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Costa VA, Holmes EC. Diversity, evolution, and emergence of fish viruses. J Virol 2024; 98:e0011824. [PMID: 38785422 PMCID: PMC11237817 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00118-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The production of aquatic animals has more than doubled over the last 50 years and is anticipated to continually increase. While fish are recognized as a valuable and sustainable source of nutrition, particularly in the context of human population growth and climate change, the rapid expansion of aquaculture coincides with the emergence of highly pathogenic viruses that often spread globally through aquacultural practices. Here, we provide an overview of the fish virome and its relevance for disease emergence, with a focus on the insights gained through metagenomic sequencing, noting potential areas for future study. In particular, we describe the diversity and evolution of fish viruses, for which the majority have no known disease associations, and demonstrate how viruses emerge in fish populations, most notably at an expanding domestic-wild interface. We also show how wild fish are a powerful and tractable model system to study virus ecology and evolution more broadly and can be used to identify the major factors that shape vertebrate viromes. Central to this is a process of virus-host co-divergence that proceeds over many millions of years, combined with ongoing cross-species virus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo A. Costa
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Edward C. Holmes
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Xi Y, Jiang X, Xie X, Zhao M, Zhang H, Qin K, Wang X, Liu Y, Yang S, Shen Q, Ji L, Shang P, Zhang W, Shan T. Viromics Reveals the High Diversity of Viruses from Fishes of the Tibet Highland. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0094623. [PMID: 37219423 PMCID: PMC10269613 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00946-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture is important for food security and nutrition. The economy has recently been significantly threatened and the risk of zoonoses significantly increased by aquatic diseases, and the ongoing introduction of new aquatic pathogens, particularly viruses, continues to represent a hazard. Yet, our knowledge of the diversity and abundance of fish viruses is still limited. Here, we conducted a metagenomic survey of different species of healthy fishes caught in the Lhasa River, Tibet, China, and sampled intestinal contents, gills, and tissues. To be more precise, by identifying and analyzing viral genomes, we aim to determine the abundance, diversity, and evolutionary relationships of viruses in fish with other potential hosts. Our analysis identified 28 potentially novel viruses, 22 of which may be associated with vertebrates, across seven viral families. During our research, we found several new strains of viruses in fish, including papillomavirus, hepadnavirus, and hepevirus. Additionally, we discovered two viral families, Circoviridae and Parvoviridae, which were prevalent and closely related to viruses that infect mammals. These findings further expand our understanding of highland fish viruses and highlight the emerging view that fish harbor large, unknown viruses. IMPORTANCE The economy and zoonoses have recently been significantly threatened by aquatic diseases. Yet, our knowledge of the diversity and abundance of fish viruses is still limited. We identified the wide genetic diversity of viruses that these fish were harboring. Since there are currently few studies on the virome of fish living in the Tibet highland, our research adds to the body of knowledge. This discovery lays the groundwork for future studies on the virome of fish species and other highland animals, preserving the ecological equilibrium on the plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaojie Jiang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinrui Xie
- Animal Science College, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry University, Nyingchi, Tibet, China
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kailin Qin
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuwei Liu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shixing Yang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Quan Shen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Likai Ji
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peng Shang
- Animal Science College, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry University, Nyingchi, Tibet, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tongling Shan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Li J, Xia D, Zhang M, Zhang Y, Liu X, Sun J, Xu B, Yang J, Wang N, Shi W, Guan X, Liu M. Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) nucleoprotein amino acid residues affect viral virulence and immunogenicity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 130:572-581. [PMID: 35988711 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study compared the N protein sequences of genotype J with other genotypes of IHNV to select amino acid residues that may be related to the change in viral virulence. The recombinant viruses containing different mutation sites were rescued by alanine scanning mutagenesis and the reverse genetic system. The nine recombinant virus strains obtained in this work were named rIHNV-N85, rIHNV-N102, rIHNV-N146, rIHNV-N380, rIHNV-N85-102-146, rIHNV-N85-102-380, rIHNV-N85-146-380, rIHNV-N102-146-380, and rIHNV-N85-102-146-380. Pathogenicity and immunity assays were performed to determine the role of virulence sites. The result of the pathogenicity test showed that the survival rates of rIHNV-N85, rIHNV-N102, rIHNV-N85-102-146, and rIHNV-N85-102-380 groups were 52.5%, 55%, 67.5%, and 57.5%, while the survival rate of wild-type (wt) IHNV HLJ-09 group was only 10%. The replication ability of recombinant viruses with substitutions at positions 85 and 102 was significantly inhibited in vivo and in vitro. The qRT-PCR result indicated that the cytokines of IFN1, IL-8, and IL-1β expression levels were increased in rIHNV-N85, rIHNV-N102, rIHNV-N85-102-146, and rIHNV-N85-102-380 groups. In addition, these four recombinant viruses could cause the rainbow trout to produce anti-IHNV-specific antibodies immunoglobulin M (IgM) earlier, confirming that 85 and 102 amino acid residues of N protein affected the virulence and immunogenicity of IHNV. All these results suggest that mutations of the N protein virulence sites reduce virulence while retaining immunogenicity. This also provides a new idea for studying the virulence mechanism of rhabdoviruses and preparing attenuated vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Xia
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengmeng Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanru Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuefei Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhui Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoxing Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiawei Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueting Guan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524025, People's Republic of China.
| | - Min Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China.
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Filipa-Silva A, Parreira R, Martínez-Puchol S, Bofill-Mas S, Barreto Crespo MT, Nunes M. The Unexplored Virome of Two Atlantic Coast Fish: Contribution of Next-Generation Sequencing to Fish Virology. Foods 2020; 9:E1634. [PMID: 33182306 PMCID: PMC7695296 DOI: 10.3390/foods9111634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Much of the knowledge on viruses is focused on those that can be propagated using cell-cultures or that can cause disease in humans or in economically important animals and plants. However, this only reflects a small portion of the virosphere. Therefore, in this study, we explore by targeted next-generation sequencing, how the virome varies between Atlantic horse mackerels and gilthead seabreams from fisheries and aquaculture from the center and south regions of Portugal. Viral genomes potentially pathogenic to fish and crustaceans, as well as to humans, were identified namelyese included Astroviridae, Nodaviridae, Hepadnaviridae, Birnaviridae, Caliciviridae, and Picornaviridae families. Also bacteriophages sequences were identified corresponding to the majority of sequencese detected, with Myoviridae, Podoviridae, and Siphoviridae, the most widespread families in both fish species. However, these findings can also be due to the presence of bacteria in fish tissues, or even to contamination. Overall, seabreams harbored viruses from a smaller number of families in comparison with mackerels. Therefore, the obtained data show that fish sold for consumption can harbor a high diversity of viruses, many of which are unknown, reflecting the overall uncharacterized virome of fish. While cross-species transmission of bonafide fish viruses to humans is unlikely, the finding of human pathogenic viruses in fish suggest that fish virome can be a potential threat regarding food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Filipa-Silva
- ITQB NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (A.F.-S.); (M.T.B.C.)
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Parreira
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM) Research Center, Unidade de Microbiologia Médica, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHTM), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (NOVA), 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Sandra Martínez-Puchol
- Laboratory of Viruses Contaminants of Water and Food, Genetics, Microbiology & Statistics Department, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; (S.M.-P.); (S.B.-M.)
- The Water Research Institute (idRA), Universitat de Barcelona, 08001 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sílvia Bofill-Mas
- Laboratory of Viruses Contaminants of Water and Food, Genetics, Microbiology & Statistics Department, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; (S.M.-P.); (S.B.-M.)
- The Water Research Institute (idRA), Universitat de Barcelona, 08001 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Maria Teresa Barreto Crespo
- ITQB NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (A.F.-S.); (M.T.B.C.)
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Mónica Nunes
- ITQB NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (A.F.-S.); (M.T.B.C.)
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
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Bouwmeester MM, Goedknegt MA, Poulin R, Thieltges DW. Collateral diseases: Aquaculture impacts on wildlife infections. J Appl Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark M. Bouwmeester
- Department of Coastal Systems NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research Den Burg The Netherlands
| | - M. Anouk Goedknegt
- UMR 5805 EPOC Station Marine d'Arcachon CNRSUniversité de Bordeaux Arcachon France
| | - Robert Poulin
- Department of Zoology University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - David W. Thieltges
- Department of Coastal Systems NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research Den Burg The Netherlands
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Baillon L, Mérour E, Cabon J, Louboutin L, Vigouroux E, Alencar ALF, Cuenca A, Blanchard Y, Olesen NJ, Panzarin V, Morin T, Brémont M, Biacchesi S. The Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus (VHSV) Markers of Virulence in Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss). Front Microbiol 2020; 11:574231. [PMID: 33193184 PMCID: PMC7606196 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.574231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) is a highly contagious virus leading to high mortality in a large panel of freshwater and marine fish species. VHSV isolates originating from marine fish show low pathogenicity in rainbow trout. The analysis of several nearly complete genome sequences from marine and freshwater isolates displaying varying levels of virulence in rainbow trout suggested that only a limited number of amino acid residues might be involved in regulating the level of virulence. Based on a recent analysis of 55 VHSV strains, which were entirely sequenced and phenotyped in vivo in rainbow trout, several amino acid changes putatively involved in virulence were identified. In the present study, these amino acid changes were introduced, alone or in combination, in a highly-virulent VHSV 23–75 genome backbone by reverse genetics. A total of 35 recombinant VHSV variants were recovered and characterized for virulence in trout by bath immersion. Results confirmed the important role of the NV protein (R116S) and highlighted a major contribution of the nucleoprotein N (K46G and A241E) in regulating virulence. Single amino acid changes in these two proteins drastically affect virus pathogenicity in rainbow trout. This is particularly intriguing for the N variant (K46G) which is unable to establish an active infection in the fins of infected trout, the main portal of entry of VHSV in this species, allowing further spread in its host. In addition, salmonid cell lines were selected to assess the kinetics of replication and cytopathic effect of recombinant VHSV and discriminate virulent and avirulent variants. In conclusion, three major virulence markers were identified in the NV and N proteins. These markers explain almost all phenotypes (92.7%) observed in trout for the 55 VHSV strains analyzed in the present study and herein used for the backward validation of virulence markers. The identification of VHSV specific virulence markers in this species is of importance both to predict the in vivo phenotype of viral isolates with targeted diagnostic tests and to improve prophylactic methods such as the development of safer live-attenuated vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laury Baillon
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (VIM), Université Paris-Saclay, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Emilie Mérour
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (VIM), Université Paris-Saclay, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Joëlle Cabon
- ANSES, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Unité Pathologies Virales des Poissons, Plouzané, France
| | - Lénaïg Louboutin
- ANSES, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Unité Pathologies Virales des Poissons, Plouzané, France
| | - Estelle Vigouroux
- ANSES, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Unité Pathologies Virales des Poissons, Plouzané, France
| | - Anna Luiza Farias Alencar
- Unit for Fish and Shellfish Diseases, EURL for Fish and Crustacean Diseases, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Argelia Cuenca
- Unit for Fish and Shellfish Diseases, EURL for Fish and Crustacean Diseases, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Yannick Blanchard
- ANSES, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Unité Génétique Virale et Biosécurité, Ploufragan, France
| | - Niels Jørgen Olesen
- Unit for Fish and Shellfish Diseases, EURL for Fish and Crustacean Diseases, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Valentina Panzarin
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Padua, Italy
| | - Thierry Morin
- ANSES, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Unité Pathologies Virales des Poissons, Plouzané, France
| | - Michel Brémont
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (VIM), Université Paris-Saclay, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Stéphane Biacchesi
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (VIM), Université Paris-Saclay, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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7
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Chapman JM, Teffer AK, Bass AL, Hinch SG, Patterson DA, Miller KM, Cooke SJ. Handling, infectious agents and physiological condition influence survival and post-release behaviour in migratory adult coho salmon after experimental displacement. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 8:coaa033. [PMID: 32440351 PMCID: PMC7233283 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coaa033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
For Pacific salmon captured and released by fisheries, post-release behaviour and survival may be influenced by their health and condition at time of capture. We sought to characterize the interactions between infectious agent burden, fish immune and stress physiology and fisheries stressors to investigate the potential for capture-mediated pathogen-induced mortality in adult coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch. We used radio-telemetry paired with high-throughput qPCR of non-lethal gill biopsies for infectious agents and host biomarkers from 200 tagged fish experimentally displaced and exposed to various experimental fisheries treatments (gill net entanglement, recreational angling and recreational angling with air exposure vs. non-sampled control). We characterized relationships among post-release behaviour and survival, infectious agent presence and loads, physiological parameters and transcription profiles of stress and immune genes. All infectious agents detected were endemic and in loads consistent with previous adult Pacific salmon monitoring. Individuals exposed to fisheries treatments were less likely to reach spawning habitat compared to controls, and handling duration independent of fisheries gear had a negative effect on survival. High infectious agent burden was associated with accelerated migration initiation post-release, revealing behavioural plasticity in response to deteriorating condition in this semelparous species. Prevalence and load of infectious agents increased post-migration as well as transcription signatures reflected changes in immune and stress profiles consistent with senescence. Results from this study further our understanding of factors associated with fisheries that increase risk of post-release mortality and characterize some physiological mechanisms that underpin migratory behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Chapman
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6 Canada
| | - A K Teffer
- Pacific Salmon Ecology Laboratory, Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - A L Bass
- Pacific Salmon Ecology Laboratory, Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - S G Hinch
- Pacific Salmon Ecology Laboratory, Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - D A Patterson
- Pacific Salmon Ecology Laboratory, Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Cooperative Resource Management Institute, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Burnaby, BC, Canada. Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Cooperative Resource Management Institute, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - K M Miller
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Molecular Genetics Section, Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - S J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6 Canada
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Models suggest pathogen risks to wild fish can be mitigated by acquired immunity in freshwater aquaculture systems. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7513. [PMID: 32372052 PMCID: PMC7200699 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64023-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of pathogens between wild and farmed aquatic animal populations is a concern that remains unclear and controversial. Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, a ciliated protozoan parasite, is a pathogen of freshwater finfish species with geographic and host range that causes significant economic losses in aquaculture. Flow-through farming systems may facilitate the transfer of such a parasite with free-living stages between farmed and wild stocks. Here, experimental and field study infection data are used to describe the infection dynamics of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in rainbow trout using a simple macroparasite model by including host resistance. The study considered flow-through farming systems with a single or two age-class compartments and simulated the transfer of the parasite between farmed and wild fish populations. Results suggest that aquaculture can promote the prevalence of the resistance in wild stocks by increasing the parasite population in the wild environment. At the same time, acquired resistance in the farmed fish population may protect the wild fish population from lethal effects of the parasite by reducing the total parasite population. This study offers a promising mathematical basis for understanding the effects of freshwater aquaculture in disease spread in wildlife, developing risk assessment modeling, and exploring new ways of aquaculture management.
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9
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The Nucleoprotein and Phosphoprotein Are Major Determinants of the Virulence of Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus in Rainbow Trout. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00382-19. [PMID: 31270224 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00382-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), a fish rhabdovirus, infects several marine and freshwater fish species. There are many strains of VHSV that affect different fish, but some strains of one genetic subgroup have gained high virulence in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). To define the genetic basis of high virulence in trout, we used reverse genetics to create chimeric VHSVs in which viral nucleoprotein (N), P (phosphoprotein), or M (matrix protein) genes, or the N and P genes, were exchanged between a trout-virulent European VHSV strain (DK-3592B) and a trout-avirulent North American VHSV strain (MI03). Testing of the chimeric recombinant VHSV (rVHSV) by intraperitoneal injection in juvenile rainbow trout showed that exchanges of the viral P or M genes had no effect on the trout virulence phenotype of either parental strain. However, reciprocal exchanges of the viral N gene resulted in a partial gain of function in the chimeric trout-avirulent strain (22% mortality) and complete loss of virulence for the chimeric trout-virulent strain (2% mortality). Reciprocal exchanges of both the N and P genes together resulted in complete gain of function in the chimeric avirulent strain (82% mortality), again with complete loss of virulence in the chimeric trout-virulent strain (0% mortality). Thus, the VHSV N gene contains an essential determinant of trout virulence that is strongly enhanced by the viral P gene. We hypothesize that the host-specific virulence mechanism may involve increased efficiency of the viral polymerase complex when the N and P proteins have adapted to more efficient interaction with a host component from rainbow trout.IMPORTANCE Rainbow trout farming is a major food source industry worldwide that has suffered great economic losses due to host jumps of fish rhabdovirus pathogens, followed by evolution of dramatic increases in trout-specific virulence. However, the genetic determinants of host jumps and increased virulence in rainbow trout are unknown for any fish rhabdovirus. Previous attempts to identify the viral genes containing trout virulence determinants of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) have not been successful. We show here that, somewhat surprisingly, the viral nucleocapsid (N) and phosphoprotein (P) genes together contain the determinants responsible for trout virulence in VHSV. This suggests a novel host-specific virulence mechanism involving the viral polymerase and a host component. This differs from the known virulence mechanisms of mammalian rhabdoviruses based on the viral P or M (matrix) protein.
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Geoghegan JL, Di Giallonardo F, Cousins K, Shi M, Williamson JE, Holmes EC. Hidden diversity and evolution of viruses in market fish. Virus Evol 2018; 4:vey031. [PMID: 30397510 PMCID: PMC6208713 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vey031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture is the fastest growing industry worldwide. Aquatic diseases have had enormous economic and environmental impacts in the recent past and the emergence of new aquatic pathogens, particularly viruses, poses a continuous threat. Nevertheless, little is known about the diversity, abundance and evolution of fish viruses. We used a meta-transcriptomic approach to help determine the virome of seemingly healthy fish sold at a market in Sydney, Australia. Specifically, by identifying and quantifying virus transcripts we aimed to determine (i) the abundance of viruses in market fish, (ii) test a key component of epidemiological theory that large and dense host populations harbour a greater number of viruses compared to their more solitary counterparts and (iii) reveal the relative roles of virus–host co-divergence and cross-species transmission in the evolution of fish viruses. The species studied comprised both shoaling fish—eastern sea garfish (Hyporhamphus australis) and Australasian snapper (Chrysophrys auratus)—and more solitary fish—eastern red scorpionfish (Scorpaena jacksoniensis) and largetooth flounder (Pseudorhombus arsius). Our analysis identified twelve potentially novel viruses, eight of which were likely vertebrate-associated across four viral families and that exhibited frequent cross-species transmission. Notably, the most solitary of the fish species studied, the largetooth flounder, harboured the least number of viruses while eastern sea garfish, a densely shoaling fish, had the highest number of viruses. These results support the emerging view that fish harbour a large and largely uncharacterised virome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemma L Geoghegan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Francesca Di Giallonardo
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,The Kirby Institute, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kate Cousins
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mang Shi
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jane E Williamson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Edward C Holmes
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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11
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Schönherz AA, Forsberg R, Guldbrandtsen B, Buitenhuis AJ, Einer-Jensen K. Introduction of Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus into Freshwater Cultured Rainbow Trout Is Followed by Bursts of Adaptive Evolution. J Virol 2018; 92:e00436-18. [PMID: 29643236 PMCID: PMC5974487 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00436-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), a rhabdovirus infecting teleost fish, has repeatedly crossed the boundary from marine fish species to freshwater cultured rainbow trout. These naturally replicated cross-species transmission events permit the study of general and repeatable evolutionary events occurring in connection with viral emergence in a novel host species. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the adaptive molecular evolution of the VHSV glycoprotein, one of the key virus proteins involved in viral emergence, following emergence from marine species into freshwater cultured rainbow trout. A comprehensive phylogenetic reconstruction of the complete coding region of the VHSV glycoprotein was conducted, and adaptive molecular evolution was investigated using a maximum likelihood approach to compare different codon substitution models allowing for heterogeneous substitution rate ratios among amino acid sites. Evidence of positive selection was detected at six amino acid sites of the VHSV glycoprotein, within the signal peptide, the confirmation-dependent major neutralizing epitope, and the intracellular tail. Evidence of positive selection was found exclusively in rainbow trout-adapted virus isolates, and amino acid combinations found at the six sites under positive selection pressure differentiated rainbow trout- from non-rainbow trout-adapted isolates. Furthermore, four adaptive sites revealed signs of recurring identical changes across phylogenetic groups of rainbow trout-adapted isolates, suggesting that repeated VHSV emergence in freshwater cultured rainbow trout was established through convergent routes of evolution that are associated with immune escape.IMPORTANCE This study is the first to demonstrate that VHSV emergence from marine species into freshwater cultured rainbow trout has been accompanied by bursts of adaptive evolution in the VHSV glycoprotein. Furthermore, repeated detection of the same adaptive amino acid sites across phylogenetic groups of rainbow trout-adapted isolates indicates that adaptation to rainbow trout was established through parallel evolution. In addition, signals of convergent evolution toward the maintenance of genetic variation were detected in the conformation-dependent neutralizing epitope or in close proximity to disulfide bonds involved in the structural conformation of the neutralizing epitope, indicating adaptation to immune response-related genetic variation across freshwater cultured rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Schönherz
- Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Bernt Guldbrandtsen
- Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Albert J Buitenhuis
- Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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12
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Wallace IS, McKay P, Murray AG. A historical review of the key bacterial and viral pathogens of Scottish wild fish. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2017; 40:1741-1756. [PMID: 28718925 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Thousands of Scottish wild fish were screened for pathogens by Marine Scotland Science. A systematic review of published and unpublished data on six key pathogens (Renibacterium salmoninarum, Aeromonas salmonicida, IPNV, ISAV, SAV and VHSV) found in Scottish wild and farmed fish was undertaken. Despite many reported cases in farmed fish, there was a limited number of positive samples from Scottish wild fish, however, there was evidence for interactions between wild and farmed fish. A slightly elevated IPNV prevalence was reported in wild marine fish caught close to Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., farms that had undergone clinical IPN. Salmonid alphavirus was isolated from wild marine fish caught near Atlantic salmon farms with a SAV infection history. Isolations of VHSV were made from cleaner wrasse (Labridae) used on Scottish Atlantic salmon farms and VHSV was detected in local wild marine fish. However, these pathogens have been detected in wild marine fish caught remotely from aquaculture sites. These data suggest that despite the large number of samples taken, there is limited evidence for clinical disease in wild fish due to these pathogens (although BKD and furunculosis historically occurred) and they are likely to have had a minimal impact on Scottish wild fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Wallace
- Marine Scotland Science, Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen, UK
| | - P McKay
- Marine Scotland Science, Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen, UK
| | - A G Murray
- Marine Scotland Science, Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen, UK
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13
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Breyta R, Brito I, Ferguson P, Kurath G, Naish KA, Purcell MK, Wargo AR, LaDeau S. Transmission routes maintaining a viral pathogen of steelhead trout within a complex multi-host assemblage. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:8187-8200. [PMID: 29075442 PMCID: PMC5648648 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This is the first comprehensive region wide, spatially explicit epidemiologic analysis of surveillance data of the aquatic viral pathogen infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) infecting native salmonid fish. The pathogen has been documented in the freshwater ecosystem of the Pacific Northwest of North America since the 1950s, and the current report describes the disease ecology of IHNV during 2000-2012. Prevalence of IHNV infection in monitored salmonid host cohorts ranged from 8% to 30%, with the highest levels observed in juvenile steelhead trout. The spatial distribution of all IHNV-infected cohorts was concentrated in two sub-regions of the study area, where historic burden of the viral disease has been high. During the study period, prevalence levels fluctuated with a temporal peak in 2002. Virologic and genetic surveillance data were analyzed for evidence of three separate but not mutually exclusive transmission routes hypothesized to be maintaining IHNV in the freshwater ecosystem. Transmission between year classes of juvenile fish at individual sites (route 1) was supported at varying levels of certainty in 10%-55% of candidate cases, transmission between neighboring juvenile cohorts (route 2) was supported in 31%-78% of candidate cases, and transmission from adult fish returning to the same site as an infected juvenile cohort was supported in 26%-74% of candidate cases. The results of this study indicate that multiple specific transmission routes are acting to maintain IHNV in juvenile fish, providing concrete evidence that can be used to improve resource management. Furthermore, these results demonstrate that more sophisticated analysis of available spatio-temporal and genetic data is likely to yield greater insight in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Breyta
- Microbiology Oregon State University Corvallis OR USA.,Cary Institute for Ecosystems Studies Millbrook NY USA
| | - Ilana Brito
- Biomedical Engineering Cornell University Ithaca NY USA
| | - Paige Ferguson
- Biological Sciences University of Alabama Tuscaloosa AL USA
| | - Gael Kurath
- US Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center Seattle WA USA
| | - Kerry A Naish
- School of Aquatic and Fisheries Sciences University of Washington Seattle WA USA
| | - Maureen K Purcell
- US Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center Seattle WA USA
| | - Andrew R Wargo
- Department of Aquatic Health Sciences Virginia Institute of Marine Science Gloucester Point VA USA
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14
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Ugelvik MS, Skorping A, Moberg O, Mennerat A. Evolution of virulence under intensive farming: salmon lice increase skin lesions and reduce host growth in salmon farms. J Evol Biol 2017; 30:1136-1142. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. S. Ugelvik
- Department of Biology; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - A. Skorping
- Department of Biology; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - O. Moberg
- Department of Biology; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - A. Mennerat
- Department of Biology; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
- Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés (FRE 3498); CNRS/Université de Picardie Jules Verne; Amiens France
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15
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Biacchesi S, Mérour E, Chevret D, Lamoureux A, Bernard J, Brémont M. NV Proteins of Fish Novirhabdovirus Recruit Cellular PPM1Bb Protein Phosphatase and Antagonize RIG-I-Mediated IFN Induction. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44025. [PMID: 28276468 PMCID: PMC5343655 DOI: 10.1038/srep44025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Non virion (NV) protein expression is critical for fish Novirhabdovirus, viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) and infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), in vivo pathogenesis. However, the mechanism by which NV promotes the viral replication is still unclear. We developed an approach based on reverse genetics and interactomic and identified several NV-associated cellular partners underlying cellular pathways as potential viral targets. Among these cell partners, we showed that NV proteins specifically interact with a protein phosphatase, Mg2+/Mn2+-dependent, 1Bb (PPM1Bb) and recruit it in the close vicinity of mitochondria, a subcellular compartment important for retinoic acid-inducible gene-I- (RIG-I)-mediated interferon induction pathway. PPM1B proteins belong to the PP2C family of serine/threonine (Ser/Thr) protein phosphatase and have recently been shown to negatively regulate the host antiviral response via dephosphorylating Traf family member-associated NF-κB activator (TANK)-binding kinase 1 (TBK1). We demonstrated that NV proteins and PPM1Bb counteract RIG-I- and TBK1-dependent interferon (IFN) and IFN-stimulated gene promoter induction in fish cells and, hence, the establishment of an antiviral state. Furthermore, the expression of VHSV NV strongly reduced TBK1 phosphorylation and thus its activation. Our findings provide evidence for a previously undescribed mechanism by which a viral protein recruits PPM1Bb protein phosphatase to subvert innate immune recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emilie Mérour
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Didier Chevret
- PAPPSO, Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Annie Lamoureux
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Julie Bernard
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Michel Brémont
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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16
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Dietzgen RG, Kondo H, Goodin MM, Kurath G, Vasilakis N. The family Rhabdoviridae: mono- and bipartite negative-sense RNA viruses with diverse genome organization and common evolutionary origins. Virus Res 2017; 227:158-170. [PMID: 27773769 PMCID: PMC5124403 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The family Rhabdoviridae consists of mostly enveloped, bullet-shaped or bacilliform viruses with a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA genome that infect vertebrates, invertebrates or plants. This ecological diversity is reflected by the diversity and complexity of their genomes. Five canonical structural protein genes are conserved in all rhabdoviruses, but may be overprinted, overlapped or interspersed with several novel and diverse accessory genes. This review gives an overview of the characteristics and diversity of rhabdoviruses, their taxonomic classification, replication mechanism, properties of classical rhabdoviruses such as rabies virus and rhabdoviruses with complex genomes, rhabdoviruses infecting aquatic species, and plant rhabdoviruses with both mono- and bipartite genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf G Dietzgen
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.
| | - Hideki Kondo
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Michael M Goodin
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Gael Kurath
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Centre, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nikos Vasilakis
- Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
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17
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Sundberg LR, Ketola T, Laanto E, Kinnula H, Bamford JKH, Penttinen R, Mappes J. Intensive aquaculture selects for increased virulence and interference competition in bacteria. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 283:20153069. [PMID: 26936249 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.3069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although increased disease severity driven by intensive farming practices is problematic in food production, the role of evolutionary change in disease is not well understood in these environments. Experiments on parasite evolution are traditionally conducted using laboratory models, often unrelated to economically important systems. We compared how the virulence, growth and competitive ability of a globally important fish pathogen, Flavobacterium columnare, change under intensive aquaculture. We characterized bacterial isolates from disease outbreaks at fish farms during 2003-2010, and compared F. columnare populations in inlet water and outlet water of a fish farm during the 2010 outbreak. Our data suggest that the farming environment may select for bacterial strains that have high virulence at both long and short time scales, and it seems that these strains have also evolved increased ability for interference competition. Our results are consistent with the suggestion that selection pressures at fish farms can cause rapid changes in pathogen populations, which are likely to have long-lasting evolutionary effects on pathogen virulence. A better understanding of these evolutionary effects will be vital in prevention and control of disease outbreaks to secure food production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotta-Riina Sundberg
- University of Jyvaskyla, Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, Department of Biological and Environmental Science (and Nanoscience Centre), PO Box 35, Jyvaskyla 40014, Finland
| | - Tarmo Ketola
- University of Jyvaskyla, Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, Department of Biological and Environmental Science (and Nanoscience Centre), PO Box 35, Jyvaskyla 40014, Finland
| | - Elina Laanto
- University of Jyvaskyla, Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, Department of Biological and Environmental Science (and Nanoscience Centre), PO Box 35, Jyvaskyla 40014, Finland
| | - Hanna Kinnula
- University of Jyvaskyla, Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, Department of Biological and Environmental Science (and Nanoscience Centre), PO Box 35, Jyvaskyla 40014, Finland
| | - Jaana K H Bamford
- University of Jyvaskyla, Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, Department of Biological and Environmental Science (and Nanoscience Centre), PO Box 35, Jyvaskyla 40014, Finland
| | - Reetta Penttinen
- University of Jyvaskyla, Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, Department of Biological and Environmental Science (and Nanoscience Centre), PO Box 35, Jyvaskyla 40014, Finland
| | - Johanna Mappes
- University of Jyvaskyla, Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, Department of Biological and Environmental Science (and Nanoscience Centre), PO Box 35, Jyvaskyla 40014, Finland
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18
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Kennedy DA, Kurath G, Brito IL, Purcell MK, Read AF, Winton JR, Wargo AR. Potential drivers of virulence evolution in aquaculture. Evol Appl 2016; 9:344-54. [PMID: 26834829 PMCID: PMC4721074 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are economically detrimental to aquaculture, and with continued expansion and intensification of aquaculture, the importance of managing infectious diseases will likely increase in the future. Here, we use evolution of virulence theory, along with examples, to identify aquaculture practices that might lead to the evolution of increased pathogen virulence. We identify eight practices common in aquaculture that theory predicts may favor evolution toward higher pathogen virulence. Four are related to intensive aquaculture operations, and four others are related specifically to infectious disease control. Our intention is to make aquaculture managers aware of these risks, such that with increased vigilance, they might be able to detect and prevent the emergence and spread of increasingly troublesome pathogen strains in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Kennedy
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics Departments of Biology and Entomology The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA USA; Fogarty International Center National Institutes of Health Bethesda MD USA
| | - Gael Kurath
- U.S. Geological Survey Western Fisheries Research Center Seattle WA USA
| | - Ilana L Brito
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA USA
| | - Maureen K Purcell
- U.S. Geological Survey Western Fisheries Research Center Seattle WA USA
| | - Andrew F Read
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics Departments of Biology and Entomology The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA USA; Fogarty International Center National Institutes of Health Bethesda MD USA
| | - James R Winton
- U.S. Geological Survey Western Fisheries Research Center Seattle WA USA
| | - Andrew R Wargo
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science College of William and Mary Gloucester Point VA USA
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19
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Schönherz AA, Lorenzen N, Guldbrandtsen B, Buitenhuis B, Einer-Jensen K. Ultra-deep sequencing of VHSV isolates contributes to understanding the role of viral quasispecies. Vet Res 2016; 47:10. [PMID: 26743117 PMCID: PMC4705744 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0298-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The high mutation rate of RNA viruses enables the generation of a genetically diverse viral population, termed a quasispecies, within a single infected host. This high in-host genetic diversity enables an RNA virus to adapt to a diverse array of selective pressures such as host immune response and switching between host species. The negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus, viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV), was originally considered an epidemic virus of cultured rainbow trout in Europe, but was later proved to be endemic among a range of marine fish species in the Northern hemisphere. To better understand the nature of a virus quasispecies related to the evolutionary potential of VHSV, a deep-sequencing protocol specific to VHSV was established and applied to 4 VHSV isolates, 2 originating from rainbow trout and 2 from Atlantic herring. Each isolate was subjected to Illumina paired end shotgun sequencing after PCR amplification and the 11.1 kb genome was successfully sequenced with an average coverage of 0.5-1.9 × 10(6) sequenced copies. Differences in single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) frequency were detected both within and between isolates, possibly related to their stage of adaptation to host species and host immune reactions. The N, M, P and Nv genes appeared nearly fixed, while genetic variation in the G and L genes demonstrated presence of diverse genetic populations particularly in two isolates. The results demonstrate that deep sequencing and analysis methodologies can be useful for future in vivo host adaption studies of VHSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Schönherz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, P.O. Box 50, 8830, Tjele, Denmark.
| | - Niels Lorenzen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, P.O. Box 50, 8830, Tjele, Denmark.
| | - Bernt Guldbrandtsen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, P.O. Box 50, 8830, Tjele, Denmark.
| | - Bart Buitenhuis
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, P.O. Box 50, 8830, Tjele, Denmark.
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20
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Kim SH, Kim M, Choi GE, Lee JH, Kang JH, Evensen Ø, Lee WJ. Stability and efficacy of the 3'-UTR A4G-G5A variant of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) as a live attenuated immersion VHSV vaccine in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Vaccine 2016; 34:1097-102. [PMID: 26772633 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) is the causative agent of viral hemorrhagic septicemia in fish, a disease that affects a number of teleost fish species including olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). In this study, we assessed the safety and efficacy of two recombinant attenuated VHSV strains, termed A4G-G5A and ΔNV, with the purpose to select the most suitable vaccine strain. The virus strains were passaged in two commercially available cell lines, EPC and RTG-2, and the strains were also tested for residual virulence in zebrafish (Danio rerio). The A4G-G5A strain showed an attenuated growth profile in both the EPC and RTG-2 cell lines compared to wild-type (WT) VHSV (JF-09, genotype IVa), whereas the growth profile of ΔNV was comparable to the WT strains in RTG-2 cells in contrast to EPC cells. Moreover, ΔNV had higher residual virulence compared to A4G-G5A and was highly pathogenic to zebrafish. The A4G-G5A strain was chosen as vaccine candidate and tested for efficacy in in vivo fish studies in the target species, olive flounder, using an immersion vaccine scheme. Groups of fish were immunized with 10(2.5), 10(3.5), 10(4.5), and 10(5.5) TCID50/ml of A4G-G5A giving 5-13.3 cumulative percent mortality (CPM) post immunization. Immunization was followed by a challenge experiment using VHSV-WT. The relative percent survival (RPS) in immunized groups ranged from 81.6% to 100%, correlating with vaccination dose. This study demonstrates that while strain A4G-G5A has retained some residual virulence it confers high level of protection in immunized olive flounder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hyun Kim
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 8146 Dep, N-0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - Meesun Kim
- BluGen Korea, 106-14, Songjeongjungang-ro 5 beon-gil, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Go-Eun Choi
- BluGen Korea, 106-14, Songjeongjungang-ro 5 beon-gil, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Lee
- Fish Breeding Center, NIFS, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Ha Kang
- Biotechnology Research Division, NIFS, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Øystein Evensen
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 8146 Dep, N-0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - Woo-Jai Lee
- BluGen Korea, 106-14, Songjeongjungang-ro 5 beon-gil, Busan, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Foreman MGG, Guo M, Garver KA, Stucchi D, Chandler P, Wan D, Morrison J, Tuele D. Modelling Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus Dispersion from Marine Salmon Farms in the Discovery Islands, British Columbia, Canada. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130951. [PMID: 26114643 PMCID: PMC4482787 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Finite volume ocean circulation and particle tracking models are used to simulate water-borne transmission of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) among Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) farms in the Discovery Islands region of British Columbia, Canada. Historical simulations for April and July 2010 are carried out to demonstrate the seasonal impact of river discharge, wind, ultra-violet (UV) radiation, and heat flux conditions on near-surface currents, viral dispersion and survival. Numerical particles released from infected farm fish in accordance with IHNV shedding rates estimated through laboratory experiments are dispersed by model oceanic flows. Viral particles are inactivated by ambient UV radiation levels and by the natural microbial community at rates derived through laboratory studies. Viral concentration maps showing temporal and spatial changes are produced and combined with lab-determined minimum infectious dosages to estimate the infective connectivity among farms. Results demonstrate that neighbouring naïve farms can become exposed to IHNV via water-borne transport from an IHNV diseased farm, with a higher risk in April than July, and that many events in the sequence of farm outbreaks in 2001-2002 are consistent with higher risks in our farm connectivity matrix. Applications to other diseases, transfers between farmed and wild fish, and the effect of vaccinations are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G. G. Foreman
- Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, B.C., V8L 4B2, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Ming Guo
- Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, B.C., V8L 4B2, Canada
| | - Kyle A. Garver
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 3190 Hammond Bay Road, Nanaimo, B.C., V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - Dario Stucchi
- Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, B.C., V8L 4B2, Canada
| | - Peter Chandler
- Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, B.C., V8L 4B2, Canada
| | - Di Wan
- Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, B.C., V8L 4B2, Canada
- School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, B.C., V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - John Morrison
- Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, B.C., V8L 4B2, Canada
| | - Darren Tuele
- Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, B.C., V8L 4B2, Canada
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22
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Lafferty KD, Harvell CD, Conrad JM, Friedman CS, Kent ML, Kuris AM, Powell EN, Rondeau D, Saksida SM. Infectious diseases affect marine fisheries and aquaculture economics. ANNUAL REVIEW OF MARINE SCIENCE 2015; 7:471-96. [PMID: 25251276 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-010814-015646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Seafood is a growing part of the economy, but its economic value is diminished by marine diseases. Infectious diseases are common in the ocean, and here we tabulate 67 examples that can reduce commercial species' growth and survivorship or decrease seafood quality. These impacts seem most problematic in the stressful and crowded conditions of aquaculture, which increasingly dominates seafood production as wild fishery production plateaus. For instance, marine diseases of farmed oysters, shrimp, abalone, and various fishes, particularly Atlantic salmon, cost billions of dollars each year. In comparison, it is often difficult to accurately estimate disease impacts on wild populations, especially those of pelagic and subtidal species. Farmed species often receive infectious diseases from wild species and can, in turn, export infectious agents to wild species. However, the impact of disease export on wild fisheries is controversial because there are few quantitative data demonstrating that wild species near farms suffer more from infectious diseases than those in other areas. The movement of exotic infectious agents to new areas continues to be the greatest concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Lafferty
- Western Ecological Research Center, US Geological Survey, c/o Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106; *
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Havel JE, Kovalenko KE, Thomaz SM, Amalfitano S, Kats LB. Aquatic invasive species: challenges for the future. HYDROBIOLOGIA 2015; 750:147-170. [PMID: 32214452 PMCID: PMC7087615 DOI: 10.1007/s10750-014-2166-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Revised: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Humans have effectively transported thousands of species around the globe and, with accelerated trade; the rate of introductions has increased over time. Aquatic ecosystems seem at particular risk from invasive species because of threats to biodiversity and human needs for water resources. Here, we review some known aspects of aquatic invasive species (AIS) and explore several new questions. We describe impacts of AIS, factors limiting their dispersal, and the role that humans play in transporting AIS. We also review the characteristics of species that should be the greatest threat for future invasions, including those that pave the way for invasions by other species ("invasional meltdown"). Susceptible aquatic communities, such as reservoirs, may serve as stepping stones for invasions of new landscapes. Some microbes disperse long distance, infect new hosts and grow in the external aquatic medium, a process that has consequences for human health. We also discuss the interaction between species invasions and other human impacts (climate change, landscape conversion), as well as the possible connection of invasions with regime shifts in lakes. Since many invaders become permanent features of the environment, we discuss how humans live with invasive species, and conclude with questions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E. Havel
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S. National Avenue, Springfield, MO 65897 USA
| | - Katya E. Kovalenko
- Natural Resources Research Institute, University of Minnesota Duluth, 5013 Miller Trunk Highway, Duluth, MN 55812 USA
| | - Sidinei Magela Thomaz
- State University of Maringá, Nupélia/DBI/PEA, Colombo Avenue 5790, Maringá, PR 87020-900 Brazil
| | - Stefano Amalfitano
- Water Research Institute (IRSA-CNR), Via Salaria Km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo, Rome Italy
| | - Lee B. Kats
- Natural Science Division, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA 90263 USA
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24
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Sandlund N, Gjerset B, Bergh Ø, Modahl I, Olesen NJ, Johansen R. Screening for viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus in marine fish along the Norwegian coastal line. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108529. [PMID: 25248078 PMCID: PMC4172761 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) infects a wide range of marine fish species. To study the occurrence of VHSV in wild marine fish populations in Norwegian coastal waters and fjord systems a total of 1927 fish from 39 different species were sampled through 5 research cruises conducted in 2009 to 2011. In total, VHSV was detected by rRT-PCR in twelve samples originating from Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus), haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus), whiting (Merlangius merlangus) and silvery pout (Gadiculus argenteus). All fish tested positive in gills while four herring and one silvery pout also tested positive in internal organs. Successful virus isolation in cell culture was only obtained from one pooled Atlantic herring sample which shows that today's PCR methodology have a much higher sensitivity than cell culture for detection of VHSV. Sequencing revealed that the positive samples belonged to VHSV genotype Ib and phylogenetic analysis shows that the isolate from Atlantic herring and silvery pout are closely related. All positive fish were sampled in the same area in the northern county of Finnmark. This is the first detection of VHSV in Atlantic herring this far north, and to our knowledge the first detection of VHSV in silvery pout. However, low prevalence of VHSV genotype Ib in Atlantic herring and other wild marine fish are well known in other parts of Europe. Earlier there have been a few reports of disease outbreaks in farmed rainbow trout with VHSV of genotype Ib, and our results show that there is a possibility of transfer of VHSV from wild to farmed fish along the Norwegian coast line. The impact of VHSV on wild fish is not well documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Sandlund
- Research group Disease and Pathogen transmission, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Britt Gjerset
- Section of Virology, National Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - Øivind Bergh
- Research group Oceanography and climate, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ingebjørg Modahl
- Section of Virology, National Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - Niels Jørgen Olesen
- Section of Virology, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Renate Johansen
- Section of Virology, National Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
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25
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Surveillance of viruses in wild fish populations in areas around the Gulf of Cadiz (South Atlantic Iberian Peninsula). Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:6560-71. [PMID: 25128341 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02090-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This report describes a viral epidemiological study of wild fish around the Gulf of Cadiz (southwestern Iberian Peninsula) and is focused on infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV), viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), and viral nervous necrosis virus (VNNV). One fish species (Chelon labrosus) was sampled inside the gulf, at the mouth of the San Pedro River. Another 29 were sampled, in three oceanographic campaigns, at sites around the Bay of Cadiz. The fish were processed individually and subjected to isolation in cell culture and molecular diagnosis. VHSV was not isolated from any species. Thirteen IPNV-type isolates were obtained from barracuda (Sphyraena sphyraena), axillary seabream (Pagellus acarne), common two-banded seabream (Diplodus vulgaris), common pandora (P. erythrinus), Senegal seabream (D. bellottii), and surmullet (Mullus surmuletus). Six VNNV isolates were obtained from axillary seabream, common pandora, black seabream (Spondyliosoma cantharus), red mullet (Mullet barbatus), Lusitanian toadfish (Halobatrachus didactylus), and tub gurnard (Chelidonichtys lucerna). In the river mouth, viruses were detected only after reamplification, obtaining prevalence percentages of IPNV and VNNV (44.4 and 63.0%, respectively) much higher than those observed in the oceanographic campaigns (25.7 and 19.6%, respectively). The opposite results were obtained in the case of VHSV after reamplification: 11.1% in the river mouth and 43.6% in the oceanic locations. Analyzing the results with respect to the proximity of the sampling sites to the coast, an anthropogenic influence on wild fish is suggested and discussed. The type of viruses and the presence of natural reassortants are also discussed.
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Miller KM, Teffer A, Tucker S, Li S, Schulze AD, Trudel M, Juanes F, Tabata A, Kaukinen KH, Ginther NG, Ming TJ, Cooke SJ, Hipfner JM, Patterson DA, Hinch SG. Infectious disease, shifting climates, and opportunistic predators: cumulative factors potentially impacting wild salmon declines. Evol Appl 2014; 7:812-55. [PMID: 25469162 PMCID: PMC4227861 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging diseases are impacting animals under high-density culture, yet few studies assess their importance to wild populations. Microparasites selected for enhanced virulence in culture settings should be less successful maintaining infectivity in wild populations, as once the host dies, there are limited opportunities to infect new individuals. Instead, moderately virulent microparasites persisting for long periods across multiple environments are of greatest concern. Evolved resistance to endemic microparasites may reduce susceptibilities, but as barriers to microparasite distributions are weakened, and environments become more stressful, unexposed populations may be impacted and pathogenicity enhanced. We provide an overview of the evolutionary and ecological impacts of infectious diseases in wild salmon and suggest ways in which modern technologies can elucidate the microparasites of greatest potential import. We present four case studies that resolve microparasite impacts on adult salmon migration success, impact of river warming on microparasite replication, and infection status on susceptibility to predation. Future health of wild salmon must be considered in a holistic context that includes the cumulative or synergistic impacts of multiple stressors. These approaches will identify populations at greatest risk, critically needed to manage and potentially ameliorate the shifts in current or future trajectories of wild populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina M Miller
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans CanadaNanaimo, BC, Canada
- Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Amy Teffer
- Biology Department, University of VictoriaVictoria, BC, Canada
| | - Strahan Tucker
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans CanadaNanaimo, BC, Canada
| | - Shaorong Li
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans CanadaNanaimo, BC, Canada
| | - Angela D Schulze
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans CanadaNanaimo, BC, Canada
| | - Marc Trudel
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans CanadaNanaimo, BC, Canada
- Biology Department, University of VictoriaVictoria, BC, Canada
| | - Francis Juanes
- Biology Department, University of VictoriaVictoria, BC, Canada
| | - Amy Tabata
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans CanadaNanaimo, BC, Canada
| | - Karia H Kaukinen
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans CanadaNanaimo, BC, Canada
| | - Norma G Ginther
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans CanadaNanaimo, BC, Canada
| | - Tobi J Ming
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans CanadaNanaimo, BC, Canada
| | - Steven J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton UniverisyOttawa, ON, Canada
| | - J Mark Hipfner
- Environment Canada, Wildlife Research DivisionDelta, BC, Canada
| | - David A Patterson
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Science BranchBurnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Scott G Hinch
- Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
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Burge CA, Mark Eakin C, Friedman CS, Froelich B, Hershberger PK, Hofmann EE, Petes LE, Prager KC, Weil E, Willis BL, Ford SE, Harvell CD. Climate change influences on marine infectious diseases: implications for management and society. ANNUAL REVIEW OF MARINE SCIENCE 2014; 6:249-77. [PMID: 23808894 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-010213-135029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases are common in marine environments, but the effects of a changing climate on marine pathogens are not well understood. Here we review current knowledge about how the climate drives host-pathogen interactions and infectious disease outbreaks. Climate-related impacts on marine diseases are being documented in corals, shellfish, finfish, and humans; these impacts are less clearly linked for other organisms. Oceans and people are inextricably linked, and marine diseases can both directly and indirectly affect human health, livelihoods, and well-being. We recommend an adaptive management approach to better increase the resilience of ocean systems vulnerable to marine diseases in a changing climate. Land-based management methods of quarantining, culling, and vaccinating are not successful in the ocean; therefore, forecasting conditions that lead to outbreaks and designing tools/approaches to influence these conditions may be the best way to manage marine disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen A Burge
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853; , *
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28
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Olson W, Emmenegger E, Glenn J, Simchick C, Winton J, Goetz F. Expression kinetics of key genes in the early innate immune response to Great Lakes viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus IVb infection in yellow perch (Perca flavescens). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 41:11-19. [PMID: 23529011 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The recently discovered strain of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus, VHSV-IVb, represents an example of the introduction of an extremely pathogenic rhabdovirus capable of infecting a wide variety of new fish species in a new host-environment. The goal of the present study was to delineate the expression kinetics of key genes in the innate immune response relative to the very early stages of VHSV-IVb infection using the yellow perch (Perca flavescens) as a model. Administration of VHSV-IVb by IP-injection into juvenile yellow perch resulted in 84% cumulative mortality, indicating their high susceptibility to this disease. In fish sampled in the very early stages of infection, a significant up-regulation of Mx gene expression in the liver, as well as IL-1β and SAA activation in the head kidney, spleen, and liver was directly correlated to viral load. The potential down-regulation of Mx in the hematopoietic tissues, head kidney and spleen, may represent a strategy utilized by the virus to increase replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Olson
- University of Wisconsin, School of Freshwater Science, 600 East Greenfield Ave., Milwaukee, WI 53204, United States
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29
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Breyta R, Jones A, Stewart B, Brunson R, Thomas J, Kerwin J, Bertolini J, Mumford S, Patterson C, Kurath G. Emergence of MD type infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in Washington State coastal steelhead trout. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2013; 104:179-195. [PMID: 23759556 DOI: 10.3354/dao02596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) occurs in North America as 3 major phylogenetic groups designated U, M, and L. In coastal Washington State, IHNV has historically consisted of U genogroup viruses found predominantly in sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka. M genogroup IHNV, which has host-specific virulence for rainbow and steelhead trout O. mykiss, was detected only once in coastal Washington prior to 2007, in an epidemic among juvenile steelhead trout in 1997. Beginning in 2007 and continuing through 2011, there were 8 IHNV epidemics in juvenile steelhead trout, involving 7 different fish culture facilities in 4 separate watersheds. During the same time period, IHNV was also detected in asymptomatic adult steelhead trout from 6 coastal watersheds. Genetic typing of 283 recent virus isolates from coastal Washington revealed that the great majority were in the M genogroup of IHNV and that there were 2 distinct waves of viral emergence between the years 2007 and 2011. IHNV type mG110M was dominant in coastal steelhead trout during 2007 to 2009, and type mG139M was dominant between 2010 and 2011. Phylogenetic analysis of viral isolates indicated that all coastal M genogroup viruses detected in 1997 and 2007 to 2011 were part of the MD subgroup and that several novel genetic variants related to the dominant types arose in the coastal sites. Comparison of spatial and temporal incidence of coastal MD viruses with that of the rest of the Pacific Northwest indicated that the likely source of the emergent viruses was Columbia River Basin steelhead trout.
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Schönherz AA, Lorenzen N, Einer-Jensen K. Inter-species transmission of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) from turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) to rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss). J Gen Virol 2013; 94:869-875. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.048223-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful viral infection is a complex mechanism, involving many host–pathogen interactions that developed during coevolution of host and pathogen, and often result in host-species specificity. Nevertheless, many viruses are able to infect several host species and sporadically cross species barriers. The viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), a rhabdovirus with high economic impact on the aquaculture industry, has developed an exceptionally wide host range across marine and freshwater environments. Transmission of VHSV between host species therefore represents a potential risk for aquaculture, which currently is not addressed in biosecurity managements. The objective of this study was to investigate the inter-species transmission potential of VHSV and evaluate whether infected marine wild fish pose a potential risk on marine cultured rainbow trout. A cohabitation infection trial with turbot as donor and rainbow trout as recipient host species was conducted. Turbot were intraperitoneally injected with either a marine-adapted (MA) or a trout-adapted (TA) VHSV isolate and subsequently grouped with naïve rainbow trout. Both VHSV isolates were able to replicate and cause mortality in turbot, while only the TA isolate was able to cross the species barrier and infect rainbow trout with fatal outcome. The results demonstrate that a marine fish species can function as reservoir and transmitter of TA VHSV isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A. Schönherz
- Aarhus University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, DK-8300 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Niels Lorenzen
- Technical University Denmark, National Veterinary Institute, DK-8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Katja Einer-Jensen
- Technical University Denmark, National Veterinary Institute, DK-8200 Aarhus, Denmark
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Lorenzen K, Beveridge MC, Mangel M. Cultured fish: integrative biology and management of domestication and interactions with wild fish. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2012; 87:639-60. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.2011.00215.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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