, Du X, Homan AC. Rebels with a cause? How norm violations shape dominance, prestige, and influence granting. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0294019. [PMID: 37988343 PMCID: PMC10662731 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Norms play an important role in upholding orderly and well-functioning societies. Indeed, violations of norms can undermine social coordination and stability. Much is known about the antecedents of norm violations, but their social consequences are poorly understood. In particular, it remains unclear when and how norm violators gain or lose influence in groups. Some studies found that norm violators elicit negative responses that curtail their influence in groups, whereas other studies documented positive consequences that enhance violators' influence. We propose that the complex relationship between norm violation and influence can be understood by considering that norm violations differentially shape perceptions of dominance and prestige, which tend to have opposite effects on voluntary influence granting, depending on the type of norm that is violated. We first provide correlational (Study 1) and causal (Study 2) evidence that norm violations are associated with dominance, and norm abidance with prestige. We then examine how dominance, prestige, and resultant influence granting are shaped by whether local group norms and/or global community norms are violated. In Study 3, protagonists who violated global (university) norms but followed local (sorority/fraternity) norms were more strongly endorsed as leaders than protagonists who followed global norms but violated local norms, because the former were perceived not only as high on dominance but also on prestige. In Study 4, popular high-school students were remembered as violating global (school) norms while abiding by local (peer) norms. In Study 5, individuals who violated global (organizational) norms while abiding by local (team) norms were assigned more leadership tasks when global and local norms conflicted (making violators "rebels with a cause") than when norms did not conflict, because the former situation inspired greater prestige. We discuss implications for the social dynamics of norms, hierarchy development, and leader emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerben A. van Kleef
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Florian Wanders
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Rohan L. Dunham
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Xinkai Du
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Astrid C. Homan
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Chen X, Liu J, Luo YJ, Feng C. Brain Systems Underlying Fundamental Motivations of Human Social Conformity. Neurosci Bull 2023; 39:328-342. [PMID: 36287291 PMCID: PMC9905476 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-00960-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
From birth to adulthood, we often align our behaviors, attitudes, and opinions with a majority, a phenomenon known as social conformity. A seminal framework has proposed that conformity behaviors are mainly driven by three fundamental motives: a desire to gain more information to be accurate, to obtain social approval from others, and to maintain a favorable self-concept. Despite extensive interest in neuroimaging investigation of social conformity, the relationship between brain systems and these fundamental motivations has yet to be established. Here, we reviewed brain imaging findings of social conformity with a componential framework, aiming to reveal the neuropsychological substrates underlying different conformity motivations. First, information-seeking engages the evaluation of social information, information integration, and modification of task-related activity, corresponding to brain networks implicated in reward, cognitive control, and tasks at hand. Second, social acceptance involves the anticipation of social acceptance or rejection and mental state attribution, mediated by networks of reward, punishment, and mentalizing. Third, self-enhancement entails the excessive representation of positive self-related information and suppression of negative self-related information, ingroup favoritism and/or outgroup derogation, and elaborated mentalizing processes to the ingroup, supported by brain systems of reward, punishment, and mentalizing. Therefore, recent brain imaging studies have provided important insights into the fundamental motivations of social conformity in terms of component processes and brain mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinling Chen
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510631, China
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Jiaxi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510631, China
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Yue-Jia Luo
- Department of Applied Psychology, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, 266113, China.
- The State Key Lab of Cognitive and Learning, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
- The Research Center of Brain Science and Visual Cognition, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650506, China.
- College of Teacher Education, Qilu Normal University, Jinan, 250200, China.
| | - Chunliang Feng
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
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Hodge AS, Hook JN, Davis DE, Van Tongeren DR, Bufford RK, Bassett RL, McMinn MR. Experiencing Grace: A Review of the Empirical Literature. THE JOURNAL OF POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2020.1858943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam S. Hodge
- Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Joshua N. Hook
- Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Don E. Davis
- Department of Counseling and Psychological Services, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Rodger K. Bufford
- Graduate School of Clinical Psychology, George Fox University, Newberg, OR, USA
| | - Rodney L. Bassett
- Department of Psychology, Roberts Wesleyan College, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Mark R. McMinn
- Graduate School of Clinical Psychology, George Fox University, Newberg, OR, USA
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Chen J, Nevicka B, Homan AC, van Kleef GA. How Narcissism Shapes Responses to Antisocial and Prosocial Behavior: Hypo-Responsiveness or Hyper-Responsiveness? PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2021; 48:363-381. [PMID: 33853448 PMCID: PMC8855397 DOI: 10.1177/01461672211007293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Narcissists have a relatively higher proclivity for displaying antisocial rather
than prosocial behaviors, suggesting a comparatively higher tendency for
unfavorably impacting societies. However, maintenance of social order also
depends on appropriate responses to others’ social behavior. Once we focus on
narcissists as observers rather than actors, their impact on social functioning
becomes less clear-cut. Theoretical arguments suggest that narcissists could be
either hypo-responsive or hyper-responsive to others’ social behavior. Across
four studies, we examined narcissists’ responsiveness to variations in others’
antisocial and prosocial behaviors. Results showed that narcissists
differentiated less between others’ antisociality/prosociality, as reflected in
their subsequent moral character evaluations (Studies 1–4) and reward and
punishment (Studies 3 and 4). These results suggest that narcissists are
hypo-responsive to others’ social behaviors. Implications and directions for
future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiafang Chen
- University of Amsterdam, The
Netherlands
- Jiafang Chen, Department of Social
Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129-B, P.O. Box 15900,
1001 NK Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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