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Bueno MTD, Reyes D, Llano M. LEDGF/p75 Deficiency Increases Deletions at the HIV-1 cDNA Ends. Viruses 2017; 9:v9090259. [PMID: 28914817 PMCID: PMC5618025 DOI: 10.3390/v9090259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Processing of unintegrated linear HIV-1 cDNA by the host DNA repair system results in its degradation and/or circularization. As a consequence, deficient viral cDNA integration generally leads to an increase in the levels of HIV-1 cDNA circles containing one or two long terminal repeats (LTRs). Intriguingly, impaired HIV-1 integration in LEDGF/p75-deficient cells does not result in a correspondent increase in viral cDNA circles. We postulate that increased degradation of unintegrated linear viral cDNA in cells lacking the lens epithelium-derived growth factor (LEDGF/p75) account for this inconsistency. To evaluate this hypothesis, we characterized the nucleotide sequence spanning 2-LTR junctions isolated from LEDGF/p75-deficient and control cells. LEDGF/p75 deficiency resulted in a significant increase in the frequency of 2-LTRs harboring large deletions. Of note, these deletions were dependent on the 3′ processing activity of integrase and were not originated by aberrant reverse transcription. Our findings suggest a novel role of LEDGF/p75 in protecting the unintegrated 3′ processed linear HIV-1 cDNA from exonucleolytic degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murilo T D Bueno
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso. El Paso, TX 79968, USA.
| | - Daniel Reyes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso. El Paso, TX 79968, USA.
| | - Manuel Llano
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso. El Paso, TX 79968, USA.
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2
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Xue J, Fu C, Cong Z, Peng L, Peng Z, Chen T, Wang W, Jiang H, Wei Q, Qin C. Galectin-3 promotes caspase-independent cell death of HIV-1-infected macrophages. FEBS J 2016; 284:97-113. [PMID: 27981746 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1-infected macrophages are a key contributor to the formation of a viral reservoir and new treatment strategies focus on eliminating this pool of virus. Galectin-3 is a potent apoptosis-inducing protein that regulates diverse cellular activities. In the present study, we investigated whether galectin-3 could induce cell death in HIV-1-infected macrophages using HIV-1-infected THP1 monocytes (THP1-MNs) and THP1-derived macrophages (THP1-MΦs) as in vitro cellular models. We found that THP1-MΦs were more resistant than the THP1-MNs to HIV-1 infection-induced death, and that HIV-1 infection of the THP1-MΦs increased expression of the anti-apoptotic proteins Mcl-1, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. Additionally, galectin-3 but not FasL, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand or TNF-α, could induce cell death in HIV-1-infected THP1-MΦs. A similar result was shown for primary human monocyte-derived macrophages. Galectin-3-induced cell death was also significantly increased in macrophages obtained from SIVmac251-infected macaques compared to that of macrophages from healthy macaques. Furthermore, galectin-3-induced cell death in HIV-1-infected THP1-MΦs was caspase independent. Interestingly, endonuclease G (Endo G) was increased in the nucleus and decreased in the cytoplasm of galectin-3-treated cells; thus, galectin-3-induced cell death in HIV-1-infected THP1-MΦs is most likely related to the translocation of Endo G from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. These findings suggest that galectin-3 may potentially aid in the eradication of HIV-1/SIV-infected macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xue
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, China
| | - Chunyan Fu
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, China
| | - Zhe Cong
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, China
| | - Lingjuan Peng
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, China
| | - Zhuoying Peng
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, China
| | - Chuan Qin
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, China
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3
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Dawei Z, Hongqiu H, Mengmeng L, Zhixia M, Shunxing G. A Novel Assay for Screening Inhibitors Targeting HIV Integrase LEDGF/p75 Interaction Based on Ni(2+) Coated Magnetic Agarose Beads. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33477. [PMID: 27633629 PMCID: PMC5025856 DOI: 10.1038/srep33477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 integrase (IN) plays an essential role in viral replication and thus serves as an important target for chemotherapeutic intervention against HIV-1 infection. However, the current three clinical IN inhibitors, raltegravir, elvitegravir and dolutegravir share the same inhibitory mechanism, resulting in a common clinical resistance profile which have emerged in infected patients receiving treatment. Therefore, it is important to develop small molecule inhibitors that impair IN function with distinct mechanisms of action. In this work, a magnetic-beads based biochemical assay targeting the protein-protein interaction (PPI) between HIV IN and the cellular cofactor LEDGF/p75 was developed for identification of HIV-1 IN inhibitors. Furthermore, a library containing 1000 US. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs currently used for human medication was screened to identify inhibitors targeting the PPI. The assay was proved to be quite robust and with the novel assay we successfully identified dexlansoprazole (IC50 of 4.8 μM), a FDA-approved proton pump inhibitor, as a potential inhibitor for the PPI between IN and LEDGF/p75, which bound to the LEDGF/p75 partner with a kinetic dissociation (Kd) constant of 330 nM ± 2.6 nM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Dawei
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.,Institute of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, 213001, China
| | - He Hongqiu
- Chongqing Center for Biomedicines and Medical Equipment, Chongqing Academy of Science and Technology, Chongqing, 401123, China
| | - Liu Mengmeng
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.,Institute of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, 213001, China
| | - Meng Zhixia
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Guo Shunxing
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
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You J, Wang H, Huang X, Qin Z, Deng Z, Luo J, Wang B, Li M. Therapy-Emergent Drug Resistance to Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors in HIV-1 Patients: A Subgroup Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160087. [PMID: 27532886 PMCID: PMC4988762 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) are a novel class of anti-HIV agents that show high activity in inhibiting HIV-1 replication. Currently, licensed INSTIs include raltegravir (RAL), elvitegravir (EVG) and dolutegravir (DTG); these drugs have played a critical role in AIDS therapy, serving as additional weapons in the arsenal for treating patients infected with HIV-1. To date, long-term data regarding clinical experience with INSTI use and the emergence of resistance remain scarce. However, the literature is likely now sufficiently comprehensive to warrant a meta-analysis of resistance to INSTIs. METHODS Our team implemented a manuscript retrieval protocol using Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) via the Web of Science, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases. We screened the literature based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and then performed a quality analysis and evaluation using RevMan software, Stata software, and the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE). We also performed a subgroup analysis. Finally, we calculated resistance rates and risk ratios (RRs) for the three types of drugs. RESULTS We identified 26 references via the database search. A meta-analysis of the RAL data revealed that the resistance rate was 3.9% (95% CI = 2.9%-4.9%) for the selected randomized controlled trials (RCTs). However, the RAL resistance rate reached 40.9% (95% CI = 8.8%-72.9%) for the selected observational studies (OBSs). The rates of resistance to RAL that were associated with HIV subtypes A, B, and C as well as with more complex subtypes were 0.1% (95% CI = -0.7%-0.9%), 2.5% (95% CI = 0.5%-4.5%), 4.6% (95% CI = 2.7%-6.6%) and 2.2% (95% CI = 0.7%-3.7%), respectively. The rates of resistance to EVG and DTG were 1.2% (95% CI = 0.2%-2.2%) and 0.1% (95% CI = -0.2%-0.5%), respectively. Furthermore, we found that the RRs for antiviral resistance were 0.414 (95% CI = 0.210-0.816) between DTG and RAL and 0.499 (95% CI = 0.255-0.977) between EVG and RAL. When RAL was separately co-administered with nuclear nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) or protease inhibitors (PIs), the rates of resistance to RAL were 0.2% (95% CI = -0.1%-0.5%) and 0.2% (95% CI = -0.2%-0.6%), respectively. The ten major integrase mutations (including N155H, Y143C/R, Q148H/R, Y143Y/H, L74L/M, E92Q, E138E/A, Y143C, Q148Q and Y143S) can reduce the sensitivity of RAL and EVG. The resistance of DTG is mainly shown in 13 integrase mutations (including T97T/A, E138E/D, V151V/I, N155H, Q148, Y143C/H/R, T66A and E92Q). CONCLUSIONS Our results reveal that the DTG resistance rate was lower than the RAL resistance rate in a head-to-head comparison. Moreover, we confirmed that the EVG resistance rate was lower than the RAL resistance rate. In addition, our results revealed that the resistance rate of RAL was lower than that of efavirenz. The rates of resistance to RAL, EVG and DTG were specifically 3.9%, 1.2% and 0.1%, respectively. Compared with other types of antiviral drugs, the rates of resistance to INSTIs are generally lower. Unfortunately, the EVG and DTG resistance rates could not be compared because of a lack of data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangzhou You
- Department of Microbiology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hongren Wang
- Department of Microbiology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaojun Huang
- Department of Microbiology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhen Qin
- Department of Microbiology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhaomin Deng
- Department of Microbiology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jun Luo
- Department of Microbiology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Baoning Wang
- Department of Microbiology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mingyuan Li
- Department of Microbiology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- * E-mail:
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5
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Can we design drugs for HIV/AIDS that are less susceptible to resistance? Future Med Chem 2015; 7:2301-4. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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6
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Abstract
A powerful early approach to evaluating the druggability of proteins involved determining the hit rate in NMR-based screening of a library of small compounds. Here, we show that a computational analog of this method, based on mapping proteins using small molecules as probes, can reliably reproduce druggability results from NMR-based screening and can provide a more meaningful assessment in cases where the two approaches disagree. We apply the method to a large set of proteins. The results show that, because the method is based on the biophysics of binding rather than on empirical parametrization, meaningful information can be gained about classes of proteins and classes of compounds beyond those resembling validated targets and conventionally druglike ligands. In particular, the method identifies targets that, while not druggable by druglike compounds, may become druggable using compound classes such as macrocycles or other large molecules beyond the rule-of-five limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dima Kozakov
- Department of Applied Mathematics & Statistics, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - David R Hall
- Acpharis Inc. , Holliston, Massachusetts 01746, United States
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7
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Araújo AR, Ribeiro AJM, Fernandes PA, Ramos MJ. Catalytic Mechanism of Retroviral Integrase for the Strand Transfer Reaction Explored by QM/MM Calculations. J Chem Theory Comput 2014; 10:5458-66. [DOI: 10.1021/ct500570g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana R. Araújo
- REQUIMTE,
Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - António J. M. Ribeiro
- REQUIMTE,
Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro A. Fernandes
- REQUIMTE,
Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria J. Ramos
- REQUIMTE,
Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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8
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Hairpin DNA probe-based fluorescence assay for detecting palindrome cleavage activity of HIV-1 integrase. Anal Biochem 2014; 460:36-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2014.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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9
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Bai YX, Li LJ, Wang XL, Zeng CC, Hu LM. Design and synthesis of N-hydroxytriazole-4-carboxamides as HIV integrase inhibitors. Med Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-014-1136-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Kumar A, Abbas W, Herbein G. HIV-1 latency in monocytes/macrophages. Viruses 2014; 6:1837-60. [PMID: 24759213 PMCID: PMC4014723 DOI: 10.3390/v6041837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) targets CD4+ T cells and cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage. HIV pathogenesis is characterized by the depletion of T lymphocytes and by the presence of a population of cells in which latency has been established called the HIV-1 reservoir. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has significantly improved the life of HIV-1 infected patients. However, complete eradication of HIV-1 from infected individuals is not possible without targeting latent sources of infection. HIV-1 establishes latent infection in resting CD4+ T cells and findings indicate that latency can also be established in the cells of monocyte/macrophage lineage. Monocyte/macrophage lineage includes among others, monocytes, macrophages and brain resident macrophages. These cells are relatively more resistant to apoptosis induced by HIV-1, thus are important stable hideouts of the virus. Much effort has been made in the direction of eliminating HIV-1 resting CD4+ T-cell reservoirs. However, it is impossible to achieve a cure for HIV-1 without considering these neglected latent reservoirs, the cells of monocyte/macrophage lineage. In this review we will describe our current understanding of the mechanism of latency in monocyte/macrophage lineage and how such cells can be specifically eliminated from the infected host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- UPRES EA4266, SFR FED 4234, Pathogens and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Virology, CHRU Besançon, University of Franche-Comte, F-25030 Besançon, France.
| | - Wasim Abbas
- UPRES EA4266, SFR FED 4234, Pathogens and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Virology, CHRU Besançon, University of Franche-Comte, F-25030 Besançon, France.
| | - Georges Herbein
- UPRES EA4266, SFR FED 4234, Pathogens and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Virology, CHRU Besançon, University of Franche-Comte, F-25030 Besançon, France.
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11
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Vadlapatla RK, Patel M, Paturi DK, Pal D, Mitra AK. Clinically relevant drug-drug interactions between antiretrovirals and antifungals. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2014; 10:561-80. [PMID: 24521092 PMCID: PMC4516223 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2014.883379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Complete delineation of the HIV-1 life cycle has resulted in the development of several antiretroviral drugs. Twenty-five therapeutic agents belonging to five different classes are currently available for the treatment of HIV-1 infections. Advent of triple combination antiretroviral therapy has significantly lowered the mortality rate in HIV patients. However, fungal infections still represent major opportunistic diseases in immunocompromised patients worldwide. AREAS COVERED Antiretroviral drugs that target enzymes and/or proteins indispensable for viral replication are discussed in this article. Fungal infections, causative organisms, epidemiology and preferred treatment modalities are also outlined. Finally, observed/predicted drug-drug interactions between antiretrovirals and antifungals are summarized along with clinical recommendations. EXPERT OPINION Concomitant use of amphotericin B and tenofovir must be closely monitored for renal functioning. Due to relatively weak interactive potential with the CYP450 system, fluconazole is the preferred antifungal drug. High itraconazole doses (> 200 mg/day) are not advised in patients receiving booster protease inhibitor (PI) regimen. Posaconazole is contraindicated in combination with either efavirenz or fosamprenavir. Moreover, voriconazole is contraindicated with high-dose ritonavir-boosted PI. Echinocandins may aid in overcoming the limitations of existing antifungal therapy. An increasing number of documented or predicted drug-drug interactions and therapeutic drug monitoring may aid in the management of HIV-associated opportunistic fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Krishna Vadlapatla
- University of Missouri-Kansas City, School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Mitesh Patel
- University of Missouri-Kansas City, School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Durga K Paturi
- University of Missouri-Kansas City, School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Dhananjay Pal
- University of Missouri-Kansas City, School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Ashim K Mitra
- Professor of Pharmacy, Chairman-Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vice-Provost for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Missouri Curators’, 2464 Charlotte Street HSB 5258, Kansas City, MO 64108-2718, USA, Tel: +1 816 235 1615; Fax: +1 816 235 5779;
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12
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del Mar Gutierrez M, Mateo MG, Vidal F, Domingo P. Drug safety profile of integrase strand transfer inhibitors. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2014; 13:431-45. [DOI: 10.1517/14740338.2014.897327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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13
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Ling B, Rogers L, Johnson AM, Piatak M, Lifson J, Veazey RS. Effect of combination antiretroviral therapy on Chinese rhesus macaques of simian immunodeficiency virus infection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2013; 29:1465-74. [PMID: 23387294 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2012.0378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Definitive treatment of HIV infection remains a critical but elusive goal, with persistence of residual virus even in the face of prolonged administration of suppressive combination antiretroviral treatment (cART) providing a source for recrudescent infection if treatment is stopped. Characterization of the residual virus and devising strategies to target it for eradication are key goals in HIV treatment research. Indian rhesus macaques (In-RM) infected with SIVmac have been widely used in such research. However, it has proven challenging to achieve and sustain clinically relevant levels of suppression (<30 vRNA copies/ml plasma) with cART in such models. As ease of viral suppression by cART is related to pretreatment levels of viral replication, and levels of replication of SIVmac239/251 are lower in Chinese rhesus macaques (Ch-RM) than in In-RM, we evaluated cART administration to SIVmac-infected Ch-RM as a potential model for studies of residual virus and eradication strategies. Four SIVmac239-infected Ch-RM received cART including reverse transcriptase inhibitors PMPA/FTC and integrase inhibitor L-870812 daily for 8 weeks. Plasma viral loads were promptly reduced to <30 copies/ml upon initiation of cART. Cell-associated SIV DNA levels in lymphocytes from the gut were also significantly reduced. Jejunal and colonic CCR5(+)CD4(+) mucosal memory T cells increased significantly; restoration of these cells was associated with reductions in immune activation. In conclusion, cART effectively suppressed viral replication to <30 vRNA copies/ml in SIVmac239-infected Ch-RM, reducing immune activation and restoring mucosal immune cell populations. SIVmac239-infected Ch-RM may be a useful model for studying responses to cART and persistent tissue reservoirs and evaluating candidate eradication strategies to cure HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binhua Ling
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Linda Rogers
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | | | - Michael Piatak
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Jeffrey Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Ronald S. Veazey
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
- Department of Pathology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
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14
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Patel AC. Clinical relevance of target identity and biology: implications for drug discovery and development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 18:1164-85. [PMID: 24080260 DOI: 10.1177/1087057113505906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Many of the most commonly used drugs precede techniques for target identification and drug specificity and were developed on the basis of efficacy and safety, an approach referred to as classical pharmacology and, more recently, phenotypic drug discovery. Although substantial gains have been made during the period of focus on target-based approaches, particularly in oncology, these approaches have suffered a high overall failure rate and lower productivity in terms of new drugs when compared with phenotypic approaches. This review considers the importance of target identity and biology in clinical practice from the prescriber's viewpoint. In evaluating influences on prescribing behavior, studies suggest that target identity and mechanism of action are not significant factors in drug choice. Rather, patients and providers consistently value efficacy, safety, and tolerability. Similarly, the Food and Drug Administration requires evidence of safety and efficacy for new drugs but does not require knowledge of drug target identity or target biology. Prescribers do favor drugs with novel mechanisms, but this preference is limited to diseases for which treatments are either not available or suboptimal. Thus, while understanding of drug target and target biology is important from a scientific perspective, it is not particularly important to prescribers, who prioritize efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand C Patel
- 1Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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15
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Cavalluzzo C, Christ F, Voet A, Sharma A, Singh BK, Zhang KY, Lescrinier E, De Maeyer M, Debyser Z, Van der Eycken E. Identification of small peptides inhibiting the integrase-LEDGF/p75 interaction through targeting the cellular co-factor. J Pept Sci 2013; 19:651-8. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cavalluzzo
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), Department of Chemistry; Katholieke Universiteit Leuven; Celestijnenlaan 200F B-3001 Leuven Belgium
- DestiNA Genomics Ltd; West Mains Road Edinburgh EH9 3JJ UK
| | - Frauke Christ
- Molecular Medicine; Katholieke Universiteit Leuven; Kapucijnenvoer 33 B-3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Arnout Voet
- Laboratory for Biomolecular modeling; Katholieke Universiteit Leuven; Celestijnenlaan 200G B-3001 Leuven Belgium
- Zhang Initiative Research Unit; Advanced Science Institute; RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa Wako 351-0198 Japan
| | - Ajendra Sharma
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), Department of Chemistry; Katholieke Universiteit Leuven; Celestijnenlaan 200F B-3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Brajendra Kumar Singh
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), Department of Chemistry; Katholieke Universiteit Leuven; Celestijnenlaan 200F B-3001 Leuven Belgium
- Bioorganic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry; University of Delhi; Delhi 110 007 India
| | - Kam Y.J. Zhang
- Zhang Initiative Research Unit; Advanced Science Institute; RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa Wako 351-0198 Japan
| | - Eveline Lescrinier
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry; University of Leuven (KU Leuven); Minderbroedersstraat 10 B-3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Marc De Maeyer
- Laboratory for Biomolecular modeling; Katholieke Universiteit Leuven; Celestijnenlaan 200G B-3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Zeger Debyser
- Molecular Medicine; Katholieke Universiteit Leuven; Kapucijnenvoer 33 B-3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Erik Van der Eycken
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), Department of Chemistry; Katholieke Universiteit Leuven; Celestijnenlaan 200F B-3001 Leuven Belgium
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16
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Dimonte S, Babakir-Mina M, Aquaro S, Perno CF. Natural polymorphisms of HIV-1 subtype-C integrase coding region in a large group of ARV-naïve infected individuals. Infection 2013; 41:1097-102. [PMID: 23620062 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-013-0464-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Integrase (IN) is an enzyme produced by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 that enables its genetic material to be integrated into the DNA of the infected cell. Still now, few data are available with detailed analysis of the natural IN polymorphisms of HIV-1 subtype-C in datasets retrieved from antiretroviral-naïve patients; this study focuses on these polymorphisms. METHODS The analysis included 335 HIV-1 subtype-C IN sequences (one per patient). Multi-alignment of IN sequences was performed, and for the definition of a polymorphism, only amino acid changes with prevalence ≥3 % among treatment-naïve patients were considered. RESULTS Seventy IN amino acid positions were fully conserved. Differently, forty-six IN amino acid polymorphic positions were observed, 12 within the N-terminal domain and 13 within the C-terminal domain. In the DDE-catalytic motif, only one mutation per site (D64G/D116G/E152K) was found, while a low variability (<1 %) was observed for IN positions interacting with LEDGF/p75. A major drug resistance mutation for raltegravir (RAL) and elvitegravir (EVG), Q148H, was retrieved from one patient and another RAL primary resistance mutation, Y143H, was also retrieved from another patient. CONCLUSIONS The results from the IN sequences analyzed underlined that some unexpected baseline substitutions affecting the susceptibility to RAL/EVG could be detected in drug-naïve individuals, and, therefore, it should be genotyped before the consideration of HIV-1 IN inhibitors (INIs). The impact of these mutations on the baseline drug susceptibility of HIV-1 subtype-C to INIs may need to be addressed prior to the introduction of these drugs in some Asiatic and African countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dimonte
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133, Rome, Italy,
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17
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Han YS, Xiao WL, Quashie PK, Mesplède T, Xu H, Deprez E, Delelis O, Pu JX, Sun HD, Wainberg MA. Development of a fluorescence-based HIV-1 integrase DNA binding assay for identification of novel HIV-1 integrase inhibitors. Antiviral Res 2013; 98:441-8. [PMID: 23583286 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus integrase (HIV-1 IN) inhibitors that are currently approved or are in advanced clinical trials specifically target the strand transfer step of integration. However, considerable cross-resistance exists among some members of this class of IN inhibitors. Intriguingly, though, HIV-1 IN possesses multiple sites, distinct from those involved in the strand transfer step, that could be targeted to develop new HIV-1 IN inhibitors. We have developed a fluorescent HIV-1 IN DNA binding assay that can identify small molecules termed IN binding inhibitors (INBIs) that inhibit IN binding to viral DNA. This assay has been optimized with respect to concentrations of each protein, long terminal repeat (LTR) DNA substrate, salt, and time, and has been used successfully to measure the HIV-1 IN DNA binding activity of a well-characterized INBI termed FZ41. In addition, we have used the assay to screen a small library of natural products, resulting in the identification of nigranoic acid as a new INBI. The proposed fluorescence assay is easy and inexpensive, and provides a high-throughput detection method for determination of HIV-1 IN DNA binding activity, monitoring of enzyme kinetics, and high-throughput screening for the identification of new INBIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Shan Han
- McGill University AIDS Centre, Lady Davis for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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18
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Raffi F, Wainberg MA. Multiple choices for HIV therapy with integrase strand transfer inhibitors. Retrovirology 2012; 9:110. [PMID: 23253887 PMCID: PMC3549750 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-9-110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Two integrases inhibitors, raltegravir and elvitegravir, have now been approved by regulatory agencies for use in the treatment of HIV-infected patients; and the approval of a third such drug, dolutegravir, is expected during 2013 on the basis of several phase 3 clinical trials. The advent of this new class of antiretroviral (ARV) medications represents a major advance in the management of HIV infection, and each of these three drugs can be expected to continue to be an important component of ARV combination regimens.
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