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Dulin H, Barre RS, Xu D, Neal A, Vizcarra E, Chavez J, Ulu A, Yang MS, Khan SR, Wuang K, Bhakta N, Chea C, Wilson EH, Martinez-Sobrido L, Hai R. Harnessing preexisting influenza virus-specific immunity increases antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2. J Virol 2024; 98:e0157123. [PMID: 38206036 PMCID: PMC10878257 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01571-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In pandemic scenarios involving novel human pathogenic viruses, it is highly desirable that vaccines induce strong neutralizing antibodies as quickly as possible. However, current vaccine strategies require multiple immunization doses to produce high titers of neutralizing antibodies and are poorly protective after a single vaccination. We therefore wished to design a vaccine candidate that would induce increased protective immune responses following the first vaccine dose. We hypothesized that antibodies against the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike glycoprotein could be increased by drawing upon immunity to a previous infection. We generated a fusion protein containing the influenza H1N1 PR8 virus nucleoprotein (NP) and the SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD. Mice with or without preexisting immunity to PR8 were then vaccinated with NP/RBD. We observed significantly increased SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies in mice with PR8 immunity compared to mice without preexisting PR8 immunity. Vaccination with NP/RBD protected mice from SARS-CoV-2-induced morbidity and mortality after a single dose. Additionally, we compared SARS-CoV-2 virus titers in the lungs and nasal turbinates 4 days post-challenge of mice vaccinated with NP/RBD. SARS-CoV-2 virus was detectable in the lungs and nasal turbinate of mice without preexisting PR8 immunity, while SARS-CoV-2 virus was completely undetectable in mice with preexisting PR8 immunity. We also found that CD4-positive T cells in mice with preexisting immunity to PR8 play an essential role in producing the increased antibody response against RBD. This vaccine strategy potentially can be modified to target other pathogens of concern and offers extra value in future pandemic scenarios.IMPORTANCEIncreased globalization and changes in human interactions with wild animals has increased the likelihood of the emergence of novel viruses with pandemic potential. Vaccines can be effective in preventing severe disease caused by pandemic viruses. However, it takes time to develop protective immunity via prime-boost vaccination. More effective vaccine designs should quickly induce protective immunity. We propose leveraging preexisting immunity to a different pathogen to boost protection against emerging viruses. We targeted SARS-CoV-2 as a representative pandemic virus and generated a fusion protein vaccine that combines the nucleoprotein from influenza A virus and the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Our vaccine design significantly increased the production of RBD-specific antibodies in mice that had previously been exposed to influenza virus, compared to those without previous exposure. This enhanced immunity reduced SARS-CoV-2 replication in mice. Our results offer a vaccine design that could be valuable in a future pandemic setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison Dulin
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
- Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Ramya S. Barre
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Duo Xu
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Arrmund Neal
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Edward Vizcarra
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Jerald Chavez
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Arzu Ulu
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Myeon-Sik Yang
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | | | - Keidy Wuang
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Nikhil Bhakta
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Chanvoraboth Chea
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Emma H. Wilson
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | | | - Rong Hai
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
- Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
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Chang M, Min YQ, Xu Z, Deng F, Wang H, Ning YJ. Host factor MxA restricts Dabie bandavirus infection by targeting the viral NP protein to inhibit NP-RdRp interaction and ribonucleoprotein activity. J Virol 2024; 98:e0156823. [PMID: 38054738 PMCID: PMC10805036 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01568-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging infectious disease with high case mortality rates, which is caused by Dabie bandavirus (DBV), a novel pathogen also termed as SFTS virus (SFTSV). Currently, no specific therapeutic drugs or vaccines are available for SFTS. Myxovirus resistance protein A (MxA) has been shown to inhibit multiple viral pathogens; however, the role of MxA in DBV infection is unknown. Here, we demonstrated that DBV stimulates MxA expression which, in turn, restricts DBV infection. Mechanistic target analysis revealed that MxA specifically interacts with the viral nucleocapsid protein (NP) in a manner independent of RNA. Minigenome reporter assay showed that in agreement with its targeting of NP, MxA inhibits DBV ribonucleoprotein (RNP) activity. In detail, MxA interacts with the NP N-terminal and disrupts the interaction of NP with the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) but not NP multimerization, the critical activities of NP for RNP formation and function. Furthermore, MxA N-terminal domain was identified as the functional domain inhibiting DBV infection, and, consistently, then was shown to interact with NP and obstruct the NP-RdRp interaction. Additionally, threonine 103 within the N-terminal domain is important for MxA inhibition to DBV, and its mutation (T103A) attenuates MxA binding to NP and obstruction of the NP-RdRp interaction. This study uncovers MxA inhibition of DBV with a series of functional and mechanistical analyses, providing insights into the virus-host interactions and probably helping inform the development of antiviral agents in the future.IMPORTANCEDBV/SFTSV is an emerging high-pathogenic virus. Since its first identification in China in 2009, cases of DBV infection have been reported in many other countries, posing a significant threat to public health. Uncovering the mechanisms of DBV-host interactions is necessary to understand the viral pathogenesis and host response and may advance the development of antiviral therapeutics. Here, we found that host factor MxA whose expression is induced by DBV restricts the virus infection. Mechanistically, MxA specifically interacts with the viral NP and blocks the NP-RdRp interaction, inhibiting the viral RNP activity. Further studies identified the key domain and amino acid residue required for MxA inhibition to DBV. Consistently, they were then shown to be important for MxA targeting of NP and obstruction of the NP-RdRp association. These findings unravel the restrictive role of MxA in DBV infection and the underlying mechanism, expanding our knowledge of the virus-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Chang
- Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan-Qin Min
- Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Deng
- Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Hualin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yun-Jia Ning
- Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Jiangxia Laboratory, Wuhan, China
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Kim D, Lai CJ, Cha I, Jung JU. Current Progress of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus (SFTSV) Vaccine Development. Viruses 2024; 16:128. [PMID: 38257828 PMCID: PMC10818334 DOI: 10.3390/v16010128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
SFTSV is an emerging tick-borne virus causing hemorrhagic fever with a case fatality rate (CFR) that can reach up to 27%. With endemic infection in East Asia and the recent spread of the vector tick to more than 20 states in the United States, the SFTSV outbreak is a globally growing public health concern. However, there is currently no targeted antiviral therapy or licensed vaccine against SFTSV. Considering the age-dependent SFTS pathogenesis and disease outcome, a sophisticated vaccine development approach is required to safeguard the elderly population from lethal SFTSV infection. Given the recent emergence of SFTSV, the establishment of animal models to study immunogenicity and protection from SFTS symptoms has only occurred recently. The latest research efforts have applied diverse vaccine development approaches-including live-attenuated vaccine, DNA vaccine, whole inactivated virus vaccine, viral vector vaccine, protein subunit vaccine, and mRNA vaccine-in the quest to develop a safe and effective vaccine against SFTSV. This review aims to outline the current progress in SFTSV vaccine development and suggest future directions to enhance the safety and efficacy of these vaccines, ensuring their suitability for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dokyun Kim
- Cancer Biology Department, Infection Biology Program, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (D.K.); (C.-J.L.); (I.C.)
- Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Chih-Jen Lai
- Cancer Biology Department, Infection Biology Program, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (D.K.); (C.-J.L.); (I.C.)
- Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Inho Cha
- Cancer Biology Department, Infection Biology Program, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (D.K.); (C.-J.L.); (I.C.)
- Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jae U. Jung
- Cancer Biology Department, Infection Biology Program, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (D.K.); (C.-J.L.); (I.C.)
- Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Jung MC, Le VP, Yoon SW, Le TN, Trinh TBN, Kim HK, Kang JA, Lim JW, Yeom M, Na W, Nah JJ, Choi JD, Kang HE, Song D, Jeong DG. A Robust Quadruple Protein-Based Indirect ELISA for Detection of Antibodies to African Swine Fever Virus in Pigs. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2758. [PMID: 38004769 PMCID: PMC10672928 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) emerged in domestic pigs and wild boars in China in 2018 and rapidly spread to neighboring Asian countries. Currently, no effective vaccine or diagnostic tests are available to prevent its spread. We developed a robust quadruple recombinant-protein-based indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (QrP-iELISA) using four antigenic proteins (CD2v, CAP80, p54, and p22) to detect ASF virus (ASFV) antibodies and compared it with a commercial kit (IDvet) using ASFV-positive and -negative serum samples. The maximum positive/negative value was 24.033 at a single antigen concentration of 0.25 μg/mL and quadruple ASFV antigen combination of 1 μg/mL at a 1:100 serum dilution. Among 70 ASFV-positive samples, 65, 67, 65, 70, 70, and 14 were positive above the cut-offs of 0.121, 0.121, 0.183, 0.065, 0.201, and 0.122, for CD2v, CAP80, p54, p22-iELISA, QrP-iELISA, and IDvet, respectively, with sensitivities of 92.9%, 95.7%, 92.9%, 100%, 100%, and 20%, respectively, all with 100% specificity. The antibody responses in QrP-iELISA and IDvet were similar in pigs infected with ASFV I. QrP-iELISA was more sensitive than IDvet for early antibody detection in pigs infected with ASFV II. These data provide a foundation for developing advanced ASF antibody detection kits critical for ASF surveillance and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Chul Jung
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; (M.-C.J.); (T.N.L.); (J.-A.K.)
- Department of Proteome Structural Biology, KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Van Phan Le
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (V.P.L.); (T.B.N.T.)
| | - Sun-Woo Yoon
- Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Republic of Korea;
| | - Thi Ngoc Le
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; (M.-C.J.); (T.N.L.); (J.-A.K.)
- Department of Proteome Structural Biology, KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Thi Bich Ngoc Trinh
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (V.P.L.); (T.B.N.T.)
| | - Hye Kwon Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jung-Ah Kang
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; (M.-C.J.); (T.N.L.); (J.-A.K.)
| | - Jong-Woo Lim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; (J.-W.L.); (M.Y.)
| | - Minjoo Yeom
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; (J.-W.L.); (M.Y.)
| | - Woonsung Na
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jin-Ju Nah
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (J.-J.N.); (J.-D.C.); (H.-E.K.)
| | - Ji-Da Choi
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (J.-J.N.); (J.-D.C.); (H.-E.K.)
| | - Hae-Eun Kang
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (J.-J.N.); (J.-D.C.); (H.-E.K.)
| | - Daesub Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; (J.-W.L.); (M.Y.)
| | - Dae Gwin Jeong
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; (M.-C.J.); (T.N.L.); (J.-A.K.)
- Department of Proteome Structural Biology, KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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Löw K, Möller R, Stegmann C, Becker M, Rehburg L, Obernolte H, Schaudien D, Oestereich L, Braun A, Kunz S, Gerold G. Luminescent reporter cells enable the identification of broad-spectrum antivirals against emerging viruses. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29211. [PMID: 37975336 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The emerging viruses SARS-CoV-2 and arenaviruses cause severe respiratory and hemorrhagic diseases, respectively. The production of infectious particles of both viruses and virus spread in tissues requires cleavage of surface glycoproteins (GPs) by host proprotein convertases (PCs). SARS-CoV-2 and arenaviruses rely on GP cleavage by PCs furin and subtilisin kexin isozyme-1/site-1 protease (SKI-1/S1P), respectively. We report improved luciferase-based reporter cell lines, named luminescent inducible proprotein convertase reporter cells that we employ to monitor PC activity in its authentic subcellular compartment. Using these sensor lines we screened a small compound library in high-throughput manner. We identified 23 FDA-approved small molecules, among them monensin which displayed broad activity against furin and SKI-1/S1P. Monensin inhibited arenaviruses and SARS-CoV-2 in a dose-dependent manner. We observed a strong reduction in infectious particle release upon monensin treatment with little effect on released genome copies. This was reflected by inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 spike processing suggesting the release of immature particles. In a proof of concept experiment using human precision cut lung slices, monensin potently inhibited SARS-CoV-2 infection, evidenced by reduced infectious particle release. We propose that our PC sensor pipeline is a suitable tool to identify broad-spectrum antivirals with therapeutic potential to combat current and future emerging viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Löw
- Department of Biochemistry & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rebecca Möller
- Department of Biochemistry & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Cora Stegmann
- Department of Biochemistry & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Miriam Becker
- Department of Biochemistry & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Laura Rehburg
- Department of Biochemistry & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Helena Obernolte
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Hannover, Germany
- Fraunhofer International Consortium for Anti-Infective Research (iCAIR), Hannover, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases, (CIMD), Hannover, Germany
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH) Research Network, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dirk Schaudien
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Hannover, Germany
- Fraunhofer International Consortium for Anti-Infective Research (iCAIR), Hannover, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases, (CIMD), Hannover, Germany
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH) Research Network, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lisa Oestereich
- Department of Virology, Bernhard-Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infectious Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg
| | - Armin Braun
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Hannover, Germany
- Fraunhofer International Consortium for Anti-Infective Research (iCAIR), Hannover, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases, (CIMD), Hannover, Germany
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH) Research Network, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Kunz
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gisa Gerold
- Department of Biochemistry & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine (WCMM), Umeå University, Sweden
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Han JJ, Song HA, Pierson SL, Shen-Gunther J, Xia Q. Emerging Infectious Diseases Are Virulent Viruses-Are We Prepared? An Overview. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2618. [PMID: 38004630 PMCID: PMC10673331 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 affected the global population, resulting in a significant loss of lives and global economic deterioration. COVID-19 highlighted the importance of public awareness and science-based decision making, and exposed global vulnerabilities in preparedness and response systems. Emerging and re-emerging viral outbreaks are becoming more frequent due to increased international travel and global warming. These viral outbreaks impose serious public health threats and have transformed national strategies for pandemic preparedness with global economic consequences. At the molecular level, viral mutations and variations are constantly thwarting vaccine efficacy, as well as diagnostic, therapeutic, and prevention strategies. Here, we discuss viral infectious diseases that were epidemic and pandemic, currently available treatments, and surveillance measures, along with their limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine J. Han
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Gynecologic Surgery and Obstetrics, Department of Clinical Investigation, Brooke Army Medical Center, San Antonio, TX 78234, USA
| | - Hannah A. Song
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA;
| | - Sarah L. Pierson
- Department of Clinical Investigation, Brooke Army Medical Center, San Antonio, TX 78234, USA;
| | - Jane Shen-Gunther
- Gynecologic Oncology & Clinical Investigation, Department of Clinical Investigation, Brooke Army Medical Center, San Antonio, TX 78234, USA;
| | - Qingqing Xia
- Department of Clinical Investigation, Brooke Army Medical Center, San Antonio, TX 78234, USA;
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Abrahamian P, Mollov D, Hammond RW, Rivera Y. Coding-complete genome sequence of an isolate of papaya virus E in tomato. Microbiol Resour Announc 2023; 12:e0034423. [PMID: 37594282 PMCID: PMC10508159 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00344-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
An isolate of papaya virus E was identified in tomato fruits from Mexico. The coding-complete genome sequence was determined using high-throughput sequencing. The coding-complete genome is 13,412 nucleotides and contains 8 open reading frames.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Abrahamian
- US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Science and Technology, Plant Pathogen Confirmatory Diagnostic Laboratory, Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | - Dimitre Mollov
- US Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Horticultural Crops Disease and Pest Management Research Unit, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Rosemarie W. Hammond
- US Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Yazmin Rivera
- US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Science and Technology, Plant Pathogen Confirmatory Diagnostic Laboratory, Laurel, Maryland, USA
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Young AR, Stobart CC. Emergence, Tropism, Disease, and Treatment of Australian Bat Lyssavirus Infections in Humans. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2023; 23:486-494. [PMID: 37335942 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2022.0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Australian bat lyssavirus (ABLV) is a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA rhabdovirus capable of causing fatal acute encephalitis in humans with similar pathogenesis to its closest serologic relative, rabies virus (RABV). In this review, we describe emergence and classification of ABLV, its known virology, reservoirs, and hosts, as well as both the pathogenesis and treatment approaches currently employed for presumed infections. ABLV was first identified in New South Wales, Australia in 1996 and emerged in humans months later in Queensland, Australia. Only five known bat reservoirs, all of which fall within the Pteropus and Saccolaimus genera, have been identified to date. Although ABLV antigens have been identified in bats located outside of Australia, the three known human ABLV infections to date have occurred within Australia. As such, there remains a potential for ABLV to expand its presence within and beyond Australia. ABLV infections are currently treated as if they were RABV infections by administering neutralizing antibodies against RABV at the site of the wound and employing the rabies vaccine upon possible exposures. Due to its recent emergence, there is still much left unknown about ABLV, posing concerns with how to safely and effectively address current and future ABLV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey R Young
- Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Chand K. Editorial: Emerging swine viral pathogens: virus evolution, epidemiology, molecular pathogenesis and disease control strategies. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1274347. [PMID: 37692396 PMCID: PMC10485826 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1274347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Karam Chand
- Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
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Li Y, Zhang P, Ye M, Tian RR, Li N, Cao L, Ma Y, Liu FL, Zheng YT, Zhang C. Novel Circovirus in Blood from Intravenous Drug Users, Yunnan, China. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:1015-1019. [PMID: 37081583 PMCID: PMC10124637 DOI: 10.3201/eid2905.221617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We identified a novel circovirus (human-associated circovirus 2 [HuCV2]) from the blood of 2 intravenous drug users in China who were infected with HIV-1, hepatitis C virus, or both. HuCV2 is most closely related to porcine circovirus 3. Our findings underscore the risk for HuCV2 and other emerging viruses among this population.
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McMinn RJ, Langsjoen RM, Bombin A, Robich RM, Ojeda E, Normandin E, Goethert HK, Lubelczyk CB, Schneider E, Cosenza D, Meagher M, Prusinski MA, Sabeti PC, Smith RP, Telford SR, Piantadosi A, Ebel GD. Phylodynamics of deer tick virus in North America. Virus Evol 2023; 9:vead008. [PMID: 36846826 PMCID: PMC9943884 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vead008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The burden of ticks and the pathogens they carry is increasing worldwide. Powassan virus (POWV; Flaviviridae: Flavivirus), the only known North American tick-borne flavivirus, is of particular concern due to rising cases and the severe morbidity of POWV encephalitis. Here, we use a multifaceted approach to evaluate the emergence of the II POWV lineage, known as deer tick virus (DTV), in parts of North America where human cases occur. We detected DTV-positive ticks from eight of twenty locations in the Northeast USA with an average infection rate of 1.4 per cent. High-depth, whole-genome sequencing of eighty-four POWV and DTV samples allowed us to assess geographic and temporal phylodynamics. We observed both stable infection in the Northeast USA and patterns of geographic dispersal within and between regions. A Bayesian skyline analysis demonstrated DTV population expansion over the last 50 years. This is concordant with the documented expansion of Ixodes scapularis tick populations and suggests an increasing risk of human exposure as the vector spreads. Finally, we isolated sixteen novel viruses in cell culture and demonstrated limited genetic change after passage, a valuable resource for future studies investigating this emerging virus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rose M Langsjoen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30307, USA
| | - Andrei Bombin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30307, USA
| | | | - Erick Ojeda
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30307, USA
| | - Erica Normandin
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Center for Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Heidi K Goethert
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
| | | | | | | | - Molly Meagher
- Maine Health Institute for Research, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA
| | - Melissa A Prusinski
- Bureau of Communicable Disease Control, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12237, USA
| | - Pardis C Sabeti
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Robert P Smith
- Maine Health Institute for Research, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA
| | - Sam R Telford
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
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12
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Naciuk FF, Nascimento AFZ, Rocha RPF, Rustiguel JK, Coimbra LD, Marques RE, Bruder M. Competing interests during the key N-glycosylation of 6-chloro-7-deaza-7-iodopurine for the synthesis of 7-deaza-2'-methyladenosine using Vorbrüggen conditions. Front Chem 2023; 11:1163486. [PMID: 37035111 PMCID: PMC10076608 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1163486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A short 3-step synthesis of the antiviral agent 7DMA is described herein. The nature of a major by-product formed during the key N-glycosylation of 6-chloro-7-deaza-7-iodopurine with perbenzoylated 2-methyl-ribose under Vorbrüggen conditions was also investigated. Spectroscopic analyses support that the solvent itself is converted into a nucleophilic species competing with the nucleobase and further reacting with the activated riboside in an unanticipated fashion. These findings call for a revision of reaction conditions when working with weakly reactive nucleobases in the presence of Lewis acids. 7DMA thus obtained was evaluated for its efficacy against an emerging flavivirus in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrício Fredo Naciuk
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Rebeca Paiva Froes Rocha
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joane Kathelen Rustiguel
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lais Durço Coimbra
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Elias Marques
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marjorie Bruder
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Marjorie Bruder,
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13
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Roe MK, Huffman ER, Batista YS, Papadeas GG, Kastelitz SR, Restivo AM, Stobart CC. Comprehensive Review of Emergence and Virology of Tickborne Bourbon Virus in the United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:1-7. [PMID: 36573641 PMCID: PMC9796205 DOI: 10.3201/eid2901.212295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This novel human pathogenic tickborne thogotovirus is found in the eastern and central regions of the country. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 and the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic triggered considerable attention to the emergence and evolution of novel human pathogens. Bourbon virus (BRBV) was first discovered in 2014 in Bourbon County, Kansas, USA. Since its initial discovery, several cases of BRBV infection in humans have been identified in Kansas, Oklahoma, and Missouri. BRBV is classified within the Thogotovirus genus; these negative-strand RNA viruses appear to be transmitted by ticks, and much of their biology remains unknown. In this review, we describe the emergence, virology, geographic range and ecology, and human disease caused by BRBV and discuss potential treatments for active BRBV infections. This virus and other emerging viral pathogens remain key public health concerns and require continued surveillance and study to mitigate human exposure and disease.
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14
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Kading RC, Borland EM, Mossel EC, Nakayiki T, Nalikka B, Ledermann JP, Crabtree MB, Panella NA, Nyakarahuka L, Gilbert AT, Kerbis-Peterhans JC, Towner JS, Amman BR, Sealy TK, Miller BR, Lutwama JJ, Kityo RM, Powers AM. Exposure of Egyptian Rousette Bats ( Rousettus aegyptiacus) and a Little Free-Tailed Bat ( Chaerephon pumilus) to Alphaviruses in Uganda. Diseases 2022; 10:diseases10040121. [PMID: 36547207 PMCID: PMC9777265 DOI: 10.3390/diseases10040121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The reservoir for zoonotic o'nyong-nyong virus (ONNV) has remained unknown since this virus was first recognized in Uganda in 1959. Building on existing evidence for mosquito blood-feeding on various frugivorous bat species in Uganda, and seroprevalence for arboviruses among bats in Uganda, we sought to assess if serum samples collected from bats in Uganda demonstrated evidence of exposure to ONNV or the closely related zoonotic chikungunya virus (CHIKV). In total, 652 serum samples collected from six bat species were tested by plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) for neutralizing antibodies against ONNV and CHIKV. Forty out of 303 (13.2%) Egyptian rousettes from Maramagambo Forest and 1/13 (8%) little free-tailed bats from Banga Nakiwogo, Entebbe contained neutralizing antibodies against ONNV. In addition, 2/303 (0.7%) of these Egyptian rousettes contained neutralizing antibodies to CHIKV, and 8/303 (2.6%) contained neutralizing antibodies that were nonspecifically reactive to alphaviruses. These data support the interepidemic circulation of ONNV and CHIKV in Uganda, although Egyptian rousette bats are unlikely to serve as reservoirs for these viruses given the inconsistent occurrence of antibody-positive bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah C. Kading
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-970-491-7833
| | - Erin M. Borland
- Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Eric C. Mossel
- Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Teddy Nakayiki
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging, and Re-Emerging Infections, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Betty Nalikka
- Department of Zoology, Entomology, and Fisheries Science, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jeremy P. Ledermann
- Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Mary B. Crabtree
- Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Nicholas A. Panella
- Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Luke Nyakarahuka
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging, and Re-Emerging Infections, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Amy T. Gilbert
- Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, National Wildlife Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Julian C. Kerbis-Peterhans
- Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, College of Arts & Sciences, Roosevelt University, Chicago, IL 60605, USA
| | - Jonathan S. Towner
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Brian R. Amman
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Tara K. Sealy
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Barry R. Miller
- Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Julius J. Lutwama
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging, and Re-Emerging Infections, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Robert M. Kityo
- Department of Zoology, Entomology, and Fisheries Science, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ann M. Powers
- Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
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15
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Phusantisampan T, Yamkasem J, Tattiyapong P, Sriariyanun M, Surachetpong W. Specific and rapid detection of tilapia parvovirus using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method. J Fish Dis 2022; 45:1893-1898. [PMID: 36048556 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Theerawut Phusantisampan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok, Thailand
- Microbial Informatics and Industrial Product of Microbe Research Center, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jidapa Yamkasem
- Graduate Program in Animal Health and Biomedical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Puntanat Tattiyapong
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetic Engineering and Bioinformatics, Graduate school, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Malinee Sriariyanun
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Biorefinery and Process Automation Engineering Center, The Sirindhorn Thai-German International Graduate School of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Win Surachetpong
- Graduate Program in Animal Health and Biomedical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetic Engineering and Bioinformatics, Graduate school, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
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16
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Walser M, Mayor J, Rothenberger S. Designed Ankyrin Repeat Proteins: A New Class of Viral Entry Inhibitors. Viruses 2022; 14:2242. [PMID: 36298797 PMCID: PMC9611651 DOI: 10.3390/v14102242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Designed ankyrin repeat proteins (DARPins) are engineered proteins comprising consensus designed ankyrin repeats as scaffold. Tightly packed repeats form a continuous hydrophobic core and a large groove-like solvent-accessible surface that creates a binding surface. DARPin domains recognizing a target of interest with high specificity and affinity can be generated using a synthetic combinatorial library and in vitro selection methods. They can be linked together in a single molecule to build multispecific and multifunctional proteins without affecting expression or function. The modular architecture of DARPins offers unprecedented possibilities of design and opens avenues for innovative antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Walser
- Molecular Partners AG, Wagistrasse 14, 8952 Zurich-Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer Mayor
- Spiez Laboratory, Federal Office for Civil Protection, Austrasse, 3700 Spiez, Switzerland
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 48, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sylvia Rothenberger
- Spiez Laboratory, Federal Office for Civil Protection, Austrasse, 3700 Spiez, Switzerland
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 48, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
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17
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Zhang S, Griffiths JS, Marchand G, Bernards MA, Wang A. Tomato brown rugose fruit virus: An emerging and rapidly spreading plant RNA virus that threatens tomato production worldwide. Mol Plant Pathol 2022; 23:1262-1277. [PMID: 35598295 PMCID: PMC9366064 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) is an emerging and rapidly spreading RNA virus that infects tomato and pepper, with tomato as the primary host. The virus causes severe crop losses and threatens tomato production worldwide. ToBRFV was discovered in greenhouse tomato plants grown in Jordan in spring 2015 and its first outbreak was traced back to 2014 in Israel. To date, the virus has been reported in at least 35 countries across four continents in the world. ToBRFV is transmitted mainly via contaminated seeds and mechanical contact (such as through standard horticultural practices). Given the global nature of the seed production and distribution chain, and ToBRFV's seed transmissibility, the extent of its spread is probably more severe than has been disclosed. ToBRFV can break down genetic resistance to tobamoviruses conferred by R genes Tm-1, Tm-2, and Tm-22 in tomato and L1 and L2 alleles in pepper. Currently, no commercial ToBRFV-resistant tomato cultivars are available. Integrated pest management-based measures such as rotation, eradication of infected plants, disinfection of seeds, and chemical treatment of contaminated greenhouses have achieved very limited success. The generation and application of attenuated variants may be a fast and effective approach to protect greenhouse tomato against ToBRFV. Long-term sustainable control will rely on the development of novel genetic resistance and resistant cultivars, which represents the most effective and environment-friendly strategy for pathogen control. TAXONOMY Tomato brown rugose fruit virus belongs to the genus Tobamovirus, in the family Virgaviridae. The genus also includes several economically important viruses such as Tobacco mosaic virus and Tomato mosaic virus. GENOME AND VIRION The ToBRFV genome is a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA of approximately 6.4 kb, encoding four open reading frames. The viral genomic RNA is encapsidated into virions that are rod-shaped and about 300 nm long and 18 nm in diameter. Tobamovirus virions are considered extremely stable and can survive in plant debris or on seed surfaces for long periods of time. DISEASE SYMPTOMS Leaves, particularly young leaves, of tomato plants infected by ToBRFV exhibit mild to severe mosaic symptoms with dark green bulges, narrowness, and deformation. The peduncles and calyces often become necrotic and fail to produce fruit. Yellow blotches, brown or black spots, and rugose wrinkles appear on tomato fruits. In pepper plants, ToBRFV infection results in puckering and yellow mottling on leaves with stunted growth of young seedlings and small yellow to brown rugose dots and necrotic blotches on fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaokang Zhang
- London Research and Development CentreAgriculture and Agri‐Food CanadaLondonOntarioCanada
- Department of BiologyThe University of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
| | - Jonathan S. Griffiths
- London Research and Development CentreAgriculture and Agri‐Food CanadaVinelandOntarioCanada
| | - Geneviève Marchand
- Harrow Research and Development CentreAgriculture and Agri‐Food CanadaHarrowOntarioCanada
| | - Mark A. Bernards
- Department of BiologyThe University of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
| | - Aiming Wang
- London Research and Development CentreAgriculture and Agri‐Food CanadaLondonOntarioCanada
- Department of BiologyThe University of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
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18
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Zhang F, Chase-Topping M, Guo CG, Woolhouse MEJ. Predictors of human-infective RNA virus discovery in the United States, China, and Africa, an ecological study. eLife 2022; 11:e72123. [PMID: 35666108 PMCID: PMC9278958 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The variation in the pathogen type as well as the spatial heterogeneity of predictors make the generality of any associations with pathogen discovery debatable. Our previous work confirmed that the association of a group of predictors differed across different types of RNA viruses, yet there have been no previous comparisons of the specific predictors for RNA virus discovery in different regions. The aim of the current study was to close the gap by investigating whether predictors of discovery rates within three regions-the United States, China, and Africa-differ from one another and from those at the global level. Methods Based on a comprehensive list of human-infective RNA viruses, we collated published data on first discovery of each species in each region. We used a Poisson boosted regression tree (BRT) model to examine the relationship between virus discovery and 33 predictors representing climate, socio-economics, land use, and biodiversity across each region separately. The discovery probability in three regions in 2010-2019 was mapped using the fitted models and historical predictors. Results The numbers of human-infective virus species discovered in the United States, China, and Africa up to 2019 were 95, 80, and 107 respectively, with China lagging behind the other two regions. In each region, discoveries were clustered in hotspots. BRT modelling suggested that in all three regions RNA virus discovery was better predicted by land use and socio-economic variables than climatic variables and biodiversity, although the relative importance of these predictors varied by region. Map of virus discovery probability in 2010-2019 indicated several new hotspots outside historical high-risk areas. Most new virus species since 2010 in each region (6/6 in the United States, 19/19 in China, 12/19 in Africa) were discovered in high-risk areas as predicted by our model. Conclusions The drivers of spatiotemporal variation in virus discovery rates vary in different regions of the world. Within regions virus discovery is driven mainly by land-use and socio-economic variables; climate and biodiversity variables are consistently less important predictors than at a global scale. Potential new discovery hotspots in 2010-2019 are identified. Results from the study could guide active surveillance for new human-infective viruses in local high-risk areas. Funding FFZ is funded by the Darwin Trust of Edinburgh (https://darwintrust.bio.ed.ac.uk/). MEJW has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 874735 (VEO) (https://www.veo-europe.eu/).
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Zhang
- Usher Institute, University of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Margo Chase-Topping
- Usher Institute, University of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
- Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Chuan-Guo Guo
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong KongHong KongChina
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19
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Mazur FG, Morinisi LM, Martins JO, Guerra PPB, Freire CCM. Exploring Virome Diversity in Public Data in South America as an Approach for Detecting Viral Sources From Potentially Emerging Viruses. Front Genet 2022; 12:722857. [PMID: 35126446 PMCID: PMC8814814 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.722857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The South American continent presents a great diversity of biomes, whose ecosystems are constantly threatened by the expansion of human activity. The emergence and re-emergence of viral populations with impact on the human population and ecosystem have shown increases in the last decades. In deference to the growing accumulation of genomic data, we explore the potential of South American-related public databases to detect signals that contribute to virosphere research. Therefore, our study aims to investigate public databases with emphasis on the surveillance of viruses with medical and ecological relevance. Herein, we profiled 120 "sequence read archives" metagenomes from 19 independent projects from the last decade. In a coarse view, our analyses identified only 0.38% of the total number of sequences from viruses, showing a higher proportion of RNA viruses. The metagenomes with the most important viral sequences in the analyzed environmental models were 1) aquatic samples from the Amazon River, 2) sewage from Brasilia, and 3) soil from the state of São Paulo, while the models of animal transmission were detected in mosquitoes from Rio Janeiro and Bats from Amazonia. Also, the classification of viral signals into operational taxonomic units (OTUs) (family) allowed us to infer from metadata a probable host range in the virome detected in each sample analyzed. Further, several motifs and viral sequences are related to specific viruses with emergence potential from Togaviridae, Arenaviridae, and Flaviviridae families. In this context, the exploration of public databases allowed us to evaluate the scope and informative capacity of sequences from third-party public databases and to detect signals related to viruses of clinical or environmental importance, which allowed us to infer traits associated with probable transmission routes or signals of ecological disequilibrium. The evaluation of our results showed that in most cases the size and type of the reference database, the percentage of guanine-cytosine (GC), and the length of the query sequences greatly influence the taxonomic classification of the sequences. In sum, our findings describe how the exploration of public genomic data can be exploited as an approach for epidemiological surveillance and the understanding of the virosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Caio C. M. Freire
- Department Genetics and Evolution, UFSCar—Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
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20
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Abstract
The COVID pandemic has evidenced how vulnerable we are to emerging infectious diseases and how short our current armamentarium is. Flavivirus, single stranded RNA viruses transmitted by arthropods, are considered a global health challenge. No drugs to treat these infections have been approved. In this Viewpoint, we analyze the advantages and disadvantages of two different, but probably also complementary, therapeutic approaches: virus-targeting antivirals and host-targeting drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan-Carlos Saiz
- Departamento
de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional
de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria
(INIA-CSIC), Carretera de A Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva-María Priego
- Instituto
de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC), c/Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Martín-Acebes
- Departamento
de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional
de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria
(INIA-CSIC), Carretera de A Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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21
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Haslwanter D, Lasso G, Wec AZ, Furtado ND, Raphael LMS, Tse AL, Sun Y, Stransky S, Pedreño-Lopez N, Correia CA, Bornholdt ZA, Sakharkar M, Avelino-Silva VI, Moyer CL, Watkins DI, Kallas EG, Sidoli S, Walker LM, Bonaldo MC, Chandran K. Genotype-specific features reduce the susceptibility of South American yellow fever virus strains to vaccine-induced antibodies. Cell Host Microbe 2022; 30:248-259.e6. [PMID: 34998466 PMCID: PMC10067022 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The resurgence of yellow fever in South America has prompted vaccination against the etiologic agent, yellow fever virus (YFV). Current vaccines are based on a live-attenuated YF-17D virus derived from a virulent African isolate. The capacity of these vaccines to induce neutralizing antibodies against the vaccine strain is used as a surrogate for protection. However, the sensitivity of genetically distinct South American strains to vaccine-induced antibodies is unknown. We show that antiviral potency of the polyclonal antibody response in vaccinees is attenuated against an emergent Brazilian strain. This reduction was attributable to amino acid changes at two sites in central domain II of the glycoprotein E, including multiple changes at the domain I-domain II hinge, which are unique to and shared among most South American YFV strains. Our findings call for a reevaluation of current approaches to YFV immunological surveillance in South America and suggest approaches for updating vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Haslwanter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Gorka Lasso
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | | | - Nathália Dias Furtado
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lidiane Menezes Souza Raphael
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alexandra L Tse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Stephanie Stransky
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Núria Pedreño-Lopez
- Department of Pathology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Carolina Argondizo Correia
- Laboratório de Imunologia Clínica e Alergia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, 01246-903 São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Vivian I Avelino-Silva
- Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, 01246-903 São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - David I Watkins
- Department of Pathology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Esper G Kallas
- Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, 01246-903 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Simone Sidoli
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Laura M Walker
- Adimab, LLC, Lebanon, NH 03766, USA; Adagio Therapeutics Inc., Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - Myrna C Bonaldo
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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22
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Neill WA, Kading RC. Viral Ecology and Natural Infection Dynamics of Kaeng Khoi Virus in Cave-Dwelling Wrinkle-Lipped Free-Tailed Bats ( Chaerephon plicatus) in Thailand. Diseases 2021; 9:73. [PMID: 34698148 DOI: 10.3390/diseases9040073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaeng Khoi virus (KKV; Order: Bunyavirales), is an endemic viral infection of the wrinkle-lipped free-tailed bat (Chaerephon plicatus aka Tadarida plicata plicata). Little is known about the ecology and maintenance of KKV within the bat population, nor the infection dynamics and transmission among bats or between bats and other vertebrates. Therefore, KKV was studied in Kaeng Khoi cave, Saraburi province, Thailand, during 1973–1974 with the objectives to (1) characterize the seasonal infection rates of KKV in the context of the bat population ecology, and (2) describe the infection dynamics and viral shedding by naturally- and experimentally-infected bats. To this end, the free-tailed bat population was estimated by a series of timed photographs taken during the evening exodus. The case population of 900,000 adult bats doubled at the time of weaning of the young and returned to its previous level soon thereafter. The newborn bats had neutralizing antibodies to KKV that were likely to be maternal in origin. The KKV antibody prevalence in adult bats was high (69–91%) in March–May and low (29–40%) in August and September. Kaeng Khoi virus was isolated from 75% of dead and 50% of moribund bats, but was not found in nearly 400 apparently healthy bats. Virus was present in saliva, urine and blood of most of the naturally-moribund bats tested. Consistent with observations from naturally-infected bats, experimental infection of bats with KKV revealed significant liver pathology, also suggestive that this is not a benign infection. Kaeng Khoi virus is an endemic, year-round infection maintained by the annual recruitment of a large number of immunologically-naïve juvenile bats. Moreover, it produces an acute infection in the bat, either leading to death by hepatitis, or immunity.
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Sacchetto L, Chaves BA, Costa ER, de Menezes Medeiros AS, Gordo M, Araújo DB, Oliveira DBL, da Silva APB, Negri AF, Durigon EL, Hanley KA, Vasilakis N, de Lacerda MVG, Nogueira ML. Lack of Evidence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Spillover in Free-Living Neotropical Non-Human Primates, Brazil. Viruses 2021; 13:1933. [PMID: 34696363 PMCID: PMC8540180 DOI: 10.3390/v13101933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is responsible for the worst pandemic of the 21st century. Like all human coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2 originated in a wildlife reservoir, most likely from bats. As SARS-CoV-2 has spread across the globe in humans, it has spilled over to infect a variety of non-human animal species in domestic, farm, and zoo settings. Additionally, a broad range of species, including one neotropical monkey, have proven to be susceptible to experimental infection with SARS-CoV-2. Together, these findings raise the specter of establishment of novel enzootic cycles of SARS-CoV-2. To assess the potential exposure of free-living non-human primates to SARS-CoV-2, we sampled 60 neotropical monkeys living in proximity to Manaus and São José do Rio Preto, two hotspots for COVID-19 in Brazil. Our molecular and serological tests detected no evidence of SAR-CoV-2 infection among these populations. While this result is reassuring, sustained surveillance efforts of wildlife living in close association with human populations is warranted, given the stochastic nature of spillover events and the enormous implications of SARS-CoV-2 spillover for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívia Sacchetto
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia, Departamento de Doenças Dermatológicas, Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto 15090-000, Brazil;
| | - Bárbara Aparecida Chaves
- Instituto de Pesquisas Clínicas Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieria Dourado, Manaus 69040-000, Brazil; (B.A.C.); (E.R.C.); (A.S.d.M.M.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus 69040-000, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus 69020-160, Brazil
| | - Edson Rodrigues Costa
- Instituto de Pesquisas Clínicas Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieria Dourado, Manaus 69040-000, Brazil; (B.A.C.); (E.R.C.); (A.S.d.M.M.)
| | - Aline Souza de Menezes Medeiros
- Instituto de Pesquisas Clínicas Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieria Dourado, Manaus 69040-000, Brazil; (B.A.C.); (E.R.C.); (A.S.d.M.M.)
| | - Marcelo Gordo
- Laboratório de Biologia da Conservação, Projeto Sauim-de-Coleira, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, PPGZOO, PPGCASA, CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior), Manaus 69080-900, Brazil;
| | - Danielle Bastos Araújo
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (D.B.A.); (D.B.L.O.); (E.L.D.)
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652-900, Brazil
| | - Danielle Bruna Leal Oliveira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (D.B.A.); (D.B.L.O.); (E.L.D.)
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652-900, Brazil
- Centro de Inovação e Desenvolvimento, Instituto Butantã, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Betaressi da Silva
- Departamento de Vigilância Epidemiológica de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto 15084-010, Brazil; (A.P.B.d.S.); (A.F.N.)
| | - Andréia Francesli Negri
- Departamento de Vigilância Epidemiológica de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto 15084-010, Brazil; (A.P.B.d.S.); (A.F.N.)
| | - Edison Luiz Durigon
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (D.B.A.); (D.B.L.O.); (E.L.D.)
- Plataforma Científica Pasteur, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-020, Brazil
| | - Kathryn A. Hanley
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA;
| | - Nikos Vasilakis
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA;
- Sealy Center for Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Marcus Vinícius Guimarães de Lacerda
- Instituto de Pesquisas Clínicas Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieria Dourado, Manaus 69040-000, Brazil; (B.A.C.); (E.R.C.); (A.S.d.M.M.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus 69040-000, Brazil
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus 69057-070, Brazil
| | - Maurício Lacerda Nogueira
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia, Departamento de Doenças Dermatológicas, Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto 15090-000, Brazil;
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24
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Panno S, Caruso AG, Bertacca S, Matić S, Davino S, Parrella G. Detection of Parietaria Mottle Virus by RT-qPCR: An Emerging Virus Native of Mediterranean Area That Undermine Tomato and Pepper Production in Southern Italy. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:698573. [PMID: 34539693 PMCID: PMC8446651 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.698573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Parietaria mottle virus (PMoV) is considered an emerging virus in many countries of the Mediterranean basin, especially on tomato and pepper crops. Symptoms on tomato leaves and fruits can be easily confused with those induced by cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) with necrogenic satellite RNA (CMV-satRNA), tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) or tomato mosaic virus (ToMV). Mixed infection of these viruses has been also reported in some tomato cultivars, with an increase in the complexity of the symptoms and severity of the disease. Although a specific serum and riboprobes have been produced, nowadays no sensitive diagnostic methods are available for the rapid PMoV detection. Here, we have developed a RT-qPCR assay with the aim to establish a more sensitive and specific method for PMoV detection. Specific primers and TaqMan probe were designed and in silico tested with all PMoV isolates available in GenBank. Moreover, this method was evaluated on tomato naturally infected samples from Sicily region (Italy). Results obtained showed that the RT-qPCR assay developed in this work is extremely sensitive, in fact, it is able to detect as few as 10 PMoV RNA copies in tomato total RNA; moreover, it will be a particularly valuable tool for early detection of PMoV. Furthermore, the analyzes on field samples show how this pathogen is increasingly present in tomato crops in the last years, helping to undermine the Italian horticultural sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Panno
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Science and Technologies, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Andrea Giovanni Caruso
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Sofia Bertacca
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Slavica Matić
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (IPSP-CNR), Turin, Italy
| | - Salvatore Davino
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (IPSP-CNR), Turin, Italy
- Consorzio di Ricerca sul Rischio Biologico in Agricoltura (Co.Ri.Bi.A.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Parrella
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (IPSP-CNR), Portici, Italy
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25
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Schneider J, Hoffmann B, Fevola C, Schmidt ML, Imholt C, Fischer S, Ecke F, Hörnfeldt B, Magnusson M, Olsson GE, Rizzoli A, Tagliapietra V, Chiari M, Reusken C, Bužan E, Kazimirova M, Stanko M, White TA, Reil D, Obiegala A, Meredith A, Drexler JF, Essbauer S, Henttonen H, Jacob J, Hauffe HC, Beer M, Heckel G, Ulrich RG. Geographical Distribution and Genetic Diversity of Bank Vole Hepaciviruses in Europe. Viruses 2021; 13:1258. [PMID: 34203238 PMCID: PMC8310187 DOI: 10.3390/v13071258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of new diagnostic methods resulted in the discovery of novel hepaciviruses in wild populations of the bank vole (Myodes glareolus, syn. Clethrionomys glareolus). The naturally infected voles demonstrate signs of hepatitis similar to those induced by hepatitis C virus (HCV) in humans. The aim of the present research was to investigate the geographical distribution of bank vole-associated hepaciviruses (BvHVs) and their genetic diversity in Europe. Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) screening revealed BvHV RNA in 442 out of 1838 (24.0%) bank voles from nine European countries and in one of seven northern red-backed voles (Myodes rutilus, syn. Clethrionomys rutilus). BvHV RNA was not found in any other small mammal species (n = 23) tested here. Phylogenetic and isolation-by-distance analyses confirmed the occurrence of both BvHV species (Hepacivirus F and Hepacivirus J) and their sympatric occurrence at several trapping sites in two countries. The broad geographical distribution of BvHVs across Europe was associated with their presence in bank voles of different evolutionary lineages. The extensive geographical distribution and high levels of genetic diversity of BvHVs, as well as the high population fluctuations of bank voles and occasional commensalism in some parts of Europe warrant future studies on the zoonotic potential of BvHVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Schneider
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (M.L.S.); (S.F.)
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (B.H.); (M.B.)
| | - Cristina Fevola
- Research and Innovation Centre, Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Fondazione Edmund Mach, 38098 San Michele all’Adige, Italy; (C.F.); (A.R.); (V.T.); (H.C.H.)
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marie Luisa Schmidt
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (M.L.S.); (S.F.)
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Christian Imholt
- Vertebrate Research, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Horticulture and Forests, Julius Kühn-Institute (JKI), Toppheideweg 88, 48161 Münster, Germany; (C.I.); (D.R.); (J.J.)
| | - Stefan Fischer
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (M.L.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Frauke Ecke
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden; (F.E.); (B.H.); (M.M.); (G.E.O.)
| | - Birger Hörnfeldt
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden; (F.E.); (B.H.); (M.M.); (G.E.O.)
| | - Magnus Magnusson
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden; (F.E.); (B.H.); (M.M.); (G.E.O.)
| | - Gert E. Olsson
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden; (F.E.); (B.H.); (M.M.); (G.E.O.)
- Unit for Nature Conservation, County Administrative Board of Halland County, 30004 Halmstad, Sweden
| | - Annapaola Rizzoli
- Research and Innovation Centre, Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Fondazione Edmund Mach, 38098 San Michele all’Adige, Italy; (C.F.); (A.R.); (V.T.); (H.C.H.)
| | - Valentina Tagliapietra
- Research and Innovation Centre, Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Fondazione Edmund Mach, 38098 San Michele all’Adige, Italy; (C.F.); (A.R.); (V.T.); (H.C.H.)
| | - Mario Chiari
- Direzione Generale Welfare, U.O. Veterinaria, Piazza Città di Lombardia 1, 20124 Milan, Italy;
| | - Chantal Reusken
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 Bilthoven, The Netherlands;
| | - Elena Bužan
- Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, 6000 Koper, Slovenia;
- Environmental Protection College, 3320 Velenje, Slovenia
| | - Maria Kazimirova
- Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences (SAS), 81438 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Michal Stanko
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, 04001 Košice, Slovakia;
| | - Thomas A. White
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA2 0QZ, UK;
| | - Daniela Reil
- Vertebrate Research, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Horticulture and Forests, Julius Kühn-Institute (JKI), Toppheideweg 88, 48161 Münster, Germany; (C.I.); (D.R.); (J.J.)
| | - Anna Obiegala
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, 04109 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Anna Meredith
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AB, UK;
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Jan Felix Drexler
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany;
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Associated Partner Site Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sandra Essbauer
- Department Virology and Rickettsiology, Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, 80937 Munich, Germany;
| | - Heikki Henttonen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE), 00791 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Jens Jacob
- Vertebrate Research, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Horticulture and Forests, Julius Kühn-Institute (JKI), Toppheideweg 88, 48161 Münster, Germany; (C.I.); (D.R.); (J.J.)
| | - Heidi C. Hauffe
- Research and Innovation Centre, Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Fondazione Edmund Mach, 38098 San Michele all’Adige, Italy; (C.F.); (A.R.); (V.T.); (H.C.H.)
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (B.H.); (M.B.)
| | - Gerald Heckel
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Rainer G. Ulrich
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (M.L.S.); (S.F.)
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Martinez-Gutierrez M, Hernandez-Mira E, Rendon-Marin S, Ruiz-Saenz J. Wa-1 Equine-Like G3P[8] Rotavirus from a Child with Diarrhea in Colombia. Viruses 2021; 13:1075. [PMID: 34199978 DOI: 10.3390/v13061075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus A (RVA) has been considered the main cause of diarrheal disease in children under five years in emergency services in both developed and developing countries. RVA belongs to the Reoviridae family, which comprises 11 segments of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) as a genomic constellation that encodes for six structural and five to six nonstructural proteins. RVA has been classified in a binary system with Gx[Px] based on the spike protein (VP4) and the major outer capsid glycoprotein (VP7), respectively. The emerging equine-like G3P[8] DS-1-like strains reported worldwide in humans have arisen an important concern. Here, we carry out the complete genome characterization of a previously reported G3P[8] strain in order to recognize the genetic diversity of RVA circulating among infants in Colombia. A near-full genome phylogenetic analysis was done, confirming the presence of the novel equine-like G3P[8] with a Wa-like backbone for the first time in Colombia. This study demonstrated the importance of surveillance of emerging viruses in the Colombian population; furthermore, additional studies must focus on the understanding of the spread and transmission dynamic of this important RVA strain in different areas of the country.
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Fels JM, Maurer DP, Herbert AS, Wirchnianski AS, Vergnolle O, Cross RW, Abelson DM, Moyer CL, Mishra AK, Aguilan JT, Kuehne AI, Pauli NT, Bakken RR, Nyakatura EK, Hellert J, Quevedo G, Lobel L, Balinandi S, Lutwama JJ, Zeitlin L, Geisbert TW, Rey FA, Sidoli S, McLellan JS, Lai JR, Bornholdt ZA, Dye JM, Walker LM, Chandran K. Protective neutralizing antibodies from human survivors of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Cell 2021; 184:3486-3501.e21. [PMID: 34077751 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a World Health Organization priority pathogen. CCHFV infections cause a highly lethal hemorrhagic fever for which specific treatments and vaccines are urgently needed. Here, we characterize the human immune response to natural CCHFV infection to identify potent neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (nAbs) targeting the viral glycoprotein. Competition experiments showed that these nAbs bind six distinct antigenic sites in the Gc subunit. These sites were further delineated through mutagenesis and mapped onto a prefusion model of Gc. Pairwise screening identified combinations of non-competing nAbs that afford synergistic neutralization. Further enhancements in neutralization breadth and potency were attained by physically linking variable domains of synergistic nAb pairs through bispecific antibody (bsAb) engineering. Although multiple nAbs protected mice from lethal CCHFV challenge in pre- or post-exposure prophylactic settings, only a single bsAb, DVD-121-801, afforded therapeutic protection. DVD-121-801 is a promising candidate suitable for clinical development as a CCHFV therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Maximilian Fels
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | | | - Andrew S Herbert
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA; The Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, WA 98402, USA
| | - Ariel S Wirchnianski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Deparment of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Olivia Vergnolle
- Deparment of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Robert W Cross
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
| | | | | | - Akaash K Mishra
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Jennifer T Aguilan
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Ana I Kuehne
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | | | - Russell R Bakken
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Elisabeth K Nyakatura
- Deparment of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Jan Hellert
- Structural Virology Unit, Department of Virology, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75724, France
| | - Gregory Quevedo
- Deparment of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Leslie Lobel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | | | | | - Larry Zeitlin
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Thomas W Geisbert
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
| | - Felix A Rey
- Structural Virology Unit, Department of Virology, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75724, France
| | - Simone Sidoli
- Deparment of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Jason S McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Jonathan R Lai
- Deparment of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | | | - John M Dye
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Laura M Walker
- Adimab, LLC, Lebanon, NH 03766, USA; Adagio Therapeutics, Inc., Waltham, MA 02451, USA.
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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Windhaber S, Xin Q, Lozach PY. Orthobunyaviruses: From Virus Binding to Penetration into Mammalian Host Cells. Viruses 2021; 13:872. [PMID: 34068494 DOI: 10.3390/v13050872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
With over 80 members worldwide, Orthobunyavirus is the largest genus in the Peribunyaviridae family. Orthobunyaviruses (OBVs) are arthropod-borne viruses that are structurally simple, with a trisegmented, negative-sense RNA genome and only four structural proteins. OBVs are potential agents of emerging and re-emerging diseases and overall represent a global threat to both public and veterinary health. The focus of this review is on the very first steps of OBV infection in mammalian hosts, from virus binding to penetration and release of the viral genome into the cytosol. Here, we address the most current knowledge and advances regarding OBV receptors, endocytosis, and fusion.
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Abstract
Emerging or re-emerging viruses are still major threats to public health. Prophylactic vaccines represent the most effective way to prevent virus infection; however, antivirals are more promising for those viruses against which vaccines are not effective enough or contemporarily unavailable. Because of the slow pace of novel antiviral discovery, the high disuse rates, and the substantial cost, repurposing of the well-characterized therapeutics, either approved or under investigation, is becoming an attractive strategy to identify the new directions to treat virus infections. In this review, we described recent progress in identifying broad-spectrum antivirals through drug repurposing. We defined the two major categories of the repurposed antivirals, direct-acting repurposed antivirals (DARA) and host-targeting repurposed antivirals (HTRA). Under each category, we summarized repurposed antivirals with potential broad-spectrum activity against a variety of viruses and discussed the possible mechanisms of action. Finally, we proposed the potential investigative directions of drug repurposing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, College of Basic Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, College of Basic Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Park A, Park SJ, Jung KL, Kim SM, Kim EH, Kim YI, Foo SS, Kim S, Kim SG, Yu KM, Choi Y, Kim JY, Baek YH, Song MS, Kim SR, Kim SY, Jeong HW, Kim SH, Jung JU, Choi YK. Molecular Signatures of Inflammatory Profile and B-Cell Function in Patients with Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome. mBio 2021; 12:e02583-20. [PMID: 33593977 DOI: 10.1128/mBio.02583-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dabie bandavirus (severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus [SFTSV]) induces an immunopathogenic disease with a high fatality rate; however, the mechanisms underlying its clinical manifestations are largely unknown. In this study, we applied targeted proteomics and single-cell transcriptomics to examine the differential immune landscape in SFTS patient blood. Serum immunoprofiling identified low-risk and high-risk clusters of SFTS patients based on inflammatory cytokine levels, which corresponded to disease severity. Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of SFTS patient peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) at different infection stages showed pronounced expansion of B cells with alterations in B-cell subsets in fatal cases. Furthermore, plasma cells in which the interferon (IFN) pathway is downregulated were identified as the primary reservoir of SFTSV replication. This study identified not only the molecular signatures of serum inflammatory cytokines and B-cell lineage populations in SFTSV-induced fatalities but also plasma cells as the viral reservoir. Thus, this suggests that altered B-cell function is linked to lethality in SFTSV infections.
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Koch J, Xin Q, Tischler ND, Lozach PY. Entry of Phenuiviruses into Mammalian Host Cells. Viruses 2021; 13:299. [PMID: 33672975 DOI: 10.3390/v13020299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenuiviridae is a large family of arthropod-borne viruses with over 100 species worldwide. Several cause severe diseases in both humans and livestock. Global warming and the apparent geographical expansion of arthropod vectors are good reasons to seriously consider these viruses potential agents of emerging diseases. With an increasing frequency and number of epidemics, some phenuiviruses represent a global threat to public and veterinary health. This review focuses on the early stage of phenuivirus infection in mammalian host cells. We address current knowledge on each step of the cell entry process, from virus binding to penetration into the cytosol. Virus receptors, endocytosis, and fusion mechanisms are discussed in light of the most recent progress on the entry of banda-, phlebo-, and uukuviruses, which together constitute the three prominent genera in the Phenuiviridae family.
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Eggers M, Schwebke I, Suchomel M, Fotheringham V, Gebel J, Meyer B, Morace G, Roedger HJ, Roques C, Visa P, Steinhauer K. The European tiered approach for virucidal efficacy testing - rationale for rapidly selecting disinfectants against emerging and re-emerging viral diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 26. [PMID: 33478622 PMCID: PMC7848678 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2021.26.3.2000708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
When facing an emerging virus outbreak such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a quick reaction time is key to control the spread. It takes time to develop antivirals and vaccines, and implement vaccination campaigns. Therefore, preventive measures such as rapid isolation of cases and identification and early quarantine of cases' close contacts-as well as masks, physical distancing, hand hygiene, surface disinfection and air control-are crucial to reduce the risk of transmission. In this context, disinfectants and antiseptics with proven efficacy against the outbreak virus should be used. However, biocidal formulations are quite complex and may include auxiliary substances such as surfactants or emollients in addition to active substances. In order to evaluate disinfectants' efficacy objectively, meaningful efficacy data are needed. Therefore, the European Committee for Standardisation technical committee 216 'Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics' Working Group 1 (medical area) has developed standards for efficacy testing. The European tiered approach grades the virucidal efficacy in three levels, with corresponding marker test viruses. In the case of SARS-CoV-2, disinfectants with proven activity against vaccinia virus, the marker virus for the European claim 'active against enveloped viruses', should be used to ensure effective hygiene procedures to control the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Eggers
- Labor Prof Gisela Enders MVZ GbR, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Miranda Suchomel
- Institute of Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Medical University, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Jürgen Gebel
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University of Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Christine Roques
- Faculté des sciences pharmaceutiques, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Pilar Visa
- Eurofins BioPharma Product Testing Spain S.L.U, Barcelona, Spain
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Lu G, Xie J, Luo J, Shao R, Jia K, Li S. Lumpy skin disease outbreaks in China, since 3 August 2019. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:216-219. [PMID: 33119963 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a viral disease of cattle caused by LSD virus (LSDV). This disease poses a significant threat to stockbreeding and is listed as one of bovine notifiable diseases by OIE. Before 2019, LSD has not been reported in China. The first LSD outbreak was determined in China on August 3, 2019. Since then, a total of 7 LSD outbreaks have been reported in other 6 provinces in China, infecting 91 and killing 7 cattle. As of now, LSDV was detected in western and eastern China and also in Taiwan Island outside Mainland China. LSD is undoubtedly an emerging threat to the cattle industry in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinxin Xie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Jinglong Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ran Shao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kun Jia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shoujun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
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Abstract
Bats are the reservoir for a large number of zoonotic viruses, including members of Coronaviridae (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus [SARS-CoV] and SARS-CoV-2), Paramyxoviridae (Hendra and Nipah viruses), Rhabdoviridae (rabies virus), and Filoviridae (Ebola virus) as exemplars. Many retroviruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus, are similarly zoonotic; however, only infectious exogenous gammaretroviruses have recently been identified in bats. Here, viral metagenomic sequencing of samples from bats submitted for rabies virus testing, largely due to human exposure, identified a novel, highly divergent exogenous Deltaretrovirus from a big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus) in South Dakota. The virus sequence, corresponding to Eptesicus fuscus deltaretrovirus (EfDRV), comprised a nearly complete coding region comprised of canonical 5'-gag-pro-pol-env-3' genes with 37% to 51% identity to human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV), an infectious retrovirus that causes T-cell lymphoma. A putative tax gene with 27% identity to HTLV was located downstream of the pol gene along with a gene harbored in an alternative reading frame which possessed a conserved domain for an Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen involved in gene transactivation, suggesting a regulatory function similar to that of the deltaretrovirus rex gene. A TaqMan reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) targeting the pol gene identified 4/60 (6.7%) bats as positive for EfDRV, which, combined with a search of the E. fuscus genome that failed to identify sequences with homology to EfDRV, suggests that EfDRV is an infectious exogenous virus. As all known members of Deltaretrovirus can cause malignancies and E. fuscus is widely distributed in the Americas, often with a colonial roosting behavior in human dwellings, further studies are needed to investigate potential zoonosis.IMPORTANCE Bats host a large numbers of viruses, many of which are zoonotic. In the United States, the big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus) is widely distributed and lives in small colonies that roost in cavities, often in human dwellings, leading to frequent human interaction. Viral metagenomic sequencing of samples from an E. fuscus bat submitted for rabies testing identified the first exogenous bat Deltaretrovirus The E. fuscus deltaretrovirus (EfDRV) genome consists of the typical deltaretrovial 5'-gag-pro-pol-env-3' genes along with genes encoding two putative transcriptional transactivator proteins distantly related to the Tax protein of human T-cell lymphotrophic virus and nuclear antigen 3B of Epstein-Barr virus. Searches of the E. fuscus genome sequence failed to identify endogenous EfDRV. RT-PCR targeting the EfDRV pol gene identified 4/60 (6.7%) bats with positive results. Together, these results suggest that EfDRV is exogenous. As all members of Deltaretrovirus are associated with T- and B-cell malignancies or neurologic disease, further studies on possible zoonosis are warranted.
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Herath V, Romay G, Urrutia CD, Verchot J. Family Level Phylogenies Reveal Relationships of Plant Viruses within the Order Bunyavirales. Viruses 2020; 12:v12091010. [PMID: 32927652 PMCID: PMC7551631 DOI: 10.3390/v12091010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bunyavirales are negative-sense segmented RNA viruses infecting arthropods, protozoans, plants, and animals. This study examines the phylogenetic relationships of plant viruses within this order, many of which are recently classified species. Comprehensive phylogenetic analyses of the viral RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), precursor glycoprotein (preGP), the nucleocapsid (N) proteins point toward common progenitor viruses. The RdRp of Fimoviridae and Tospoviridae show a close evolutional relationship while the preGP of Fimoviridae and Phenuiviridae show a closed relationship. The N proteins of Fimoviridae were closer to the Phasmaviridae, the Tospoviridae were close to some Phenuiviridae members and the Peribunyaviridae. The plant viral movement proteins of species within the Tospoviridae and Phenuiviridae were more closely related to each other than to members of the Fimoviridae. Interestingly, distal ends of 3′ and 5′ untranslated regions of species within the Fimoviridae shared similarity to arthropod and vertebrate infecting members of the Cruliviridae and Peribunyaviridae compared to other plant virus families. Co-phylogeny analysis of the plant infecting viruses indicates that duplication and host switching were more common than co-divergence with a host species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venura Herath
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77802, USA; (V.H.); (G.R.); (C.D.U.)
- Department of Agriculture Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Gustavo Romay
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77802, USA; (V.H.); (G.R.); (C.D.U.)
| | - Cesar D. Urrutia
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77802, USA; (V.H.); (G.R.); (C.D.U.)
| | - Jeanmarie Verchot
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77802, USA; (V.H.); (G.R.); (C.D.U.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-979-845-1788
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McLean RG. Letter to the Editor: Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis virus 1B Invasion and Epidemic Control-South Texas, 1971. Trop Med Infect Dis 2020; 5:E104. [PMID: 32580287 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed5020104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidemic strain of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEE) 1B invaded south Texas in 1971. The success of the eventual containment and control of the virus invasion was the early recognition and immediate detection, cooperation, coordination, and participation among multiple federal agencies. There were 4739 wild vertebrate animals trapped on a ranch in the area with only 1 VEE virus isolation from a Virgina opossum (Didelphis virginiana). A large number of mosquitoes were also collected on the ranch and tested, resulting in 240 VEE virus isolations. Virus isolations were obtained from 58% of the 33 equines tested. Wild vertebrates did not play a significant role in the outbreak.
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Kading RC, Cohnstaedt LW, Fall K, Hamer GL. Emergence of Arboviruses in the United States: The Boom and Bust of Funding, Innovation, and Capacity. Trop Med Infect Dis 2020; 5:E96. [PMID: 32517268 PMCID: PMC7345222 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed5020096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-borne viruses will continue to emerge and generate a significant public health burden around the globe. Here, we provide a longitudinal perspective on how the emergence of mosquito-borne viruses in the Americas has triggered reactionary funding by sponsored agencies, stimulating a number of publications, innovative development of traps, and augmented capacity. We discuss the return on investment (ROI) from the oscillation in federal funding that influences demand for surveillance and control traps and leads to innovation and research productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah C. Kading
- Department of Microbiology, Colorado State University, Immunology and Pathology, Fort Collins, Colorado, CO 80523, USA
| | - Lee W. Cohnstaedt
- United States Department of Agriculture, Arthropod-borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Manhattan, Kansas, KS 66502, USA;
| | - Ken Fall
- BioQuip Products, Rancho Dominguez, California, CA 90220, USA;
| | - Gabriel L. Hamer
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, TX 77843, USA;
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Soman Pillai V, Krishna G, Valiya Veettil M. Nipah Virus: Past Outbreaks and Future Containment. Viruses 2020; 12:E465. [PMID: 32325930 DOI: 10.3390/v12040465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral outbreaks of varying frequencies and severities have caused panic and havoc across the globe throughout history. Influenza, small pox, measles, and yellow fever reverberated for centuries, causing huge burden for economies. The twenty-first century witnessed the most pathogenic and contagious virus outbreaks of zoonotic origin including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Ebola virus, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and Nipah virus. Nipah is considered one of the world’s deadliest viruses with the heaviest mortality rates in some instances. It is known to cause encephalitis, with cases of acute respiratory distress turning fatal. Various factors contribute to the onset and spread of the virus. All through the infected zone, various strategies to tackle and enhance the surveillance and awareness with greater emphasis on personal hygiene has been formulated. This review discusses the recent outbreaks of Nipah virus in Malaysia, Bangladesh and India, the routes of transmission, prevention and control measures employed along with possible reasons behind the outbreaks, and the precautionary measures to be ensured by private–public undertakings to contain and ensure a lower incidence in the future.
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Rezende IM, Pereira LS, Fradico JRB, Pascoal Xavier MA, Alves PA, Campi-Azevedo AC, Speziali E, Dos Santos LZM, Albuquerque NS, Penido I, Santos TA, Bom APDA, da Silva AMV, Fernandes CB, Calzavara CE, Kroon EG, Martins-Filho OA, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Drumond BP. Late-Relapsing Hepatitis after Yellow Fever. Viruses 2020; 12:E222. [PMID: 32079143 DOI: 10.3390/v12020222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
One patient presented hyporexia, asthenia, adynamia, and jaundice two months after acute yellow fever (YF) onset; plus laboratory tests indicating hepatic cytolysis and a rebound of alanine and aspartate transaminases, and total and direct bilirubin levels. Laboratory tests discarded autoimmune hepatitis, inflammatory or metabolic liver disease, and new infections caused by hepatotropic agents. Anti-YFV IgM, IgG and neutralizing antibodies were detected in different times, but no viremia. A liver biopsy was collected three months after YF onset and tested positive for YFV antigens and wild-type YFV-RNA (364 RNA-copies/gram/liver). Transaminases and bilirubin levels remained elevated for five months, and the arresting of symptoms persisted for six months after the acute YF onset. Several serum chemokines, cytokines, and growth factors were measured. A similar immune response profile was observed in the earlier phases of the disease, followed by more pronounced changes in the later stages, when transaminases levels returned to normal. The results indicated viral persistence in the liver and continual liver cell damage three months after YF onset and reinforced the need for extended follow-ups of YF patients. Further studies to investigate the role of possible viral persistence and the immune response causing relapsing hepatitis following YF are also necessary.
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Binder F, Drewes S, Imholt C, Saathoff M, Below DA, Bendl E, Conraths FJ, Tenhaken P, Mylius M, Brockmann S, Oehme R, Freise J, Jacob J, Ulrich RG. Heterogeneous Puumala orthohantavirus situation in endemic regions in Germany in summer 2019. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 67:502-509. [PMID: 31674714 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Puumala orthohantavirus (PUUV) causes most human hantavirus disease cases in Europe. PUUV disease outbreaks are usually synchronized Germany-wide driven by beech mast-induced irruptions of its host (bank vole, Myodes glareolus). Recent data indicate high vole abundance, high PUUV prevalence and high human incidence in summer 2019 for some regions, but elsewhere values were low to moderate. This significant lack of synchrony among regions in Germany is in contrast to previous studies. Health institutions need to be informed about the heterogeneous distribution of human PUUV infection risk to initiate appropriate actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Binder
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Stephan Drewes
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Christian Imholt
- Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Horticulture and Forests, Vertebrate Research, Münster, Germany
| | - Marion Saathoff
- Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Veterinary Task-Force, Department of Pest Control, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Diana Alexandra Below
- Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Horticulture and Forests, Vertebrate Research, Münster, Germany
| | - Elias Bendl
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Franz J Conraths
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | - Maren Mylius
- The Governmental Institute of Public Health of Lower Saxony, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Rainer Oehme
- State Health Office Baden-Württemberg, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jona Freise
- Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Veterinary Task-Force, Department of Pest Control, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Jens Jacob
- Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Horticulture and Forests, Vertebrate Research, Münster, Germany
| | - Rainer G Ulrich
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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Wimalasiri-Yapa BMCR, Stassen L, Huang X, Hafner LM, Hu W, Devine GJ, Yakob L, Jansen CC, Faddy HM, Viennet E, Frentiu FD. Chikungunya virus in Asia - Pacific: a systematic review. Emerg Microbes Infect 2019; 8:70-79. [PMID: 30866761 PMCID: PMC6455125 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2018.1559708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-borne pathogen that causes an acute febrile syndrome and severe, debilitating rheumatic disorders in humans that may persist for months. CHIKV’s presence in Asia dates from at least 1954, but its epidemiological profile in the region remains poorly understood. We systematically reviewed CHIKV emergence, epidemiology, clinical features, atypical manifestations and distribution of virus genotypes, in 47 countries from South East Asia (SEA) and the Western Pacific Region (WPR) during the period 1954–2017. Following the Cochrane Collaboration guidelines, Pubmed and Scopus databases, surveillance reports available in the World Health Organisation (WHO) and government websites were systematically reviewed. Of the 3504 records identified, 461 were retained for data extraction. Although CHIKV has been circulating in Asia almost continuously since the 1950s, it has significantly expanded its geographic reach in the region from 2005 onwards. Most reports identified in the review originated from India. Although all ages and both sexes can be affected, younger children and the elderly are more prone to severe and occasionally fatal forms of the disease, with child fatalities recorded since 1963 from India. The most frequent clinical features identified were arthralgia, rash, fever and headache. Both the Asian and East-Central-South African (ECSA) genotypes circulate in SEA and WPR, with ECSA genotype now predominant. Our findings indicate a substantial but poorly documented burden of CHIKV infection in the Asia-Pacific region. An evidence-based consensus on typical clinical features of chikungunya could aid in enhanced diagnosis and improved surveillance of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M C Randika Wimalasiri-Yapa
- a Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences , Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane , QLD , Australia.,b Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences , The Open University of Sri Lanka , Colombo , Sri Lanka
| | - Liesel Stassen
- a Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences , Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane , QLD , Australia
| | - Xiaodong Huang
- a Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences , Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane , QLD , Australia
| | - Louise M Hafner
- a Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences , Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane , QLD , Australia
| | - Wenbiao Hu
- c Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Public Health and Social Work , Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane , QLD , Australia
| | - Gregor J Devine
- d Mosquito Control Laboratory , QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Brisbane , QLD , Australia
| | - Laith Yakob
- e Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases , The London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine , London , UK
| | - Cassie C Jansen
- f Communicable Diseases Branch, Department of Health , Queensland Government , Herston , QLD , Australia
| | - Helen M Faddy
- g Research and Development , Australian Red Cross Blood Service , Brisbane , QLD , Australia
| | - Elvina Viennet
- g Research and Development , Australian Red Cross Blood Service , Brisbane , QLD , Australia
| | - Francesca D Frentiu
- a Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences , Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane , QLD , Australia
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Abstract
Viruses constitute the largest group of emerging pathogens, and geminiviruses (plant viruses with circular, single-stranded DNA genomes) are the major group of emerging plant viruses. With their high potential for genetic variation due to mutation and recombination, their efficient spread by vectors, and their wide host range as a group, including both wild and cultivated hosts, geminiviruses are attractive models for the study of the evolutionary and ecological factors driving virus emergence. Studies on the epidemiological features of geminivirus diseases have traditionally focused primarily on crop plants. Nevertheless, knowledge of geminivirus infection in wild plants, and especially at the interface between wild and cultivated plants, is necessary to provide a complete view of their ecology, evolution, and emergence. In this review, we address the most relevant aspects of geminivirus variability and evolution in wild and crop plants and geminiviruses' potential to emerge in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando García-Arenal
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas UPM-INIA and Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain;
| | - Francisco Murilo Zerbini
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária (BIOAGRO), and National Research Institute for Plant-Pest Interactions, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil;
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43
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Mostafavi H, Abeyratne E, Zaid A, Taylor A. Arthritogenic Alphavirus-Induced Immunopathology and Targeting Host Inflammation as A Therapeutic Strategy for Alphaviral Disease. Viruses 2019; 11:v11030290. [PMID: 30909385 PMCID: PMC6466158 DOI: 10.3390/v11030290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthritogenic alphaviruses are a group of medically important arboviruses that cause inflammatory musculoskeletal disease in humans with debilitating symptoms, such as arthralgia, arthritis, and myalgia. The arthritogenic, or Old World, alphaviruses are capable of causing explosive outbreaks, with some viruses of major global concern. At present, there are no specific therapeutics or commercially available vaccines available to prevent alphaviral disease. Infected patients are typically treated with analgesics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to provide often inadequate symptomatic relief. Studies to determine the mechanisms of arthritogenic alphaviral disease have highlighted the role of the host immune system in disease pathogenesis. This review discusses the current knowledge of the innate immune response to acute alphavirus infection and alphavirus-induced immunopathology. Therapeutic strategies to treat arthritogenic alphavirus disease by targeting the host immune response are also examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Mostafavi
- Emerging Viruses and Inflammation Research Group, Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia.
| | - Eranga Abeyratne
- Emerging Viruses and Inflammation Research Group, Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia.
| | - Ali Zaid
- Emerging Viruses and Inflammation Research Group, Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia.
| | - Adam Taylor
- Emerging Viruses and Inflammation Research Group, Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia.
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Abstract
Introduction: The highly pathogenic coronaviruses severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) are lethal zoonotic viruses that have emerged into human populations these past 15 years. These coronaviruses are associated with novel respiratory syndromes that spread from person-to-person via close contact, resulting in high morbidity and mortality caused by the progression to Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). Areas covered: The risks of re-emergence of SARS-CoV from bat reservoir hosts, the persistence of MERS-CoV circulation, and the potential for future emergence of novel coronaviruses indicate antiviral drug discovery will require activity against multiple coronaviruses. In this review, approaches that antagonize viral nonstructural proteins, neutralize structural proteins, or modulate essential host elements of viral infection with varying levels of efficacy in models of highly pathogenic coronavirus disease are discussed. Expert opinion: Treatment of SARS and MERS in outbreak settings has focused on therapeutics with general antiviral activity and good safety profiles rather than efficacy data provided by cellular, rodent, or nonhuman primate models of highly pathogenic coronavirus infection. Based on lessons learned from SARS and MERS outbreaks, lack of drugs capable of pan-coronavirus antiviral activity increases the vulnerability of public health systems to a highly pathogenic coronavirus pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison L Totura
- a Division of Molecular and Translational Sciences , United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases , Fort Detrick , MD , USA
| | - Sina Bavari
- a Division of Molecular and Translational Sciences , United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases , Fort Detrick , MD , USA
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45
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Torriani G, Trofimenko E, Mayor J, Fedeli C, Moreno H, Michel S, Heulot M, Chevalier N, Zimmer G, Shrestha N, Plattet P, Engler O, Rothenberger S, Widmann C, Kunz S. Identification of Clotrimazole Derivatives as Specific Inhibitors of Arenavirus Fusion. J Virol 2019; 93:e01744-18. [PMID: 30626681 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01744-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Arenaviruses are a large family of emerging enveloped negative-strand RNA viruses that include several causative agents of viral hemorrhagic fevers. For cell entry, human-pathogenic arenaviruses use different cellular receptors and endocytic pathways that converge at the level of acidified late endosomes, where the viral envelope glycoprotein mediates membrane fusion. Inhibitors of arenavirus entry hold promise for therapeutic antiviral intervention and the identification of "druggable" targets is of high priority. Using a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus pseudotype platform, we identified the clotrimazole-derivative TRAM-34, a highly selective antagonist of the calcium-activated potassium channel KCa3.1, as a specific entry inhibitor for arenaviruses. TRAM-34 specifically blocked entry of most arenaviruses, including hemorrhagic fever viruses, but not Lassa virus and other enveloped viruses. Anti-arenaviral activity was likewise observed with the parental compound clotrimazole and the derivative senicapoc, whereas structurally unrelated KCa3.1 inhibitors showed no antiviral effect. Deletion of KCa3.1 by CRISPR/Cas9 technology did not affect the antiarenaviral effect of TRAM-34, indicating that the observed antiviral effect of clotrimazoles was independent of the known pharmacological target. The drug affected neither virus-cell attachment, nor endocytosis, suggesting an effect on later entry steps. Employing a quantitative cell-cell fusion assay that bypasses endocytosis, we demonstrate that TRAM-34 specifically inhibits arenavirus-mediated membrane fusion. In sum, we uncover a novel antiarenaviral action of clotrimazoles that currently undergo in vivo evaluation in the context of other human diseases. Their favorable in vivo toxicity profiles and stability opens the possibility to repurpose clotrimazole derivatives for therapeutic intervention against human-pathogenic arenaviruses.IMPORTANCE Emerging human-pathogenic arenaviruses are causative agents of severe hemorrhagic fevers with high mortality and represent serious public health problems. The current lack of a licensed vaccine and the limited treatment options makes the development of novel antiarenaviral therapeutics an urgent need. Using a recombinant pseudotype platform, we uncovered that clotrimazole drugs, in particular TRAM-34, specifically inhibit cell entry of a range of arenaviruses, including important emerging human pathogens, with the exception of Lassa virus. The antiviral effect was independent of the known pharmacological drug target and involved inhibition of the unusual membrane fusion mechanism of arenaviruses. TRAM-34 and its derivatives currently undergo evaluation against a number of human diseases and show favorable toxicity profiles and high stability in vivo Our study provides the basis for further evaluation of clotrimazole derivatives as antiviral drug candidates. Their advanced stage of drug development will facilitate repurposing for therapeutic intervention against human-pathogenic arenaviruses.
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46
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Chen BC, Chang JT, Huang TS, Chen JJ, Chen YS, Jan MW, Chang TH. Parechovirus A Detection by a Comprehensive Approach in a Clinical Laboratory. Viruses 2018; 10:v10120711. [PMID: 30545147 PMCID: PMC6316871 DOI: 10.3390/v10120711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parechovirus A (Human parechovirus, HPeV) causes symptoms ranging from severe neonatal infection to mild gastrointestinal and respiratory disease. Use of molecular approaches with RT-PCR and genotyping has improved the detection rate of HPeV. Conventional methods, such as viral culture and immunofluorescence assay, together with molecular methods facilitate comprehensive viral diagnosis. To establish the HPeV immunofluorescence assay, an antibody against HPeV capsid protein VP0 was generated by using antigenic epitope prediction data. The specificity of the anti-HPeV VP0 antibody was demonstrated on immunofluorescence assay, showing that this antibody was specific for HPeV but not enteroviruses. A total of 74 HPeV isolates, 7 non–polio-enteroviruses and 12 HPeV negative cell culture supernatant were used for evaluating the efficiency of the anti-HPeV VP0 antibody. The sensitivity of HPeV detection by the anti-HPeV VP0 antibody was consistent with 5′untranslated region (UTR) RT-PCR analysis. This study established comprehensive methods for HPeV detection that include viral culture and observation of cytopathic effect, immunofluorescence assay, RT-PCR and genotyping. The methods were incorporated into our routine clinical practice for viral diagnosis. In conclusion, this study established a protocol for enterovirus and HPeV virus identification that combines conventional and molecular methods and would be beneficial for HPeV diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Chen Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung81362, Taiwan.
| | - Jenn-Tzong Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan.
| | - Tsi-Shu Huang
- Department of Microbiology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung81362, Taiwan.
| | - Jih-Jung Chen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Yao-Shen Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Wei Jan
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan.
| | - Tsung-Hsien Chang
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan 717, Taiwan.
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Schindell BG, Webb AL, Kindrachuk J. Persistence and Sexual Transmission of Filoviruses. Viruses 2018; 10:v10120683. [PMID: 30513823 PMCID: PMC6316729 DOI: 10.3390/v10120683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing frequency of reports regarding the persistence of the Ebola virus (EBOV) in Ebola virus disease (EVD) survivors. During the 2014–2016 West African EVD epidemic, sporadic transmission events resulted in the initiation of new chains of human-to-human transmission. Multiple reports strongly suggest that these re-emergences were linked to persistent EBOV infections and included sexual transmission from EVD survivors. Asymptomatic infection and long-term viral persistence in EVD survivors could result in incidental introductions of the Ebola virus in new geographic regions and raise important national and local public health concerns. Alarmingly, although the persistence of filoviruses and their potential for sexual transmission have been documented since the emergence of such viruses in 1967, there is limited knowledge regarding the events that result in filovirus transmission to, and persistence within, the male reproductive tract. Asymptomatic infection and long-term viral persistence in male EVD survivors could lead to incidental transfer of EBOV to new geographic regions, thereby generating widespread outbreaks that constitute a significant threat to national and global public health. Here, we review filovirus testicular persistence and discuss the current state of knowledge regarding the rates of persistence in male survivors, and mechanisms underlying reproductive tract localization and sexual transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brayden G Schindell
- Laboratory of Emerging and Re-Emerging Viruses, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada.
| | - Andrew L Webb
- Laboratory of Emerging and Re-Emerging Viruses, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada.
| | - Jason Kindrachuk
- Laboratory of Emerging and Re-Emerging Viruses, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada.
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48
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Costa GB, Ribeiro de Almeida L, Cerqueira AGR, Mesquita WU, Silva de Oliveira J, Miranda JB, Saraiva-Silva AT, Abrahão JS, Drumond BP, Kroon EG, Pereira PLL, Soares DFDM, Trindade GDS. Vaccinia Virus among Domestic Dogs and Wild Coatis, Brazil, 2013-2015. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 24:2338-2342. [PMID: 30457519 PMCID: PMC6256396 DOI: 10.3201/eid2412.171584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine their potential role as a source of human infection, we tested domestic dogs (urban) and wild coatis (wild) in Brazil for vaccinia virus. Our findings of positive neutralizing antibodies and quantitative PCR results for 35/184 dogs and 13/90 coatis highlight a potential public health risk.
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49
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Voorhees IEH, Dalziel BD, Glaser A, Dubovi EJ, Murcia PR, Newbury S, Toohey-Kurth K, Su S, Kriti D, Van Bakel H, Goodman LB, Leutenegger C, Holmes EC, Parrish CR. Multiple Incursions and Recurrent Epidemic Fade-Out of H3N2 Canine Influenza A Virus in the United States. J Virol 2018; 92:e00323-18. [PMID: 29875234 PMCID: PMC6069211 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00323-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian-origin H3N2 canine influenza virus (CIV) transferred to dogs in Asia around 2005, becoming enzootic throughout China and South Korea before reaching the United States in early 2015. To understand the posttransfer evolution and epidemiology of this virus, particularly the cause of recent and ongoing increases in incidence in the United States, we performed an integrated analysis of whole-genome sequence data from 64 newly sequenced viruses and comprehensive surveillance data. This revealed that the circulation of H3N2 CIV within the United States is typified by recurrent epidemic burst-fade-out dynamics driven by multiple introductions of virus from Asia. Although all major viral lineages displayed similar rates of genomic sequence evolution, H3N2 CIV consistently exhibited proportionally more nonsynonymous substitutions per site than those in avian reservoir viruses, which is indicative of a large-scale change in selection pressures. Despite these genotypic differences, we found no evidence of adaptive evolution or increased viral transmission, with epidemiological models indicating a basic reproductive number, R0, of between 1 and 1.5 across nearly all U.S. outbreaks, consistent with maintained but heterogeneous circulation. We propose that CIV's mode of viral circulation may have resulted in evolutionary cul-de-sacs, in which there is little opportunity for the selection of the more transmissible H3N2 CIV phenotypes necessary to enable circulation through a general dog population characterized by widespread contact heterogeneity. CIV must therefore rely on metapopulations of high host density (such as animal shelters and kennels) within the greater dog population and reintroduction from other populations or face complete epidemic extinction.IMPORTANCE The relatively recent appearance of influenza A virus (IAV) epidemics in dogs expands our understanding of IAV host range and ecology, providing useful and relevant models for understanding critical factors involved in viral emergence. Here we integrate viral whole-genome sequence analysis and comprehensive surveillance data to examine the evolution of the emerging avian-origin H3N2 canine influenza virus (CIV), particularly the factors driving ongoing circulation and recent increases in incidence of the virus within the United States. Our results provide a detailed understanding of how H3N2 CIV achieves sustained circulation within the United States despite widespread host contact heterogeneity and recurrent epidemic fade-out. Moreover, our findings suggest that the types and intensities of selection pressures an emerging virus experiences are highly dependent on host population structure and ecology and may inhibit an emerging virus from acquiring sustained epidemic or pandemic circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian E H Voorhees
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Benjamin D Dalziel
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
- Department of Mathematics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Amy Glaser
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Edward J Dubovi
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Pablo R Murcia
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sandra Newbury
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kathy Toohey-Kurth
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Shuo Su
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Divya Kriti
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Harm Van Bakel
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Laura B Goodman
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | | | - Edward C Holmes
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Colin R Parrish
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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50
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Lukashev AN, Vakulenko YA, Turbabina NA, Deviatkin AA, Drexler JF. Molecular epidemiology and phylogenetics of human enteroviruses: Is there a forest behind the trees? Rev Med Virol 2018; 28:e2002. [PMID: 30069956 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Enteroviruses are among the best studied small non-enveloped enteric RNA viruses. Most enteroviruses are easy to isolate in cell culture, and many non-polio enterovirus strains were archived worldwide as a byproduct of the WHO poliovirus surveillance system. Common outbreaks and epidemics, most prominently the epidemic of hand-foot-and-mouth disease with severe neurological complications in East and South-East Asia, justify practical interest of non-polio enteroviruses. As a result, there are over 50 000 enterovirus nucleotide sequences available in GenBank. Technical possibilities have been also improving, as Bayesian phylogenetic methods with an integrated molecular clock were introduced a decade ago and provided unprecedented opportunities for phylogenetic analysis. As a result, hundreds of papers were published on the molecular epidemiology of enteroviruses. This review covers the modern methodology, structure, and biases of the sequence dataset available in GenBank. The relevance of the subtype classification, findings of co-circulation of multiple genetic variants, previously unappreciated complexity of viral populations, and global evolutionary patterns are addressed. The most relevant conclusions and prospects for further studies on outbreak emergence mechanisms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N Lukashev
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia.,Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Preparations, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia A Vakulenko
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia.,Virology Department, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia A Turbabina
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Jan Felix Drexler
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany
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