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Raguz J, Pinto C, Pölzlbauer T, Habbeddine M, Rosskopf S, Strauß J, Just V, Schmidt S, Bidet Huang K, Stemeseder F, Schippers T, Stewart E, Jez J, Berraondo P, Orlinger KK, Lauterbach H. Preclinical evaluation of two phylogenetically distant arenavirus vectors for the development of novel immunotherapeutic combination strategies for cancer treatment. J Immunother Cancer 2024; 12:e008286. [PMID: 38631709 PMCID: PMC11029282 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2023-008286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Engineered arenavirus vectors have recently been developed to leverage the body's immune system in the fight against chronic viral infections and cancer. Vectors based on Pichinde virus (artPICV) and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (artLCMV) encoding a non-oncogenic fusion protein of human papillomavirus (HPV)16 E6 and E7 are currently being tested in patients with HPV16+ cancer, showing a favorable safety and tolerability profile and unprecedented expansion of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells. Although the strong antigen-specific immune response elicited by artLCMV vectors has been demonstrated in several preclinical models, PICV-based vectors are much less characterized. METHODS To advance our understanding of the immunobiology of these two vectors, we analyzed and compared their individual properties in preclinical in vivo and in vitro systems. Immunogenicity and antitumor effect of intratumoral or intravenous administration of both vectors, as well as combination with NKG2A blockade, were evaluated in naïve or TC-1 mouse tumor models. Flow cytometry, Nanostring, and histology analysis were performed to characterize the tumor microenvironment (TME) and T-cell infiltrate following treatment. RESULTS Despite being phylogenetically distant, both vectors shared many properties, including preferential infection and activation of professional antigen-presenting cells, and induction of potent tumor-specific CD8+ T-cell responses. Systemic as well as localized treatment induced a proinflammatory shift in the TME, promoting the infiltration of inducible T cell costimulator (ICOS)+CD8+ T cells capable of mediating tumor regression and prolonging survival in a TC-1 mouse tumor model. Still, there was evidence of immunosuppression built-up over time, and increased expression of H2-T23 (ligand for NKG2A T cell inhibitory receptor) following treatment was identified as a potential contributing factor. NKG2A blockade improved the antitumor efficacy of artARENA vectors, suggesting a promising new combination approach. This demonstrates how detailed characterization of arenavirus vector-induced immune responses and TME modulation can inform novel combination therapies. CONCLUSIONS The artARENA platform represents a strong therapeutic vaccine approach for the treatment of cancer. The induced antitumor immune response builds the backbone for novel combination therapies, which warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ethan Stewart
- Vienna BioCenter Core Facilities GmbH (VBCF), Vienna, Austria
| | - Jakub Jez
- Vienna BioCenter Core Facilities GmbH (VBCF), Vienna, Austria
| | - Pedro Berraondo
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
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Löw K, Möller R, Stegmann C, Becker M, Rehburg L, Obernolte H, Schaudien D, Oestereich L, Braun A, Kunz S, Gerold G. Luminescent reporter cells enable the identification of broad-spectrum antivirals against emerging viruses. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29211. [PMID: 37975336 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The emerging viruses SARS-CoV-2 and arenaviruses cause severe respiratory and hemorrhagic diseases, respectively. The production of infectious particles of both viruses and virus spread in tissues requires cleavage of surface glycoproteins (GPs) by host proprotein convertases (PCs). SARS-CoV-2 and arenaviruses rely on GP cleavage by PCs furin and subtilisin kexin isozyme-1/site-1 protease (SKI-1/S1P), respectively. We report improved luciferase-based reporter cell lines, named luminescent inducible proprotein convertase reporter cells that we employ to monitor PC activity in its authentic subcellular compartment. Using these sensor lines we screened a small compound library in high-throughput manner. We identified 23 FDA-approved small molecules, among them monensin which displayed broad activity against furin and SKI-1/S1P. Monensin inhibited arenaviruses and SARS-CoV-2 in a dose-dependent manner. We observed a strong reduction in infectious particle release upon monensin treatment with little effect on released genome copies. This was reflected by inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 spike processing suggesting the release of immature particles. In a proof of concept experiment using human precision cut lung slices, monensin potently inhibited SARS-CoV-2 infection, evidenced by reduced infectious particle release. We propose that our PC sensor pipeline is a suitable tool to identify broad-spectrum antivirals with therapeutic potential to combat current and future emerging viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Löw
- Department of Biochemistry & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rebecca Möller
- Department of Biochemistry & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Cora Stegmann
- Department of Biochemistry & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Miriam Becker
- Department of Biochemistry & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Laura Rehburg
- Department of Biochemistry & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Helena Obernolte
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Hannover, Germany
- Fraunhofer International Consortium for Anti-Infective Research (iCAIR), Hannover, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases, (CIMD), Hannover, Germany
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH) Research Network, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dirk Schaudien
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Hannover, Germany
- Fraunhofer International Consortium for Anti-Infective Research (iCAIR), Hannover, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases, (CIMD), Hannover, Germany
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH) Research Network, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lisa Oestereich
- Department of Virology, Bernhard-Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infectious Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg
| | - Armin Braun
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Hannover, Germany
- Fraunhofer International Consortium for Anti-Infective Research (iCAIR), Hannover, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases, (CIMD), Hannover, Germany
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH) Research Network, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Kunz
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gisa Gerold
- Department of Biochemistry & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine (WCMM), Umeå University, Sweden
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Wang Q, Xin Q, Shang W, Wan W, Xiao G, Zhang LK. Activation of the STAT3 Signaling Pathway by the RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase Protein of Arenavirus. Viruses 2021; 13:v13060976. [PMID: 34070281 PMCID: PMC8225222 DOI: 10.3390/v13060976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Arenaviruses cause chronic and asymptomatic infections in their natural host, rodents, and several arenaviruses cause severe hemorrhagic fever that has a high mortality in infected humans, seriously threatening public health. There are currently no FDA-licensed drugs available against arenaviruses; therefore, it is important to develop novel antiviral strategies to combat them, which would be facilitated by a detailed understanding of the interactions between the viruses and their hosts. To this end, we performed a transcriptomic analysis on cells infected with arenavirus lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), a neglected human pathogen with clinical significance, and found that the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway was activated. A further investigation indicated that STAT3 could be activated by the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase L protein (Lp) of LCMV. Our functional analysis found that STAT3 cannot affect LCMV multiplication in A549 cells. We also found that STAT3 was activated by the Lp of Mopeia virus and Junin virus, suggesting that this activation may be conserved across certain arenaviruses. Our study explored the interactions between arenaviruses and STAT3, which may help us to better understand the molecular and cell biology of arenaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China; (Q.W.); (W.S.); (W.W.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qilin Xin
- UMR754, Viral Infections and Comparative Pathology, 50 Avenue Tony Garnier, CEDEX 07, 69366 Lyon, France;
| | - Weijuan Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China; (Q.W.); (W.S.); (W.W.)
| | - Weiwei Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China; (Q.W.); (W.S.); (W.W.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Gengfu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China; (Q.W.); (W.S.); (W.W.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence: (G.X.); (L.-K.Z.)
| | - Lei-Ke Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China; (Q.W.); (W.S.); (W.W.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence: (G.X.); (L.-K.Z.)
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Plewe MB, Whitby LR, Naik S, Brown ER, Sokolova NV, Gantla VR, York J, Nunberg JH, Zhang L, Kalveram B, Freiberg AN, Boger DL, Henkel G, McCormack K. SAR studies of 4-acyl-1,6-dialkylpiperazin-2-one arenavirus cell entry inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:126620. [PMID: 31537423 PMCID: PMC6803051 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Old World (Africa) and New World (South America) arenaviruses are associated with human hemorrhagic fevers. Efforts to develop small molecule therapeutics have yielded several chemical series including the 4-acyl-1,6-dialkylpiperazin-2-ones. Herein, we describe an extensive exploration of this chemotype. In initial Phase I studies, R1 and R4 scanning libraries were assayed to identify potent substituents against Old World (Lassa) virus. In subsequent Phase II studies, R6 substituents and iterative R1, R4 and R6 substituent combinations were evaluated to obtain compounds with improved Lassa and New World (Machupo, Junin, and Tacaribe) arenavirus inhibitory activity, in vitro human liver microsome metabolic stability and aqueous solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Plewe
- Arisan Therapeutics, 11189 Sorrento Valley Rd, Suite 104, San Diego, CA 92054, United States
| | - Landon R Whitby
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Shibani Naik
- Arisan Therapeutics, 11189 Sorrento Valley Rd, Suite 104, San Diego, CA 92054, United States
| | - Eric R Brown
- Arisan Therapeutics, 11189 Sorrento Valley Rd, Suite 104, San Diego, CA 92054, United States
| | - Nadezda V Sokolova
- Arisan Therapeutics, 11189 Sorrento Valley Rd, Suite 104, San Diego, CA 92054, United States
| | - Vidyasagar Reddy Gantla
- Arisan Therapeutics, 11189 Sorrento Valley Rd, Suite 104, San Diego, CA 92054, United States
| | - Joanne York
- Montana Biotechnology Center, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, United States
| | - Jack H Nunberg
- Montana Biotechnology Center, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, United States
| | - Lihong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Birte Kalveram
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Alexander N Freiberg
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States; Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Dale L Boger
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States; The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Greg Henkel
- Arisan Therapeutics, 11189 Sorrento Valley Rd, Suite 104, San Diego, CA 92054, United States
| | - Ken McCormack
- Arisan Therapeutics, 11189 Sorrento Valley Rd, Suite 104, San Diego, CA 92054, United States.
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5
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Abstract
The smallest arenaviral protein is the zinc-finger protein (Z) that belongs to the RING finger protein family. Z serves as a main component required for virus budding from the membrane of the infected cells through self-oligomerization, a process that can be aided by the viral nucleoprotein (NP) to form the viral matrix of progeny virus particles. Z has also been shown to be essential for mediating viral transcriptional repression activity by locking the L polymerase onto the viral promoter in a catalytically inactive state, thus limiting viral replication. The Z protein has also recently been shown to inhibit the type I interferon-induction pathway by directly binding to the intracellular pathogen-sensor proteins RIG-I and MDA5, and thus inhibiting their normal functions. This chapter describes several assays used to examine the important roles of the arenaviral Z protein in mediating virus budding (i.e., either Z self-budding or NP-Z budding activities), viral transcriptional inhibition in a viral minigenome (MG) assay, and type I IFN suppression in an IFN-β promoter-mediated luciferase reporter assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Shao
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, 1988 Fitch Ave., 295 AS/VM Bldg, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Yuying Liang
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, 1988 Fitch Ave., 295 AS/VM Bldg, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Hinh Ly
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, 1988 Fitch Ave., 295 AS/VM Bldg, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
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Abstract
Independent expression of the VP40 or Z matrix proteins of filoviruses (marburgviruses and ebolaviruses) and arenaviruses (Lassa fever and Junín), respectively, gives rise to the production and release of virus-like particles (VLPs) that are morphologically identical to infectious virions. We can detect and quantify VLP production and egress in mammalian cells by transient transfection, SDS-PAGE, Western blotting, and live cell imaging techniques such as total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy. Since the VLP budding assay accurately mimics budding of infectious virus, this BSL-2 assay is safe and useful for the interrogation of both viral and host determinants required for budding and can be used as an initial screen to identify and validate small molecule inhibitors of virus release and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald N Harty
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Sheikh MO, Halmo SM, Wells L. Recent advancements in understanding mammalian O-mannosylation. Glycobiology 2017; 27:806-819. [PMID: 28810660 PMCID: PMC6082599 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwx062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The post-translational glycosylation of select proteins by O-linked mannose (O-mannose or O-man) is a conserved modification from yeast to humans and has been shown to be necessary for proper development and growth. The most well studied O-mannosylated mammalian protein is α-dystroglycan (α-DG). Hypoglycosylation of α-DG results in varying severities of congenital muscular dystrophies, cancer progression and metastasis, and inhibited entry and infection of certain arenaviruses. Defects in the gene products responsible for post-translational modification of α-DG, primarily glycosyltransferases, are the basis for these diseases. The multitude of clinical phenotypes resulting from defective O-mannosylation highlights the biomedical significance of this unique modification. Elucidation of the various O-mannose biosynthetic pathways is imperative to understanding a broad range of human diseases and for the development of novel therapeutics. In this review, we will focus on recent discoveries delineating the various enzymes, structures and functions associated with O-mannose-initiated glycoproteins. Additionally, we discuss current gaps in our knowledge of mammalian O-mannosylation, discuss the evolution of this pathway, and illustrate the utility and limitations of model systems to study functions of O-mannosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Osman Sheikh
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Stephanie M Halmo
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Lance Wells
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Gryseels S, Baird SJE, Borremans B, Makundi R, Leirs H, Goüy de Bellocq J. When Viruses Don't Go Viral: The Importance of Host Phylogeographic Structure in the Spatial Spread of Arenaviruses. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006073. [PMID: 28076397 PMCID: PMC5226678 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many emerging infections are RNA virus spillovers from animal reservoirs. Reservoir identification is necessary for predicting the geographic extent of infection risk, but rarely are taxonomic levels below the animal species considered as reservoir, and only key circumstances in nature and methodology allow intrinsic virus-host associations to be distinguished from simple geographic (co-)isolation. We sampled and genetically characterized in detail a contact zone of two subtaxa of the rodent Mastomys natalensis in Tanzania. We find two distinct arenaviruses, Gairo and Morogoro virus, each spatially confined to a single M. natalensis subtaxon, only co-occurring at the contact zone’s centre. Inter-subtaxon hybridization at this centre and a continuum of quality habitat for M. natalensis show that both viruses have the ecological opportunity to spread into the other substaxon’s range, but do not, strongly suggesting host-intrinsic barriers. Such barriers could explain why human cases of another M. natalensis-borne arenavirus, Lassa virus, are limited to West Africa. Reservoirs of zoonotic viruses are usually equated with a particular wildlife species. It is rarely assessed whether genetic groups below the species level may instead represent the actual reservoir, though this would have major implications on estimations of the zoonosis’ spatial distribution. Here we investigate whether geographically and genetically distinct subtaxa of the widespread African rodent Mastomys natalensis carry distinct arenaviruses, by sampling in detail across a contact zone of two of these subtaxa. Ongoing hybridization shows that individuals of the subtaxa are in direct physical contact, in principle allowing viral exchange, yet neither of the two arenaviruses -Gairo and Morogoro virus- were found to have crossed the zone. Such intraspecific genetic barriers to arenavirus spatial spread have important implications for our understanding of the related Lassa arenavirus, a pathogen potentially lethal to humans of which Mastomys natalensis is also the main reservoir. Although Lassa virus appears to infect several secondary hosts, its distribution is restricted to West Africa and matches that of another M. natalensis subtaxon. Our data thus indicates that it is because of M. natalensis intraspecific distinctions that the human Lassa fever endemic area has not expanded to the rest of sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Gryseels
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Stuart J. E. Baird
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Research Facility Studenec, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Benny Borremans
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Rhodes Makundi
- Pest Management Centre, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Herwig Leirs
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Joëlle Goüy de Bellocq
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Research Facility Studenec, Brno, Czech Republic
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Burri DJ, Pasqual G, Rochat C, Seidah NG, Pasquato A, Kunz S. Molecular characterization of the processing of arenavirus envelope glycoprotein precursors by subtilisin kexin isozyme-1/site-1 protease. J Virol 2012; 86:4935-46. [PMID: 22357276 PMCID: PMC3347368 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00024-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A crucial step in the life cycle of arenaviruses is the biosynthesis of the mature fusion-active viral envelope glycoprotein (GP) that is essential for virus-host cell attachment and entry. The maturation of the arenavirus GP precursor (GPC) critically depends on proteolytic processing by the cellular proprotein convertase (PC) subtilisin kexin isozyme-1 (SKI-1)/site-1 protease (S1P). Here we undertook a molecular characterization of the SKI-1/S1P processing of the GPCs of the prototypic arenavirus lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and the pathogenic Lassa virus (LASV). Previous studies showed that the GPC of LASV undergoes processing in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)/cis-Golgi compartment, whereas the LCMV GPC is cleaved in a late Golgi compartment. Herein we confirm these findings and provide evidence that the SKI-1/S1P recognition site RRLL, present in the SKI-1/S1P prodomain and LASV GPC, but not in the LCMV GPC, is crucial for the processing of the LASV GPC in the ER/cis-Golgi compartment. Our structure-function analysis revealed that the cleavage of arenavirus GPCs, but not cellular substrates, critically depends on the autoprocessing of SKI-1/S1P, suggesting differences in the processing of cellular and viral substrates. Deletion mutagenesis showed that the transmembrane and intracellular domains of SKI-1/S1P are dispensable for arenavirus GPC processing. The expression of a soluble form of the protease in SKI-I/S1P-deficient cells resulted in the efficient processing of arenavirus GPCs and rescued productive virus infection. However, exogenous soluble SKI-1/S1P was unable to process LCMV and LASV GPCs displayed at the surface of SKI-I/S1P-deficient cells, indicating that GPC processing occurs in an intracellular compartment. In sum, our study reveals important differences in the SKI-1/S1P processing of viral and cellular substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique J. Burri
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giulia Pasqual
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cylia Rochat
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nabil G. Seidah
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Antonella Pasquato
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Kunz
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Marq JB, Hausmann S, Veillard N, Kolakofsky D, Garcin D. Short double-stranded RNAs with an overhanging 5' ppp-nucleotide, as found in arenavirus genomes, act as RIG-I decoys. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:6108-16. [PMID: 21159780 PMCID: PMC3057789 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.186262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Arenavirus RNA genomes are initiated by a "prime and realign" mechanism, such that the initiating GTP is found as a single unpaired (overhanging) nucleotide when the complementary genome ends anneal to form double-stranded (ds) RNA panhandle structures. dsRNAs modeled on these structures do not induce interferon (IFN), as opposed to blunt-ended (5' ppp)dsRNA. This study examines whether these viral structures can also act as decoys, by trapping RIG-I in inactive dsRNA complexes. We examined the ability of various dsRNAs to activate the RIG-I ATPase (presumably a measure of helicase translocation on dsRNA) relative to their ability to induce IFN. We found that there is no simple relationship between these two properties, as if RIG-I can translocate on short dsRNAs without inducing IFN. Moreover, we found that (5' ppp)dsRNAs with a single unpaired 5' ppp-nucleotide can in fact competitively inhibit the ability of blunt-ended (5' ppp)dsRNAs to induce IFN when co-transfected into cells and that this inhibition is strongly dependent on the presence of the 5' ppp. In contrast, (5' ppp)dsRNAs with a single unpaired 5' ppp-nucleotide does not inhibit poly(I-C)-induced IFN activation, which is independent of the presence of a 5' ppp group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Marq
- From the Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva School of Medicine, CMU, 1 Rue Michel-Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stéphane Hausmann
- From the Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva School of Medicine, CMU, 1 Rue Michel-Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Veillard
- From the Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva School of Medicine, CMU, 1 Rue Michel-Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Kolakofsky
- From the Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva School of Medicine, CMU, 1 Rue Michel-Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Garcin
- From the Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva School of Medicine, CMU, 1 Rue Michel-Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Meyer
- Air Force Technical Applications Center, Patrick Air Force Base, FL 32925, USA
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12
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Tortorici MA, Albariño CG, Posik DM, Ghiringhelli PD, Lozano ME, Rivera Pomar R, Romanowski V. Arenavirus nucleocapsid protein displays a transcriptional antitermination activity in vivo. Virus Res 2001; 73:41-55. [PMID: 11163643 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(00)00222-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
RNA polymerase pausing and transcriptional antitermination regulates gene activity in several systems. In arenavirus infected cells the switch from transcription to replication is subjected to a hairpin-dependent termination and requires protein synthesis to bypass this signal. The transcriptional antitermination control by Junín virus nucleocapsid protein N, has been demonstrated in vivo by infecting BHK-21 cells expressing this viral protein in the presence of translation inhibitors. This is the first demonstration in vivo of a transcriptional antitermination control in arenavirus-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Tortorici
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Depto. de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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13
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Cao W, Henry MD, Borrow P, Yamada H, Elder JH, Ravkov EV, Nichol ST, Compans RW, Campbell KP, Oldstone MB. Identification of alpha-dystroglycan as a receptor for lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and Lassa fever virus. Science 1998; 282:2079-81. [PMID: 9851928 DOI: 10.1126/science.282.5396.2079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 505] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
A peripheral membrane protein that is interactive with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) was purified from cells permissive to infection. Tryptic peptides from this protein were determined to be alpha-dystroglycan (alpha-DG). Several strains of LCMV and other arenaviruses, including Lassa fever virus (LFV), Oliveros, and Mobala, bound to purified alpha-DG protein. Soluble alpha-DG blocked both LCMV and LFV infection. Cells bearing a null mutation of the gene encoding DG were resistant to LCMV infection, and reconstitution of DG expression in null mutant cells restored susceptibility to LCMV infection. Thus, alpha-DG is a cellular receptor for both LCMV and LFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Cao
- Division of Virology, Department of Neuropharmacology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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14
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Parisi G, Echave J, Ghiringhelli D, Romanowski V. Computational characterisation of potential RNA-binding sites in arenavirus nucleocapsid proteins. Virus Genes 1996; 13:247-54. [PMID: 9035369 DOI: 10.1007/bf00366985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A nucleocapsid protein of an RNA virus was characterised using computational methods. Similarity searches using standard algorithms and more sensitive methods based on profiles were performed. Also, secondary structure prediction and statistical methods were used. The results show that the protein belongs to a unique well-characterised family, with three regions with potential RNA binding capacity. The amino-terminal region is found to contain a mixed-charge segment similar to proteins that bear nucleic acid-protein interaction capacity. The middle-region has a slight homology to the nucleolar protein Fibrillarin containing an atypical RNP-1 conserved octamer. Finally, the carboxyl-terminal region has a putative zinc-finger.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Parisi
- Centro de Estudios e Investigaciones, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal, Argentina
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