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Dai R, Yang S, Pang T, Tian M, Wang H, Zhang D, Wu Y, Kondo H, Andika IB, Kang Z, Sun L. Identification of a negative-strand RNA virus with natural plant and fungal hosts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2319582121. [PMID: 38483998 PMCID: PMC10962957 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2319582121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The presence of viruses that spread to both plant and fungal populations in nature has posed intriguingly scientific question. We found a negative-strand RNA virus related to members of the family Phenuiviridae, named Valsa mali negative-strand RNA virus 1 (VmNSRV1), which induced strong hypovirulence and was prevalent in a population of the phytopathogenic fungus of apple Valsa canker (Valsa mali) infecting apple orchards in the Shaanxi Province of China. Intriguingly, VmNSRV1 encodes a protein with a viral cell-to-cell movement function in plant tissue. Mechanical leaf inoculation showed that VmNSRV1 could systemically infect plants. Moreover, VmNSRV1 was detected in 24 out of 139 apple trees tested in orchards in Shaanxi Province. Fungal inoculation experiments showed that VmNSRV1 could be bidirectionally transmitted between apple plants and V. mali, and VmNSRV1 infection in plants reduced the development of fungal lesions on leaves. Additionally, the nucleocapsid protein encoded by VmNSRV1 is associated with and rearranged lipid droplets in both fungal and plant cells. VmNSRV1 represents a virus that has adapted and spread to both plant and fungal hosts and shuttles between these two organisms in nature (phyto-mycovirus) and is potential to be utilized for the biocontrol method against plant fungal diseases. This finding presents further insights into the virus evolution and adaptation encompassing both plant and fungal hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyin Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling712100, China
| | - Shian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling712100, China
| | - Tianxing Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling712100, China
| | - Mengyuan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling712100, China
| | - Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling712100, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Yangling Sub-Center of National Center for Apple Improvement and College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling712100, China
| | - Yunfeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling712100, China
| | - Hideki Kondo
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki710-0046, Japan
| | - Ida Bagus Andika
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao266109, China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling712100, China
| | - Liying Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling712100, China
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki710-0046, Japan
- Institute of Future Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling712100, China
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Rondeau NC, Spector SN, Thannickal SA, Stapleford KA. La Crosse virus reassortants highlight genomic determinants of infection and pathogenesis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.11.584386. [PMID: 38559198 PMCID: PMC10979930 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.11.584386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The genomic determinants that contribute to orthobunyavirus infection and pathogenesis are not well-defined. In this study, we harnessed the process of reassortment to understand which viral factors drive change in the replication and pathogenesis of La Crosse virus (LACV). We systematically reassorted the genomic segments of two genetically similar Lineage I LACV isolates into six unique reassortants. Despite the parental isolates having high levels of RNA and protein consensus, the reassortants demonstrate how minimal changes in RNA and protein structure can have significant changes in viral growth and reproduction in vitro in mammalian and insect models. We observed that swapping the S segment between isolates led to differences in replication and assembly resulting in one non-rescuable reassortant and one viable reassortant that exhibited an increase in viral growth dynamics. Switching the M segment led to changes in viral plaque phenotype and growth kinetics. L segment reassortants similarly differed in changes in viral growth dynamics. We further explored the M segment reassortants in a neonate mouse model and observed a role for the M segment in neuroinflammation and virulence. Through reassortment of the La Crosse virus genomic segments, we are able to further understand how genomic determinants of infection and pathogenesis operate in orthobunyaviruses. Future investigations will focus on identifying the specific molecular elements that govern the observed phenotypes in vitro and in vivo . Importance La Crosse virus is the leading cause of pediatric arboviral encephalitis in the United States, yet it is largely unknown how each of the three genomic segments contribute to pathogenesis and disease. Our study utilizes genomic reassortment between two similar Lineage I LACV isolates to understand genomic determinants for differences in infection and pathogenesis phenotypes in vitro and in vivo. By identifying roles for each segment in observed outcomes, we are able to plan further studies for molecular characterization of these phenotypes. Additionally, it is imperative to continue to characterize orthobunyavirus function since climate change will expand the range and prevalence of arthropod-borne diseases such as LACV in the United States.
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Johnson ML, Zwart MP. Robust Approaches to the Quantitative Analysis of Genome Formula Variation in Multipartite and Segmented Viruses. Viruses 2024; 16:270. [PMID: 38400045 PMCID: PMC10892338 DOI: 10.3390/v16020270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
When viruses have segmented genomes, the set of frequencies describing the abundance of segments is called the genome formula. The genome formula is often unbalanced and highly variable for both segmented and multipartite viruses. A growing number of studies are quantifying the genome formula to measure its effects on infection and to consider its ecological and evolutionary implications. Different approaches have been reported for analyzing genome formula data, including qualitative description, applying standard statistical tests such as ANOVA, and customized analyses. However, these approaches have different shortcomings, and test assumptions are often unmet, potentially leading to erroneous conclusions. Here, we address these challenges, leading to a threefold contribution. First, we propose a simple metric for analyzing genome formula variation: the genome formula distance. We describe the properties of this metric and provide a framework for understanding metric values. Second, we explain how this metric can be applied for different purposes, including testing for genome-formula differences and comparing observations to a reference genome formula value. Third, we re-analyze published data to illustrate the applications and weigh the evidence for previous conclusions. Our re-analysis of published datasets confirms many previous results but also provides evidence that the genome formula can be carried over from the inoculum to the virus population in a host. The simple procedures we propose contribute to the robust and accessible analysis of genome-formula data.
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Liu S, Chen W, Nyaruaba R, Wang S, Yang C, Wu Q, Liu Y, Liu P, Wang F, Wang J, Yuan Z, Sun D, Xia H. Development and evaluation of RT-qPCR assays for two neglected orthobunyaviruses: Oya virus and Ebinur Lake virus. Virus Res 2024; 339:199265. [PMID: 37940076 PMCID: PMC10685072 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Oya virus (OYAV) and Ebinur lake virus (EBIV) belong to the genus Orthobunyavirus within the Peribunyaviridae family, and both are recognized as the novel virus with potential threat to the animal or public health. Given their potential to cause outbreaks and their detection in diverse samples across different regions, the need for a reliable and efficient molecular detection method for OYAV and EBIV becomes imperative. METHODS The S-segment of OYAV and EBIV was used for designing specific primer and probe sets, which were employed in a real-time reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) assay. The analytical performance of these assays, encompassing specificity, sensitivity, reproducibility, and fitness for purpose, was thoroughly evaluated across various sample matrices. RESULTS The developed RT-qPCR assays were very specific to their respective targets. Both assays were highly reproducible (%CV<3) and sensitive with the 95% limit of detection (LOD) of 0.80 PFU/mL for OYAV primer probe set and 0.37 PFU/mL for EBIV primer probe set. Furthermore, the assays fitness for purpose was good as it could detect the specific viruses in virus-spiked serum samples, virus-inoculated mosquito samples, field caught mosquitoes and biting midge samples. CONCLUSIONS Our study has successfully developed specific, sensitive, and reliable RT-qPCR assays for the detection of OYAV and EBIV. These assays hold great promise for their potential application in clinical and field samples in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Raphael Nyaruaba
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shunlong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cihan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Hainan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Haikou, China
| | - Puyu Liu
- Hainan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Haikou, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jingling Wang
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Disease Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Zhiming Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dingwei Sun
- Hainan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Haikou, China.
| | - Han Xia
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Hubei Jiangxia Laboratory, Wuhan, China.
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Yvon M, German TL, Ullman DE, Dasgupta R, Parker MH, Ben-Mahmoud S, Verdin E, Gognalons P, Ancelin A, Laï Kee Him J, Girard J, Vernerey MS, Fernandez E, Filloux D, Roumagnac P, Bron P, Michalakis Y, Blanc S. The genome of a bunyavirus cannot be defined at the level of the viral particle but only at the scale of the viral population. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2309412120. [PMID: 37983500 PMCID: PMC10691328 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2309412120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Bunyaviruses are enveloped negative or ambisense single-stranded RNA viruses with a genome divided into several segments. The canonical view depicts each viral particle packaging one copy of each genomic segment in one polarity named the viral strand. Several opposing observations revealed nonequal ratios of the segments, uneven number of segments per virion, and even packaging of viral complementary strands. Unfortunately, these observations result from studies often addressing other questions, on distinct viral species, and not using accurate quantitative methods. Hence, what RNA segments and strands are packaged as the genome of any bunyavirus remains largely ambiguous. We addressed this issue by first investigating the virion size distribution and RNA content in populations of the tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) using microscopy and tomography. These revealed heterogeneity in viral particle volume and amount of RNA content, with a surprising lack of correlation between the two. Then, the ratios of all genomic segments and strands were established using RNA sequencing and qRT-PCR. Within virions, both plus and minus strands (but no mRNA) are packaged for each of the three L, M, and S segments, in reproducible nonequimolar proportions determined by those in total cell extracts. These results show that virions differ in their genomic content but together build up a highly reproducible genetic composition of the viral population. This resembles the genome formula described for multipartite viruses, with which some species of the order Bunyavirales may share some aspects of the way of life, particularly emerging properties at a supravirion scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Yvon
- PHIM, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Institut Agro, Montpellier34398, France
| | - Thomas L. German
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, Wisconsin53706, Madison
| | - Diane E. Ullman
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, California95616, Davis
| | - Ranjit Dasgupta
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, Wisconsin53706, Madison
| | - Maxwell H. Parker
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, Wisconsin53706, Madison
| | - Sulley Ben-Mahmoud
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, California95616, Davis
| | - Eric Verdin
- Pathologie végétale, INRAE, Avignon84143, France
| | | | - Aurélie Ancelin
- CBS, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier34090, France
| | | | - Justine Girard
- CBS, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier34090, France
| | | | - Emmanuel Fernandez
- PHIM, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Institut Agro, Montpellier34398, France
| | - Denis Filloux
- PHIM, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Institut Agro, Montpellier34398, France
| | - Philippe Roumagnac
- PHIM, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Institut Agro, Montpellier34398, France
| | - Patrick Bron
- CBS, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier34090, France
| | | | - Stéphane Blanc
- PHIM, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Institut Agro, Montpellier34398, France
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Klocek D, Grybchuk D, Macedo DH, Galan A, Votýpka J, Schmid-Hempel R, Schmid-Hempel P, Yurchenko V, Kostygov AY. RNA viruses of Crithidia bombi, a parasite of bumblebees. J Invertebr Pathol 2023; 201:107991. [PMID: 37714407 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2023.107991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Leishbuviridae (Bunyavirales) are a diverse monophyletic group of negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus infecting parasitic flagellates of the family Trypanosomatidae. The presence of RNA viruses in trypanosomatids can influence the virulence of the latter. Here, we performed a screening for viruses in Crithidia bombi - a common parasite of important pollinators Bombus spp. (bumblebees) that negatively affects its host in stressful conditions. The majority (8/10) of C. bombi isolates collected in Europe and North America were positive for a virus that we named Crithidia bombi leishbuvirus 1 with high conservation of amino acid sequences between isolates. The results of our comparative phylogenetic analyses of the trypanosomatids and their viruses suggest that the high mobility of bumblebees and frequent coinfections by different strains of C. bombi determine an extensive viral exchange between the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donnamae Klocek
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 710 00 Ostrava, Czechia
| | - Danyil Grybchuk
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 710 00 Ostrava, Czechia; Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czechia
| | - Diego H Macedo
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 710 00 Ostrava, Czechia
| | - Arnau Galan
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 710 00 Ostrava, Czechia
| | - Jan Votýpka
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czechia; Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czechia
| | | | - Paul Schmid-Hempel
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, 16 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Vyacheslav Yurchenko
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 710 00 Ostrava, Czechia.
| | - Alexei Yu Kostygov
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 710 00 Ostrava, Czechia.
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LaPointe A, Gale M, Kell AM. Orthohantavirus Replication in the Context of Innate Immunity. Viruses 2023; 15:1130. [PMID: 37243216 PMCID: PMC10220641 DOI: 10.3390/v15051130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Orthohantaviruses are rodent-borne, negative-sense RNA viruses that are capable of causing severe vascular disease in humans. Over the course of viral evolution, these viruses have tailored their replication cycles in such a way as to avoid and/or antagonize host innate immune responses. In the rodent reservoir, this results in life long asymptomatic infections. However, in hosts other than its co-evolved reservoir, the mechanisms for subduing the innate immune response may be less efficient or absent, potentially leading to disease and/or viral clearance. In the case of human orthohantavirus infection, the interaction of the innate immune response with viral replication is thought to give rise to severe vascular disease. The orthohantavirus field has made significant advancements in understanding how these viruses replicate and interact with host innate immune responses since their identification by Dr. Ho Wang Lee and colleagues in 1976. Therefore, the purpose of this review, as part of this special issue dedicated to Dr. Lee, was to summarize the current knowledge of orthohantavirus replication, how viral replication activates innate immunity, and how the host antiviral response, in turn, impacts viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Autumn LaPointe
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, 915 Camino de Salud NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Michael Gale
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Alison M. Kell
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, 915 Camino de Salud NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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Barker J, daSilva LLP, Crump CM. Mechanisms of bunyavirus morphogenesis and egress. J Gen Virol 2023; 104. [PMID: 37083579 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Unlike many segmented negative-sense RNA viruses, most members of the Bunyavirales bud at Golgi membranes, as opposed to the plasma membrane. Central players in this assembly process are the envelope glycoproteins, Gn and Gc, which upon translation undergo proteolytic processing, glycosylation and trafficking to the Golgi, where they interact with ribonucleoprotein genome segments and bud into Golgi-derived compartments. The processes involved in genome packaging during virion assembly can lead to the generation of reassorted viruses, if a cell is co-infected with two different bunyaviruses, due to mismatching of viral genome segment packaging. This can lead to viruses with high pathogenic potential, as demonstrated by the emergence of Schmallenberg virus. This review focuses on the assembly pathways of tri-segmented bunyaviruses, highlighting some areas in need of further research to understand these important pathogens with zoonotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Barker
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Luis L P daSilva
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Pesquisa em Virologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, State of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Colin M Crump
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Wichgers Schreur PJ, Bird BH, Ikegami T, Bermúdez-Méndez E, Kortekaas J. Perspectives of Next-Generation Live-Attenuated Rift Valley Fever Vaccines for Animal and Human Use. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11030707. [PMID: 36992291 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Live-attenuated Rift Valley fever (RVF) vaccines transiently replicate in the vaccinated host, thereby effectively initiating an innate and adaptive immune response. Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV)-specific neutralizing antibodies are considered the main correlate of protection. Vaccination with classical live-attenuated RVF vaccines during gestation in livestock has been associated with fetal malformations, stillbirths, and fetal demise. Facilitated by an increased understanding of the RVFV infection and replication cycle and availability of reverse genetics systems, novel rationally-designed live-attenuated candidate RVF vaccines with improved safety profiles have been developed. Several of these experimental vaccines are currently advancing beyond the proof-of-concept phase and are being evaluated for application in both animals and humans. We here provide perspectives on some of these next-generation live-attenuated RVF vaccines and highlight the opportunities and challenges of these approaches to improve global health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Wichgers Schreur
- Department of Virology and Molecular Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University & Research, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands
- BunyaVax B.V., 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Brian H Bird
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Tetsuro Ikegami
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- The Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- The Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Erick Bermúdez-Méndez
- Department of Virology and Molecular Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University & Research, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Kortekaas
- Department of Virology and Molecular Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University & Research, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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10
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Abutaha N, AL-Mekhlafi FA, Wadaan MA, Moustafa Rady A, Baabbad AA, Al-Khalifa MS. The molecular interplay of known phytochemicals as Culex pipiens and Rift Valley fever virus inhibitors through molecular docking. Saudi J Biol Sci 2023; 30:103611. [PMID: 36970253 PMCID: PMC10036733 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2023.103611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases transmitted by vectors have claimed millions of lives. The mosquito Culex pipiens is a main vector species of Rift Valley Fever virus (RVFV) transmission. RVFV is an arbovirus that infects both people and animals. No effective vaccine or drugs are available for RVFV. Therefore, it is vital to find effective therapies for this viral infection. Because of their critical roles in transmission and infection, acetylcholinesterase 1 (AChE1) of Cx. Pipiens and RVFV glycoproteins, and nucleocapsid proteins are appealing protein targets. To understand intermolecular interactions, computational screening was carried out using molecular docking. More than 50 compounds were tested against different target proteins in the current study. Anabsinthin (-11.1 kcal/mol), zapoterin (-9.4 kcal/mol), porrigenin A (-9.4 kcal/mol), and 3-Acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid (AKBA) (-9.4 kcal/mol) were the top hit compounds for Cx. Pipiens. Similarly, the top hit compounds for RVFV were zapoterin, porrigenin A, anabsinthin, and yamogenin. The toxicity of Rofficerone is predicted as fatal (Class II), whereas Yamogenin is safe (Class VI). Further investigations are needed to validate the selected promising candidates against Cx. pipiens and RVFV infection using in-vitro and in-vivo methods.
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11
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Modrego A, Carlero D, Arranz R, Martín-Benito J. CryoEM of Viral Ribonucleoproteins and Nucleocapsids of Single-Stranded RNA Viruses. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030653. [PMID: 36992363 PMCID: PMC10053253 DOI: 10.3390/v15030653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-stranded RNA viruses (ssRNAv) are characterized by their biological diversity and great adaptability to different hosts; traits which make them a major threat to human health due to their potential to cause zoonotic outbreaks. A detailed understanding of the mechanisms involved in viral proliferation is essential to address the challenges posed by these pathogens. Key to these processes are ribonucleoproteins (RNPs), the genome-containing RNA-protein complexes whose function is to carry out viral transcription and replication. Structural determination of RNPs can provide crucial information on the molecular mechanisms of these processes, paving the way for the development of new, more effective strategies to control and prevent the spread of ssRNAv diseases. In this scenario, cryogenic electron microscopy (cryoEM), relying on the technical and methodological revolution it has undergone in recent years, can provide invaluable help in elucidating how these macromolecular complexes are organized, packaged within the virion, or the functional implications of these structures. In this review, we summarize some of the most prominent achievements by cryoEM in the study of RNP and nucleocapsid structures in lipid-enveloped ssRNAv.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Modrego
- Departamento de Estructura de Macromoléculas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Carlero
- Departamento de Estructura de Macromoléculas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Arranz
- Departamento de Estructura de Macromoléculas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (R.A.); (J.M.-B.)
| | - Jaime Martín-Benito
- Departamento de Estructura de Macromoléculas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (R.A.); (J.M.-B.)
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12
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Bermúdez-Méndez E, Bronsvoort KF, Zwart MP, van de Water S, Cárdenas-Rey I, Vloet RPM, Koenraadt CJM, Pijlman GP, Kortekaas J, Wichgers Schreur PJ. Incomplete bunyavirus particles can cooperatively support virus infection and spread. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001870. [PMID: 36378688 PMCID: PMC9665397 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bunyaviruses lack a specific mechanism to ensure the incorporation of a complete set of genome segments into each virion, explaining the generation of incomplete virus particles lacking one or more genome segments. Such incomplete virus particles, which may represent the majority of particles produced, are generally considered to interfere with virus infection and spread. Using the three-segmented arthropod-borne Rift Valley fever virus as a model bunyavirus, we here show that two distinct incomplete virus particle populations unable to spread autonomously are able to efficiently complement each other in both mammalian and insect cells following co-infection. We further show that complementing incomplete virus particles can co-infect mosquitoes, resulting in the reconstitution of infectious virus that is able to disseminate to the mosquito salivary glands. Computational models of infection dynamics predict that incomplete virus particles can positively impact virus spread over a wide range of conditions, with the strongest effect at intermediate multiplicities of infection. Our findings suggest that incomplete particles may play a significant role in within-host spread and between-host transmission, reminiscent of the infection cycle of multipartite viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick Bermúdez-Méndez
- Department of Virology and Molecular Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kirsten F. Bronsvoort
- Department of Virology and Molecular Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Mark P. Zwart
- Department of Microbial Ecology, The Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra van de Water
- Department of Virology and Molecular Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Cárdenas-Rey
- Department of Bacteriology, Host-Pathogen Interactions and Diagnostics Development, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rianka P. M. Vloet
- Department of Virology and Molecular Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | | | - Gorben P. Pijlman
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Kortekaas
- Department of Virology and Molecular Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J. Wichgers Schreur
- Department of Virology and Molecular Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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13
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Fatima I, Ahmad S, Alamri MA, Mirza MU, Tahir Ul Qamar M, Rehman A, Shahid F, Alatawi EA, Alkhayl FFA, Al-Megrin WA, Almatroudi A. Discovery of Rift Valley fever virus natural pan-inhibitors by targeting its multiple key proteins through computational approaches. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9260. [PMID: 35662263 PMCID: PMC9163866 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13267-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a zoonotic arbovirus and pathogenic to both humans and animals. Currently, no proven effective RVFV drugs or licensed vaccine are available for human or animal use. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop effective treatment options to control this viral infection. RVFV glycoprotein N (GN), glycoprotein C (GC), and nucleocapsid (N) proteins are attractive antiviral drug targets due to their critical roles in RVFV replication. In present study, an integrated docking-based virtual screening of more than 6000 phytochemicals with known antiviral activities against these conserved RVFV proteins was conducted. The top five hit compounds, calyxin C, calyxin D, calyxin J, gericudranins A, and blepharocalyxin C displayed optimal binding against all three target proteins. Moreover, multiple parameters from the molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and MM/GBSA analysis confirmed the stability of protein-ligand complexes and revealed that these compounds may act as potential pan-inhibitors of RVFV replication. Our computational analyses may contribute toward the development of promising effective drugs against RVFV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israr Fatima
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sajjad Ahmad
- Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Mubarak A Alamri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Usman Mirza
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Canada
| | | | - Abdur Rehman
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Farah Shahid
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Eid A Alatawi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faris F Aba Alkhayl
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Dentistry and Pharmacy, Buraydah Colleges, Buraydah, 51418, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wafa Abdullah Al-Megrin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Almatroudi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452, Saudi Arabia.
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14
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Urrutia CD, Romay G, Shaw BD, Verchot J. Advancing the Rose Rosette Virus Minireplicon and Encapsidation System by Incorporating GFP, Mutations, and the CMV 2b Silencing Suppressor. Viruses 2022; 14:836. [PMID: 35458566 PMCID: PMC9031449 DOI: 10.3390/v14040836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant infecting emaraviruses have segmented negative strand RNA genomes and little is known about their infection cycles due to the lack of molecular tools for reverse genetic studies. Therefore, we innovated a rose rosette virus (RRV) minireplicon containing the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene to study the molecular requirements for virus replication and encapsidation. Sequence comparisons among RRV isolates and structural modeling of the RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and nucleocapsid (N) revealed three natural mutations of the type species isolate that we reverted to the common species sequences: (a) twenty-one amino acid truncations near the endonuclease domain (named delA), (b) five amino acid substitutions near the putative viral RNA binding loop (subT), and (c) four amino acid substitutions in N (NISE). The delA and subT in the RdRp influenced the levels of GFP, gRNA, and agRNA at 3 but not 5 days post inoculation (dpi), suggesting these sequences are essential for initiating RNA synthesis and replication. The NISE mutation led to sustained GFP, gRNA, and agRNA at 3 and 5 dpi indicating that the N supports continuous replication and GFP expression. Next, we showed that the cucumber mosaic virus (CMV strain FNY) 2b singularly enhanced GFP expression and RRV replication. Including agRNA2 with the RRV replicon produced observable virions. In this study we developed a robust reverse genetic system for investigations into RRV replication and virion assembly that could be a model for other emaravirus species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jeanmarie Verchot
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA; (C.D.U.); (G.R.); (B.D.S.)
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15
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Guo Y, Ji N, Bai L, Ma J, Li Z. Aphid Viruses: A Brief View of a Long History. FRONTIERS IN INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 2:846716. [PMID: 38468755 PMCID: PMC10926426 DOI: 10.3389/finsc.2022.846716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Aphids are common agricultural pests with a wide range of hosts from agriculture to forestry plants. As known, aphids also serve as the major vectors to transmit plant viruses. Although numerous studies have focused on interactions between aphids and plant viruses, little is known about the aphid viruses, i.e., the insect viruses that are infectious to aphids. In the past four decades, several aphid viruses have been identified in diverse aphid species. In this review, we present a brief view of the aphid pathogenic viruses from several aspects, including classification of aphid viruses and characters of the viral genome, integration of viral sequences in host genomes, infection symptoms and influence on aphids, as well as host range and transmission modes. Taken together, these studies have increased our understanding of the rarely known aphid viruses, and will potentially contribute to the development of new strategies for controlling aphid populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Zhaofei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Northwest Loess Plateau Crop Pest Management of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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16
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Bracci N, de la Fuente C, Saleem S, Pinkham C, Narayanan A, García-Sastre A, Balaraman V, Richt JA, Wilson W, Kehn-Hall K. Rift Valley fever virus Gn V5-epitope tagged virus enables identification of UBR4 as a Gn interacting protein that facilitates Rift Valley fever virus production. Virology 2022; 567:65-76. [PMID: 35032865 PMCID: PMC8877469 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an arbovirus that was first reported in the Rift Valley of Kenya which causes significant disease in humans and livestock. RVFV is a tri-segmented, negative-sense RNA virus consisting of a L, M, and S segments with the M segment encoding the glycoproteins Gn and Gc. Host factors that interact with Gn are largely unknown. To this end, two viruses containing an epitope tag (V5) on the Gn protein in position 105 or 229 (V5Gn105 and V5Gn229) were generated using the RVFV MP-12 vaccine strain as a backbone. The V5-tag insertion minimally impacted Gn functionality as measured by replication kinetics, Gn localization, and antibody neutralization assays. A proteomics-based approach was used to identify novel Gn-binding host proteins, including the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase, UBR4. Depletion of UBR4 resulted in a significant decrease in RVFV titers and a reduction in viral RNA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Bracci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University,National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University
| | - Cynthia de la Fuente
- The National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, DEA,National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University
| | - Sahar Saleem
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University
| | - Chelsea Pinkham
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University
| | - Aarthi Narayanan
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University
| | | | - Velmurugan Balaraman
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University
| | - Juergen A. Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University
| | - William Wilson
- National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, Agricultural Research Service, USDA
| | - Kylene Kehn-Hall
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University,National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University,Center for Zoonotic and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University,Corresponding Author: Kylene Kehn-Hall, Ph.D., Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Integrated Life Sciences Building, 1981 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24060 USA,
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17
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RNA Origami: Packaging a Segmented Genome in Orbivirus Assembly and Replication. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091841. [PMID: 34578422 PMCID: PMC8473007 DOI: 10.3390/v13091841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding how viruses with multi-segmented genomes incorporate one copy of each segment into their capsids remains an intriguing question. Here, we review our recent progress and describe the advancements made in understanding the genome packaging mechanism of a model nonenveloped virus, Bluetongue virus (BTV), with a 10-segment (S1–S10) double-strand RNA (dsRNA) genome. BTV (multiple serotypes), a member of the Orbivirus genus in the Reoviridae family, is a notable pathogen for livestock and is responsible for significant economic losses worldwide. This has enabled the creation of an extensive set of reagents and assays, including reverse genetics, cell-free RNA packaging, and bespoke bioinformatics approaches, which can be directed to address the packaging question. Our studies have shown that (i) UTRs enable the conformation of each segment necessary for the next level of RNA–RNA interaction; (ii) a specific order of intersegment interactions leads to a complex RNA network containing all the active components in sorting and packaging; (iii) networked segments are recruited into nascent assembling capsids; and (iv) select capsid proteins might be involved in the packaging process. The key features of genome packaging mechanisms for BTV and related dsRNA viruses are novel and open up new avenues of potential intervention.
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18
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Ren F, Shen S, Ning YJ, Wang Q, Dai S, Shi J, Zhou M, Wang H, Huang C, Zhang DY, Deng F. Non-structural Proteins of Severe Fever With Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus Suppress RNA Synthesis in a Transcriptionally Active cDNA-Derived Viral RNA Synthesis System. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:709517. [PMID: 34484148 PMCID: PMC8415556 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.709517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging infectious disease caused by the tick-borne SFTS bunyavirus (SFTSV) resulting in a high fatality rate up to 30%. SFTSV is a negative-strand RNA virus containing three single-stranded RNA genome segments designated as L, M, and S, which respectively, encode the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), glycoproteins Gn and Gc, and nucleoprotein (N) and non-structural proteins (NSs). NSs can form inclusion bodies (IBs) in infected and transfected cells. A previous study has provided a clue that SFTSV NSs may be involved in virus-like or viral RNA synthesis; however, the details remain unclear. Our work described here reveals that SFTSV NSs can downregulate virus-like RNA synthesis in a dose-dependent manner within a cDNA-derived viral RNA synthesis system, i.e., minigenome (−) and minigenome (+) systems based on transfection, superinfection, and luciferase reporter activity determination; meanwhile, NSs also show a weak inhibitory effect on virus replication. By using co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and RT-PCR combined with site-directed mutagenesis, we found that NSs suppress virus-like RNA or virus replication through interacting with N but not with RdRp, and the negative regulatory effect correlates closely with the IB structure it formed but is not associated with its role of antagonizing host innate immune responses. When the cytoplasmic structure of IB formed by SFTSV NSs was deprived, the inhibitory effect of NSs on virus-like RNA synthesis would weaken and even disappear. Similarly, we also evaluated other bandavirus NSs that cannot form IB in neither infected nor transfected cells, and the results showed that the NSs of Heartland bandavirus (HRTV) did not show a significant inhibitory effect on virus-like RNA synthesis within a minigenome system. Our findings provide experimental evidence that SFTSV NSs participate in regulating virus-like or viral RNA synthesis and the negative effect may be due to the NSs–N interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuli Ren
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Shu Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yun-Jia Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiongya Wang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Shiyu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Junming Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Hualin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Chaolin Huang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan, China.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Ding-Yu Zhang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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19
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Characterization of the Molecular Interactions That Govern the Packaging of Viral RNA Segments into Rift Valley Fever Phlebovirus Particles. J Virol 2021; 95:e0042921. [PMID: 33952635 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00429-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever phlebovirus (RVFV) has a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA genome, consisting of L, M, and S segments. The virion carries two envelope glycoproteins, Gn and Gc, along with ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNPs), composed of encapsidated genomes carrying N protein and the viral polymerase, L protein. A quantitative analysis of the profile of viral RNA segments packaged into RVFV particles showed that all three genomic RNA segments had similar packaging abilities, whereas among antigenomic RNA segments, the antigenomic S RNA, which serves as the template for the transcription of mRNA expressing the RVFV virulence factor, NSs, displayed a significantly higher packaging ability. To delineate the factor(s) governing the packaging of RVFV RNA segments, we characterized the interactions between Gn and viral RNPs in RVFV-infected cells. Coimmunoprecipitation analysis demonstrated the interaction of Gn with N protein, L protein, and viral RNAs in RVFV-infected cells. Furthermore, UV-cross-linking and immunoprecipitation analysis revealed, for the first time in bunyaviruses, the presence of a direct interaction between Gn and all the viral RNA segments in RVFV-infected cells. Notably, analysis of the ability of Gn to bind to RVFV RNA segments indicated a positive correlation with their respective packaging abilities and highlighted a binding preference of Gn for antigenomic S RNA, among the antigenomic RNA segments, suggesting the presence of a selection mechanism for antigenomic S RNA incorporation into infectious RVFV particles. Collectively, the results of our study illuminate the importance of a direct interaction between Gn and viral RNA segments in determining their efficiency of incorporation into RVFV particles. IMPORTANCE Rift Valley fever phlebovirus, a bunyavirus, is a mosquito-borne, segmented RNA virus that can cause severe disease in humans and ruminants. An essential step in RVFV life cycle is the packaging of viral RNA segments to produce infectious virus particles for dissemination to new hosts. However, there are key gaps in knowledge regarding the mechanisms that regulate viral RNA packaging efficiency in bunyaviruses. Our studies investigating the mechanism of RNA packaging in RVFV revealed the presence of a direct interaction between the viral envelope glycoprotein, Gn, and the viral RNA segments in infected cells, for the first time in bunyaviruses. Furthermore, our data strongly indicate a critical role for the direct interaction between Gn and viral RNAs in determining the efficiency of incorporation of viral RNA segments into RVFV particles. Clarifying the fundamental mechanisms of RNA packaging in RVFV would be valuable for the development of antivirals and live-attenuated vaccines.
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20
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Kormelink R, Verchot J, Tao X, Desbiez C. The Bunyavirales: The Plant-Infecting Counterparts. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050842. [PMID: 34066457 PMCID: PMC8148189 DOI: 10.3390/v13050842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Negative-strand (-) RNA viruses (NSVs) comprise a large and diverse group of viruses that are generally divided in those with non-segmented and those with segmented genomes. Whereas most NSVs infect animals and humans, the smaller group of the plant-infecting counterparts is expanding, with many causing devastating diseases worldwide, affecting a large number of major bulk and high-value food crops. In 2018, the taxonomy of segmented NSVs faced a major reorganization with the establishment of the order Bunyavirales. This article overviews the major plant viruses that are part of the order, i.e., orthospoviruses (Tospoviridae), tenuiviruses (Phenuiviridae), and emaraviruses (Fimoviridae), and provides updates on the more recent ongoing research. Features shared with the animal-infecting counterparts are mentioned, however, special attention is given to their adaptation to plant hosts and vector transmission, including intra/intercellular trafficking and viral counter defense to antiviral RNAi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Kormelink
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeanmarie Verchot
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Xiaorong Tao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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21
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Host Cell Restriction Factors of Bunyaviruses and Viral Countermeasures. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050784. [PMID: 33925004 PMCID: PMC8146327 DOI: 10.3390/v13050784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Bunyavirales order comprises more than 500 viruses (generally defined as bunyaviruses) classified into 12 families. Some of these are highly pathogenic viruses infecting different hosts, including humans, mammals, reptiles, arthropods, birds, and/or plants. Host cell sensing of infection activates the innate immune system that aims at inhibiting viral replication and propagation. Upon recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by cellular pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), numerous signaling cascades are activated, leading to the production of interferons (IFNs). IFNs act in an autocrine and paracrine manner to establish an antiviral state by inducing the expression of hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). Some of these ISGs are known to restrict bunyavirus infection. Along with other constitutively expressed host cellular factors with antiviral activity, these proteins (hereafter referred to as “restriction factors”) target different steps of the viral cycle, including viral entry, genome transcription and replication, and virion egress. In reaction to this, bunyaviruses have developed strategies to circumvent this antiviral response, by avoiding cellular recognition of PAMPs, inhibiting IFN production or interfering with the IFN-mediated response. Herein, we review the current knowledge on host cellular factors that were shown to restrict infections by bunyaviruses. Moreover, we focus on the strategies developed by bunyaviruses in order to escape the antiviral state developed by the infected cells.
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22
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The Maze Pathway of Coevolution: A Critical Review over the Leishmania and Its Endosymbiotic History. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12050657. [PMID: 33925663 PMCID: PMC8146029 DOI: 10.3390/genes12050657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The description of the genus Leishmania as the causative agent of leishmaniasis occurred in the modern age. However, evolutionary studies suggest that the origin of Leishmania can be traced back to the Mesozoic era. Subsequently, during its evolutionary process, it achieved worldwide dispersion predating the breakup of the Gondwana supercontinent. It is assumed that this parasite evolved from monoxenic Trypanosomatidae. Phylogenetic studies locate dixenous Leishmania in a well-supported clade, in the recently named subfamily Leishmaniinae, which also includes monoxenous trypanosomatids. Virus-like particles have been reported in many species of this family. To date, several Leishmania species have been reported to be infected by Leishmania RNA virus (LRV) and Leishbunyavirus (LBV). Since the first descriptions of LRVs decades ago, differences in their genomic structures have been highlighted, leading to the designation of LRV1 in L. (Viannia) species and LRV2 in L. (Leishmania) species. There are strong indications that viruses that infect Leishmania spp. have the ability to enhance parasitic survival in humans as well as in experimental infections, through highly complex and specialized mechanisms. Phylogenetic analyses of these viruses have shown that their genomic differences correlate with the parasite species infected, suggesting a coevolutionary process. Herein, we will explore what has been described in the literature regarding the relationship between Leishmania and endosymbiotic Leishmania viruses and what is known about this association that could contribute to discussions about the worldwide dispersion of Leishmania.
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23
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Thongsripong P, Chandler JA, Kittayapong P, Wilcox BA, Kapan DD, Bennett SN. Metagenomic shotgun sequencing reveals host species as an important driver of virome composition in mosquitoes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8448. [PMID: 33875673 PMCID: PMC8055903 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87122-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
High-throughput nucleic acid sequencing has greatly accelerated the discovery of viruses in the environment. Mosquitoes, because of their public health importance, are among those organisms whose viromes are being intensively characterized. Despite the deluge of sequence information, our understanding of the major drivers influencing the ecology of mosquito viromes remains limited. Using methods to increase the relative proportion of microbial RNA coupled with RNA-seq we characterize RNA viruses and other symbionts of three mosquito species collected along a rural to urban habitat gradient in Thailand. The full factorial study design allows us to explicitly investigate the relative importance of host species and habitat in structuring viral communities. We found that the pattern of virus presence was defined primarily by host species rather than by geographic locations or habitats. Our result suggests that insect-associated viruses display relatively narrow host ranges but are capable of spreading through a mosquito population at the geographical scale of our study. We also detected various single-celled and multicellular microorganisms such as bacteria, alveolates, fungi, and nematodes. Our study emphasizes the importance of including ecological information in viromic studies in order to gain further insights into viral ecology in systems where host specificity is driving both viral ecology and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpim Thongsripong
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Biodiversity Science and Sustainability, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - James Angus Chandler
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Biodiversity Science and Sustainability, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Pattamaporn Kittayapong
- Center of Excellence for Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University At Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Bruce A Wilcox
- Global Health Group International, ASEAN Institute for Health Development, Mahidol University At Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Durrell D Kapan
- Department of Entomology and Center for Comparative Genomics, Institute for Biodiversity Sciences and Sustainability, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Center for Conservation and Research Training, Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawai'i At Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Shannon N Bennett
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Biodiversity Science and Sustainability, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Bermúdez-Méndez E, Katrukha EA, Spruit CM, Kortekaas J, Wichgers Schreur PJ. Visualizing the ribonucleoprotein content of single bunyavirus virions reveals more efficient genome packaging in the arthropod host. Commun Biol 2021; 4:345. [PMID: 33753850 PMCID: PMC7985392 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01821-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Bunyaviruses have a genome that is divided over multiple segments. Genome segmentation complicates the generation of progeny virus, since each newly formed virus particle should preferably contain a full set of genome segments in order to disseminate efficiently within and between hosts. Here, we combine immunofluorescence and fluorescence in situ hybridization techniques to simultaneously visualize bunyavirus progeny virions and their genomic content at single-molecule resolution in the context of singly infected cells. Using Rift Valley fever virus and Schmallenberg virus as prototype tri-segmented bunyaviruses, we show that bunyavirus genome packaging is influenced by the intracellular viral genome content of individual cells, which results in greatly variable packaging efficiencies within a cell population. We further show that bunyavirus genome packaging is more efficient in insect cells compared to mammalian cells and provide new insights on the possibility that incomplete particles may contribute to bunyavirus spread as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick Bermúdez-Méndez
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eugene A Katrukha
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cindy M Spruit
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Kortekaas
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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25
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A Look into Bunyavirales Genomes: Functions of Non-Structural (NS) Proteins. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020314. [PMID: 33670641 PMCID: PMC7922539 DOI: 10.3390/v13020314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2016, the Bunyavirales order was established by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) to incorporate the increasing number of related viruses across 13 viral families. While diverse, four of the families (Peribunyaviridae, Nairoviridae, Hantaviridae, and Phenuiviridae) contain known human pathogens and share a similar tri-segmented, negative-sense RNA genomic organization. In addition to the nucleoprotein and envelope glycoproteins encoded by the small and medium segments, respectively, many of the viruses in these families also encode for non-structural (NS) NSs and NSm proteins. The NSs of Phenuiviridae is the most extensively studied as a host interferon antagonist, functioning through a variety of mechanisms seen throughout the other three families. In addition, functions impacting cellular apoptosis, chromatin organization, and transcriptional activities, to name a few, are possessed by NSs across the families. Peribunyaviridae, Nairoviridae, and Phenuiviridae also encode an NSm, although less extensively studied than NSs, that has roles in antagonizing immune responses, promoting viral assembly and infectivity, and even maintenance of infection in host mosquito vectors. Overall, the similar and divergent roles of NS proteins of these human pathogenic Bunyavirales are of particular interest in understanding disease progression, viral pathogenesis, and developing strategies for interventions and treatments.
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26
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Herath V, Romay G, Urrutia CD, Verchot J. Family Level Phylogenies Reveal Relationships of Plant Viruses within the Order Bunyavirales. Viruses 2020; 12:v12091010. [PMID: 32927652 PMCID: PMC7551631 DOI: 10.3390/v12091010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bunyavirales are negative-sense segmented RNA viruses infecting arthropods, protozoans, plants, and animals. This study examines the phylogenetic relationships of plant viruses within this order, many of which are recently classified species. Comprehensive phylogenetic analyses of the viral RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), precursor glycoprotein (preGP), the nucleocapsid (N) proteins point toward common progenitor viruses. The RdRp of Fimoviridae and Tospoviridae show a close evolutional relationship while the preGP of Fimoviridae and Phenuiviridae show a closed relationship. The N proteins of Fimoviridae were closer to the Phasmaviridae, the Tospoviridae were close to some Phenuiviridae members and the Peribunyaviridae. The plant viral movement proteins of species within the Tospoviridae and Phenuiviridae were more closely related to each other than to members of the Fimoviridae. Interestingly, distal ends of 3′ and 5′ untranslated regions of species within the Fimoviridae shared similarity to arthropod and vertebrate infecting members of the Cruliviridae and Peribunyaviridae compared to other plant virus families. Co-phylogeny analysis of the plant infecting viruses indicates that duplication and host switching were more common than co-divergence with a host species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venura Herath
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77802, USA; (V.H.); (G.R.); (C.D.U.)
- Department of Agriculture Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Gustavo Romay
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77802, USA; (V.H.); (G.R.); (C.D.U.)
| | - Cesar D. Urrutia
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77802, USA; (V.H.); (G.R.); (C.D.U.)
| | - Jeanmarie Verchot
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77802, USA; (V.H.); (G.R.); (C.D.U.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-979-845-1788
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27
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Serretiello E, Astorri R, Chianese A, Stelitano D, Zannella C, Folliero V, Santella B, Galdiero M, Franci G, Galdiero M. The emerging tick-borne Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus: A narrative review. Travel Med Infect Dis 2020; 37:101871. [PMID: 32891725 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is an increasingly relevant viral zoonosis caused by the negative-sense single-stranded (ss) RNA Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever Orthonairovirus (CCHFV) (Nairoviridae family, Bunyavirales order). The viral genome is divided into three segments (L-M-S) of distinct size and functions. The infection is generally mediated by a tick vector, in particular belonging to the Hyalomma genus, and the transmission follows a tick-vertebrate-tick ecologic cycle, with asymptomatic infected animals functioning as reservoirs and amplifiers for CCHFV. Human hosts could be infected primarily through infected ticks or by contact with infected hosts or their body fluids and tissues, also in a nosocomial way and in occupational contexts. Infected symptomatic patients generally manifest a nonspecific illness, which progresses across four stages, with possibly lethal outcomes. Disease outbreaks show a widespread geographic diffusion and a highly variable mortality rate, dramatically peaking in untreated patients. The lack of an adequate animal model and the elevated virus biological risk (only manageable under biosafety level 4 conditions) represent strongly limiting factors for a better characterization of the disease and for the development of specific therapies and vaccines. The present review discusses updated information on CCHFV-related disease, including details about the virus (taxonomy, structure, life cycle, transmission modalities) and considering CCHF pathogenesis, epidemiology and current strategies (diagnostic, therapeutic and preventive).
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Serretiello
- Section of Microbiology and Virology, University Hospital Luigi Vanvitelli of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Astorri
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Infectious Diseases Unit, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy; Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Annalisa Chianese
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Debora Stelitano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Carla Zannella
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Veronica Folliero
- Section of Microbiology and Virology, University Hospital Luigi Vanvitelli of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Biagio Santella
- Section of Microbiology and Virology, University Hospital Luigi Vanvitelli of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Marilena Galdiero
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Franci
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi (SA), Italy.
| | - Massimiliano Galdiero
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.
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Luo M, Terrell JR, Mcmanus SA. Nucleocapsid Structure of Negative Strand RNA Virus. Viruses 2020; 12:E835. [PMID: 32751700 PMCID: PMC7472042 DOI: 10.3390/v12080835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Negative strand RNA viruses (NSVs) include many important human pathogens, such as influenza virus, Ebola virus, and rabies virus. One of the unique characteristics that NSVs share is the assembly of the nucleocapsid and its role in viral RNA synthesis. In NSVs, the single strand RNA genome is encapsidated in the linear nucleocapsid throughout the viral replication cycle. Subunits of the nucleocapsid protein are parallelly aligned along the RNA genome that is sandwiched between two domains composed of conserved helix motifs. The viral RNA-dependent-RNA polymerase (vRdRp) must recognize the protein-RNA complex of the nucleocapsid and unveil the protected genomic RNA in order to initiate viral RNA synthesis. In addition, vRdRp must continuously translocate along the protein-RNA complex during elongation in viral RNA synthesis. This unique mechanism of viral RNA synthesis suggests that the nucleocapsid may play a regulatory role during NSV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA; (J.R.T.); (S.A.M.)
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29
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Characterization of viruses in a tapeworm: phylogenetic position, vertical transmission, and transmission to the parasitized host. ISME JOURNAL 2020; 14:1755-1767. [PMID: 32286546 PMCID: PMC7305300 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-020-0642-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic flatworms (Neodermata) infect all vertebrates and represent a significant health and economic burden worldwide due to the debilitating diseases they cause. This study sheds light for the first time into the virome of a tapeworm by describing six novel RNA virus candidate species associated with Schistocephalus solidus, including three negative-strand RNA viruses (order Jingchuvirales, Mononegavirales, and Bunyavirales) and three double-stranded RNA viruses. Using in vitro culture of S. solidus, controlled experimental infections and field sampling, we demonstrate that five of these viruses are vertically transmitted, and persist throughout the S. solidus complex life cycle. Moreover, we show that one of the viruses, named Schistocephalus solidus rhabdovirus (SsRV1), is excreted by the parasite and transmitted to parasitized hosts indicating that it may impact S. solidus-host interactions. In addition, SsRV1 has a basal phylogenetic position relative to vertebrate rhabdoviruses suggesting that parasitic flatworms could have contributed to virus emergence. Viruses similar to four of the S. solidus viruses identified here were found in geographically distant S. solidus populations through data mining. Further studies are necessary to determine if flatworm viruses can replicate in parasitized hosts, how they contribute to parasite infection dynamics and if these viruses could be targeted for treatment of parasitic disease.
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30
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Development of a Reverse Genetics System for Toscana Virus (Lineage A). Viruses 2020; 12:v12040411. [PMID: 32272808 PMCID: PMC7232365 DOI: 10.3390/v12040411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Toscana virus (TOSV) is a Phlebovirus in the Phenuiviridae family, order Bunyavirales, found in the countries surrounding the Mediterranean. TOSV is an important cause of seasonal acute meningitis and encephalitis within its range. Here, we determined the full sequence of the TOSV strain 1500590, a lineage A virus obtained from an infected patient (Marseille, 2007) and used this in combination with other sequence information to construct functional cDNA plasmids encoding the viral L, M, and S antigenomic sequences under the control of the T7 RNA promoter to recover recombinant viruses. Importantly, resequencing identified two single nucleotide changes to a TOSV reference genome, which, when corrected, restored functionality to the polymerase L and made it possible to recover infectious recombinant TOSV (rTOSV) from cDNA, as well as establish a minigenome system. Using reverse genetics, we produced an NSs-deletant rTOSV and also obtained viruses expressing reporter genes instead of NSs. The availability of such a system assists investigating questions that require genetic manipulation of the viral genome, such as investigations into replication and tropism, and beyond these fundamental aspects, also the development of novel vaccine design strategies.
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31
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Grybchuk D, Macedo DH, Kleschenko Y, Kraeva N, Lukashev AN, Bates PA, Kulich P, Leštinová T, Volf P, Kostygov AY, Yurchenko V. The First Non-LRV RNA Virus in Leishmania. Viruses 2020; 12:v12020168. [PMID: 32024293 PMCID: PMC7077295 DOI: 10.3390/v12020168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we describe the first Leishmania-infecting leishbunyavirus-the first virus other than Leishmania RNA virus (LRV) found in trypanosomatid parasites. Its host is Leishmania martiniquensis, a human pathogen causing infections with a wide range of manifestations from asymptomatic to severe visceral disease. This virus (LmarLBV1) possesses many characteristic features of leishbunyaviruses, such as tripartite organization of its RNA genome, with ORFs encoding RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, surface glycoprotein, and nucleoprotein on L, M, and S segments, respectively. Our phylogenetic analyses suggest that LmarLBV1 originated from leishbunyaviruses of monoxenous trypanosomatids and, probably, is a result of genomic re-assortment. The LmarLBV1 facilitates parasites' infectivity in vitro in primary murine macrophages model. The discovery of a virus in L. martiniquensis poses the question of whether it influences pathogenicity of this parasite in vivo, similarly to the LRV in other Leishmania species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyil Grybchuk
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 71000 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (D.G.); (D.H.M.); (N.K.)
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 60177 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Diego H. Macedo
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 71000 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (D.G.); (D.H.M.); (N.K.)
| | - Yulia Kleschenko
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Sechenov University, Moscow 119435, Russia, (A.N.L.)
| | - Natalya Kraeva
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 71000 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (D.G.); (D.H.M.); (N.K.)
| | - Alexander N. Lukashev
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Sechenov University, Moscow 119435, Russia, (A.N.L.)
| | - Paul A. Bates
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YE, UK;
| | - Pavel Kulich
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Veterinary Research Institute, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Tereza Leštinová
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12844 Prague, Czech Republic; (T.L.); (P.V.)
| | - Petr Volf
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12844 Prague, Czech Republic; (T.L.); (P.V.)
| | - Alexei Y. Kostygov
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 71000 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (D.G.); (D.H.M.); (N.K.)
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Protistology, Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
- Correspondence: (A.Y.K.); (V.Y.)
| | - Vyacheslav Yurchenko
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 71000 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (D.G.); (D.H.M.); (N.K.)
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Sechenov University, Moscow 119435, Russia, (A.N.L.)
- Correspondence: (A.Y.K.); (V.Y.)
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