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Kading RC, Borland EM, Mossel EC, Nakayiki T, Nalikka B, Ledermann JP, Crabtree MB, Panella NA, Nyakarahuka L, Gilbert AT, Kerbis-Peterhans JC, Towner JS, Amman BR, Sealy TK, Miller BR, Lutwama JJ, Kityo RM, Powers AM. Exposure of Egyptian Rousette Bats ( Rousettus aegyptiacus) and a Little Free-Tailed Bat ( Chaerephon pumilus) to Alphaviruses in Uganda. Diseases 2022; 10:diseases10040121. [PMID: 36547207 PMCID: PMC9777265 DOI: 10.3390/diseases10040121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The reservoir for zoonotic o'nyong-nyong virus (ONNV) has remained unknown since this virus was first recognized in Uganda in 1959. Building on existing evidence for mosquito blood-feeding on various frugivorous bat species in Uganda, and seroprevalence for arboviruses among bats in Uganda, we sought to assess if serum samples collected from bats in Uganda demonstrated evidence of exposure to ONNV or the closely related zoonotic chikungunya virus (CHIKV). In total, 652 serum samples collected from six bat species were tested by plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) for neutralizing antibodies against ONNV and CHIKV. Forty out of 303 (13.2%) Egyptian rousettes from Maramagambo Forest and 1/13 (8%) little free-tailed bats from Banga Nakiwogo, Entebbe contained neutralizing antibodies against ONNV. In addition, 2/303 (0.7%) of these Egyptian rousettes contained neutralizing antibodies to CHIKV, and 8/303 (2.6%) contained neutralizing antibodies that were nonspecifically reactive to alphaviruses. These data support the interepidemic circulation of ONNV and CHIKV in Uganda, although Egyptian rousette bats are unlikely to serve as reservoirs for these viruses given the inconsistent occurrence of antibody-positive bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah C. Kading
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-970-491-7833
| | - Erin M. Borland
- Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Eric C. Mossel
- Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Teddy Nakayiki
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging, and Re-Emerging Infections, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Betty Nalikka
- Department of Zoology, Entomology, and Fisheries Science, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jeremy P. Ledermann
- Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Mary B. Crabtree
- Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Nicholas A. Panella
- Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Luke Nyakarahuka
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging, and Re-Emerging Infections, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Amy T. Gilbert
- Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, National Wildlife Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Julian C. Kerbis-Peterhans
- Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, College of Arts & Sciences, Roosevelt University, Chicago, IL 60605, USA
| | - Jonathan S. Towner
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Brian R. Amman
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Tara K. Sealy
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Barry R. Miller
- Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Julius J. Lutwama
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging, and Re-Emerging Infections, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Robert M. Kityo
- Department of Zoology, Entomology, and Fisheries Science, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ann M. Powers
- Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
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Bergren NA, Borland EM, Hartman DA, Kading RC. Correction: Laboratory demonstration of the vertical transmission of Rift Valley fever virus by Culex tarsalis mosquitoes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010413. [PMID: 35472148 PMCID: PMC9041846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Bergren NA, Borland EM, Hartman DA, Kading RC. Laboratory demonstration of the vertical transmission of Rift Valley fever virus by Culex tarsalis mosquitoes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009273. [PMID: 33750981 PMCID: PMC8016277 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a mosquito-transmitted virus with proven ability to emerge into naïve geographic areas. Limited field evidence suggests that RVFV is transmitted vertically from parent mosquito to offspring, but until now this mechanism has not been confirmed in the laboratory. Furthermore, this transmission mechanism has allowed for the prediction of RVFV epizootics based on rainfall patterns collected from satellite information. However, in spite of the relevance to the initiation of epizootic events, laboratory confirmation of vertical transmission has remained an elusive research aim for thirty-five years. Herein we present preliminary evidence of the vertical transmission of RVFV by Culex tarsalis mosquitoes after oral exposure to RVFV. Progeny from three successive gonotrophic cycles were reared to adults, with infectious RVFV confirmed in each developmental stage. Virus was detected in ovarian tissues of parental mosquitoes 7 days after imbibing an infectious bloodmeal. Infection was confirmed in progeny as early as the first gonotrophic cycle, with infection rates ranging from 2.0–10.0%. Virus titers among progeny were low, which may indicate a host mechanism suppressing replication. Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) represents a significant threat in terms of its ability to emerge into naïve geographic areas. Furthermore, RVFV represents a global public health risk due to the ability of many mosquito species to transmit the virus and the ease with which the virus can be transported due to increased globalization. The vertical transmission of RVFV by mosquitoes has long been accepted by the research community due to limited field evidence. However, laboratory confirmation of vertical transmission has remained elusive for thirty-five years. We present the first laboratory evidence of vertical transmission of RVFV in the susceptible North American vector, Culex tarsalis. We present two studies that clearly show 1) the accumulation of RVFV antigen in the ovaries of infected mosquitoes and 2) the transmission of RVFV from parent to offspring immediately following an infectious blood meal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Bergren
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Erin M. Borland
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Daniel A. Hartman
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Rebekah C. Kading
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
- * E-mail:
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Kapuscinski ML, Bergren NA, Russell BJ, Lee JS, Borland EM, Hartman DA, King DC, Hughes HR, Burkhalter KL, Kading RC, Stenglein MD. Genomic characterization of 99 viruses from the bunyavirus families Nairoviridae, Peribunyaviridae, and Phenuiviridae, including 35 previously unsequenced viruses. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009315. [PMID: 33647063 PMCID: PMC7951987 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bunyaviruses (Negarnaviricota: Bunyavirales) are a large and diverse group of viruses that include important human, veterinary, and plant pathogens. The rapid characterization of known and new emerging pathogens depends on the availability of comprehensive reference sequence databases that can be used to match unknowns, infer evolutionary relationships and pathogenic potential, and make response decisions in an evidence-based manner. In this study, we determined the coding-complete genome sequences of 99 bunyaviruses in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Arbovirus Reference Collection, focusing on orthonairoviruses (family Nairoviridae), orthobunyaviruses (Peribunyaviridae), and phleboviruses (Phenuiviridae) that either completely or partially lacked genome sequences. These viruses had been collected over 66 years from 27 countries from vertebrates and arthropods representing 37 genera. Many of the viruses had been characterized serologically and through experimental infection of animals but were isolated in the pre-sequencing era. We took advantage of our unusually large sample size to systematically evaluate genomic characteristics of these viruses, including reassortment, and co-infection. We corroborated our findings using several independent molecular and virologic approaches, including Sanger sequencing of 197 genome segments, and plaque isolation of viruses from putative co-infected virus stocks. This study contributes to the described genetic diversity of bunyaviruses and will enhance the capacity to characterize emerging human pathogenic bunyaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marylee L. Kapuscinski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Nicholas A. Bergren
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Brandy J. Russell
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Justin S. Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Erin M. Borland
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Daniel A. Hartman
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - David C. King
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Holly R. Hughes
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Kristen L. Burkhalter
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Rebekah C. Kading
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Mark D. Stenglein
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
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Borland EM, Hartman DA, Hopken MW, Piaggio AJ, Kading RC. Technical Limitations Associated With Molecular Barcoding of Arthropod Bloodmeals Taken From North American Deer Species. J Med Entomol 2020; 57:2002-2006. [PMID: 32574357 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjaa112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Accurate species-level identification of the source of arthropod bloodmeals is important for deciphering blood feeding patterns of field-collected specimens. Cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) mitochondrial gene sequencing has been used for this purpose; however, species resolution can be difficult to obtain from certain vertebrate genera, including Odocoileus. Sanger sequencing of mitochondrial genes was employed to identify the bloodmeal source of wild-caught mosquitoes trapped in Greeley, Colorado. Initial sequencing of the COI gene of mitochondrial DNA in bloodmeals was inadequate for species-level resolution of bloodmeals from deer in the genus Odocoileus, with current databases returning low fidelity matches to multiple genera. The use of the hypervariable D loop of the control region provided species-level identification of white-tailed deer (Order: Artiodactyla, Family: Cervidae, Odocoileus virginianus); however, taxonomic identification was successful only to genus for mule (O. hemionus hemionus) and black-tailed deer (O. hemionus columbianus). We advocate the use of multiple loci for bloodmeal analysis and the buildout of available databases to include multiple mitochondrial reference genes for reliable host species identification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matthew W Hopken
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
- USDA/APHIS/WS National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO
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6
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Magalhaes T, Bergren NA, Bennett SL, Borland EM, Hartman DA, Lymperopoulos K, Sayre R, Borlee BR, Campbell CL, Foy BD, Olson KE, Blair CD, Black W, Kading RC. Induction of RNA interference to block Zika virus replication and transmission in the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 111:103169. [PMID: 31103782 PMCID: PMC7012353 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, serves as the primary vector for epidemic transmission of yellow fever, dengue, Zika (ZIKV), and chikungunya viruses to humans. Control of Ae. aegypti is currently limited to insecticide applications and larval habitat management; however, to combat growing challenges with insecticide resistance, novel genetic approaches for vector population reduction or transmission interruption are being aggressively pursued. The objectives of this study were to assess the ability of the Ae. aegypti antiviral exogenous-small interfering RNA (exo-siRNA) response to inhibit ZIKV infection and transmission, and to identify the optimal RNA interference (RNAi) target region in the ZIKV genome. We accomplished these objectives by in vitro transcription of five long double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) from the genome region spanning the NS2B-NS3-NS4A genes, which were the most highly conserved among ZIKV RNA sequences representing both East and West African and Asian-American clades, and evaluation of the ability of these dsRNAs to trigger an effective antiviral exo-siRNA response after intrathoracic injection into Ae. aegypti. In a pilot study, five ZIKV dsRNAs were tested by intrathoracic inoculation of 250 ng dsRNA into groups of approximately 5-day-old mosquitoes. Three days post-inoculation, mosquitoes were provided an infectious blood-meal containing ZIKV strain PRVABC59 (Puerto Rico), MR766 (Uganda), or 41525 (Senegal). On days 7 and 14 post-infection individual whole mosquito bodies were assessed for ZIKV infectious titer by plaque assays. Based on the results of this initial assessment, three dsRNAs were selected for further evaluation of viral loads of matched body and saliva expectorants using a standardized infectious dose of 1 × 107 PFU/mL of each ZIKV strain. Fourteen days post-exposure to ZIKV, paired saliva and carcass samples were harvested from individual mosquitoes and assessed for ZIKV RNA load by qRT-PCR. Injection of each of the three dsRNAs resulted in significant inhibition of replication of all three strains of ZIKV in mosquito bodies and saliva. This study lays critical groundwork for pursuing ZIKV transmission-blocking strategies that exploit the Ae. aegypti exo-siRNA response for arbovirus suppression in natural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Magalhaes
- Colorado State, University, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory (AIDL), Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
| | - Nicholas A Bergren
- Colorado State, University, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory (AIDL), Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
| | - Susan L Bennett
- Colorado State, University, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory (AIDL), Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
| | - Erin M Borland
- Colorado State, University, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory (AIDL), Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
| | - Daniel A Hartman
- Colorado State, University, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory (AIDL), Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
| | | | - Richard Sayre
- Pebble Labs USA Inc., Little Fly Division, Los Alamos, NM, 87544, USA.
| | - Bradley R Borlee
- Colorado State, University, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory (AIDL), Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
| | - Corey L Campbell
- Colorado State, University, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory (AIDL), Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
| | - Brian D Foy
- Colorado State, University, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory (AIDL), Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
| | - Kenneth E Olson
- Colorado State, University, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory (AIDL), Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
| | - Carol D Blair
- Colorado State, University, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory (AIDL), Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
| | - William Black
- Colorado State, University, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory (AIDL), Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
| | - Rebekah C Kading
- Colorado State, University, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory (AIDL), Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
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Hartman DA, Rice LM, DeMaria J, Borland EM, Bergren NA, Fagre AC, Robb LL, Webb CT, Kading RC. Entomological risk factors for potential transmission of Rift Valley fever virus around concentrations of livestock in Colorado. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:1709-1717. [PMID: 31002468 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) poses a major threat of introduction to several continents, including North America. Such an introduction could cause significant losses to the livestock industry, in addition to substantial human morbidity and mortality. Because of the opportunistic blood host selection of Culex tarsalis mosquitoes, we hypothesized that this species could be an important bridge vector of RVFV near feedlots in the event of an introduction. We investigated the mosquito community composition at livestock feedlots and surrounding natural and residential areas to determine differences in mosquito relative abundance and blood feeding patterns attributed to cattle feeding operations. DNA extracted from abdomens of blood-fed mosquitoes were sequenced to determine host identity. Multivariate regression analyses revealed differences between mosquito community assemblages at feedlots and non-feedlot sites (p < 0.05), with this effect driven largely by differential abundances of Aedes vexans (padj < 0.05). Mosquito diversity was lower on feedlots than surrounding areas for three out of four feedlots. Culex tarsalis was abundant at both feedlots and nearby sites. Diverse vertebrate blood meals were detected in Cx. tarsalis at non-feedlot sites, with a shift towards feeding on cattle at feedlots. These data support a potential for Cx. tarsalis to serve as a bridge vector of RVFV between livestock and humans in Colorado.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Hartman
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Lauren M Rice
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Justin DeMaria
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Erin M Borland
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Nicholas A Bergren
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Anna C Fagre
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Lucy L Robb
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Colleen T Webb
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Rebekah C Kading
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Robb LL, Hartman DA, Rice L, deMaria J, Bergren NA, Borland EM, Kading RC. Continued Evidence of Decline in the Enzootic Activity of Western Equine Encephalitis Virus in Colorado. J Med Entomol 2019; 56:584-588. [PMID: 30535264 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjy214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Western equine encephalitis (WEE) was once prevalent and routinely isolated from mosquitoes in Colorado; however, isolations of Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV) have not been reported from mosquito pools since the early 1990s. The objective of the present study was to test pools of Culex tarsalis (Coquillett) mosquitoes sampled from Weld County, CO, in 2016 for evidence of WEEV infection. Over 7,000 mosquitoes were tested, but none were positive for WEEV RNA. These data indicate that WEEV either was not circulating enzootically in Northern Colorado, was very rare, and would require much more extensive mosquito sampling to detect, or was heterogeneously distributed spatially and temporally and happened to not be present in the area sampled during 2016. Even though the reported incidence of WEE remains null, screening for WEEV viral RNA in mosquito vectors offers forewarning toward the detection and prevention of future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy L Robb
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Daniel A Hartman
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Lauren Rice
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Justin deMaria
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Nicholas A Bergren
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Erin M Borland
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Rebekah C Kading
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Kading RC, Kityo RM, Mossel EC, Borland EM, Nakayiki T, Nalikka B, Nyakarahuka L, Ledermann JP, Panella NA, Gilbert AT, Crabtree MB, Peterhans JK, Towner JS, Amman BR, Sealy TK, Nichol ST, Powers AM, Lutwama JJ, Miller BR. Neutralizing antibodies against flaviviruses, Babanki virus, and Rift Valley fever virus in Ugandan bats. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2018; 8:1439215. [PMID: 29511459 PMCID: PMC5827769 DOI: 10.1080/20008686.2018.1439215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: A number of arboviruses have previously been isolated from naturally-infected East African bats, however the role of bats in arbovirus maintenance is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the exposure history of Ugandan bats to a panel of arboviruses. Materials and methods: Insectivorous and fruit bats were captured from multiple locations throughout Uganda during 2009 and 2011–2013. All serum samples were tested for neutralizing antibodies against West Nile virus (WNV), yellow fever virus (YFV), dengue 2 virus (DENV-2), Zika virus (ZIKV), Babanki virus (BBKV), and Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) by plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT). Sera from up to 626 bats were screened for antibodies against each virus. Results and Discussion: Key findings include the presence of neutralizing antibodies against RVFV in 5/52 (9.6%) of little epauletted fruit bats (Epomophorus labiatus) captured from Kawuku and 3/54 (5.6%) Egyptian rousette bats from Kasokero cave. Antibodies reactive to flaviviruses were widespread across bat taxa and sampling locations. Conclusion: The data presented demonstrate the widespread exposure of bats in Uganda to arboviruses, and highlight particular virus-bat associations that warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah C Kading
- Division of Vector-borne Diseases, Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Robert M Kityo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Eric C Mossel
- Division of Vector-borne Diseases, Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Erin M Borland
- Division of Vector-borne Diseases, Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Teddie Nakayiki
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging, and Re-emerging Viral Infections, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Betty Nalikka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Luke Nyakarahuka
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging, and Re-emerging Viral Infections, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Jeremy P Ledermann
- Division of Vector-borne Diseases, Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Nicholas A Panella
- Division of Vector-borne Diseases, Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Amy T Gilbert
- Division of High Consequence Pathogens, Rabies and Poxvirus Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.,USA Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Mary B Crabtree
- Division of Vector-borne Diseases, Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Julian Kerbis Peterhans
- College of Professional Studies, Roosevelt University & Collections & Research, The Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jonathan S Towner
- Division of High Consequence Pathogens, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Brian R Amman
- Division of High Consequence Pathogens, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tara K Sealy
- Division of High Consequence Pathogens, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stuart T Nichol
- Division of High Consequence Pathogens, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ann M Powers
- Division of Vector-borne Diseases, Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Julius J Lutwama
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging, and Re-emerging Viral Infections, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Barry R Miller
- Division of Vector-borne Diseases, Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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10
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Mossel EC, Crabtree MB, Mutebi JP, Lutwama JJ, Borland EM, Powers AM, Miller BR. Arboviruses Isolated From Mosquitoes Collected in Uganda, 2008-2012. J Med Entomol 2017; 54:1403-1409. [PMID: 28874015 PMCID: PMC5968633 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjx120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A large number of arthropod-borne viruses are endemic to East Africa. As a part of the process of undertaking a systematic characterization of the mosquito fauna of Uganda, we examined mosquitoes collected from 2008 through early 2012 for known and novel viruses. In all, 8,288 mosquito pools containing 157,554 mosquitoes were tested. Twenty-nine isolations of 11 different viruses were made from mosquitoes of nine distinct species and from pools identified only to genus Culex. Identified viruses were from family Togaviridae, alphaviruses Sindbis and Babanki viruses; family Rhabdoviridae, hapaviruses Mossuril and Kamese viruses; family Flaviviridae, flaviviruses West Nile and Usutu viruses; family Phenuiviridae, phlebovirus Arumowot virus; and family Peribunyaviridae, orthobunyaviruses Witwatersrand, Pongola, and Germiston viruses. In addition, a novel orthobunyavirus, provisionally named Mburo virus, was isolated from Coquillettidia metallica (Theobald). This is the first report of Babanki, Arumowot, and Mossuril virus isolation from Uganda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C. Mossel
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3156 Rampart Rd., Fort Collins, CO 80521 (; ; ; ; ; )
- Corresponding author, e-mail:
| | - Mary B. Crabtree
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3156 Rampart Rd., Fort Collins, CO 80521 (; ; ; ; ; )
| | - John-Paul Mutebi
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3156 Rampart Rd., Fort Collins, CO 80521 (; ; ; ; ; )
| | - Julius J. Lutwama
- Department of Arbovirology, Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI), PO Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda ()
| | - Erin M. Borland
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3156 Rampart Rd., Fort Collins, CO 80521 (; ; ; ; ; )
| | - Ann M. Powers
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3156 Rampart Rd., Fort Collins, CO 80521 (; ; ; ; ; )
| | - Barry R. Miller
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3156 Rampart Rd., Fort Collins, CO 80521 (; ; ; ; ; )
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11
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Styczynski AR, Malta JMAS, Krow-Lucal ER, Percio J, Nóbrega ME, Vargas A, Lanzieri TM, Leite PL, Staples JE, Fischer MX, Powers AM, Chang GJJ, Burns PL, Borland EM, Ledermann JP, Mossel EC, Schonberger LB, Belay EB, Salinas JL, Badaro RD, Sejvar JJ, Coelho GE. Increased rates of Guillain-Barré syndrome associated with Zika virus outbreak in the Salvador metropolitan area, Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005869. [PMID: 28854206 PMCID: PMC5595339 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In mid-2015, Salvador, Brazil, reported an outbreak of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), coinciding with the introduction and spread of Zika virus (ZIKV). We found that GBS incidence during April–July 2015 among those ≥12 years of age was 5.6 cases/100,000 population/year and increased markedly with increasing age to 14.7 among those ≥60 years of age. We conducted interviews with 41 case-patients and 85 neighborhood controls and found no differences in demographics or exposures prior to GBS-symptom onset. A higher proportion of case-patients (83%) compared to controls (21%) reported an antecedent illness (OR 18.1, CI 6.9–47.5), most commonly characterized by rash, headache, fever, and myalgias, within a median of 8 days prior to GBS onset. Our investigation confirmed an outbreak of GBS, particularly in older adults, that was strongly associated with Zika-like illness and geo-temporally associated with ZIKV transmission, suggesting that ZIKV may result in severe neurologic complications. Shortly following the introduction of Zika virus (ZIKV), a type of flavivirus transmitted by mosquitoes, into Brazil in early 2015, the Brazil Ministry of Health began receiving increased reports of a paralyzing condition known as Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). The areas with the greatest number of GBS cases appeared to correlate geographically and temporally with the areas reporting the highest rate of ZIKV infections. This association had been previously observed during a ZIKV outbreak in French Polynesia, however, this had not been systematically examined in a case-control investigation for the ZIKV outbreak in South America. In this investigation, the authors found that the occurrence of GBS in the affected population was nearly four times higher than would be expected, and the risk for GBS was particularly elevated among older adults. GBS was associated with ZIKV-like symptoms and with a combination of ZIKV-like symptoms plus laboratory evidence of a recent flavivirus infection. Taken together, these findings provide strong support for and greater understanding of the link between ZIKV and GBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley R. Styczynski
- National Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Infectious Diseases, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Juliane M. A. S. Malta
- Program for Control and Prevention of Malaria and Diseases Transmitted by Aedes, Brazil Ministry of Health, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
| | - Elisabeth R. Krow-Lucal
- National Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Infectious Diseases, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jadher Percio
- Department of Communicable Disease Surveillance, Brazil Ministry of Health, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
| | - Martha E. Nóbrega
- Department of Communicable Disease Surveillance, Brazil Ministry of Health, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
| | - Alexander Vargas
- Department of Communicable Disease Surveillance, Brazil Ministry of Health, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
| | - Tatiana M. Lanzieri
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Priscila L. Leite
- Program for Control and Prevention of Malaria and Diseases Transmitted by Aedes, Brazil Ministry of Health, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
| | - J. Erin Staples
- National Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Infectious Diseases, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Marc X. Fischer
- National Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Infectious Diseases, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Ann M. Powers
- National Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Infectious Diseases, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Gwong-Jen J. Chang
- National Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Infectious Diseases, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - P. L. Burns
- National Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Infectious Diseases, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Erin M. Borland
- National Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Infectious Diseases, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jeremy P. Ledermann
- National Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Infectious Diseases, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Eric C. Mossel
- National Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Infectious Diseases, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Lawrence B. Schonberger
- National Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Infectious Diseases, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ermias B. Belay
- National Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Infectious Diseases, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jorge L. Salinas
- National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Roberto D. Badaro
- Federal University of Bahia, Complexo Hospitalar Edgard Santos, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - James J. Sejvar
- National Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Infectious Diseases, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Giovanini E. Coelho
- Department of Communicable Disease Surveillance, Brazil Ministry of Health, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
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12
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Abstract
Understanding the ability of the chikungunya virus (CHIKV) to be transmitted by Aedes vectors in the Americas is critical for assessing epidemiological risk. One element that must be considered is the minimum infectious dose of virus that can lead to transmission following the extrinsic incubation period. This study aimed to determine the minimum infection rate for the two Aedes species studied. The results revealed that doses as low as 3.9 log10 plaque-forming units per mL (pfu/mL) of an Asian genotype CHIKV strain can lead to transmission by Ae. albopictus, and doses of at least 5.3 log10 pfu/mL from the same strain are needed for transmission from Ae. aegypti. These low infecting doses suggest that infected individuals may be infectious for almost the entire period of their viremia, and therefore, to prevent further cases, measures should be taken to prevent them from getting bitten by mosquitoes during this period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Powers
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Jeremy P Ledermann
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Erin M Borland
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
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13
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Vu DM, Banda T, Teng CY, Heimbaugh C, Muchiri EM, Mungai PL, Mutuku FM, Brichard J, Gildengorin G, Borland EM, Powers AM, Kitron U, King CH, LaBeaud AD. Dengue and West Nile Virus Transmission in Children and Adults in Coastal Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 96:141-143. [PMID: 27821697 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) and West Nile virus (WNV) are important reemerging arboviruses that are under-recognized in many parts of Africa due to lack of surveillance. As a part of a study on flavivirus, alphavirus, and parasite exposure in coastal Kenya, we measured neutralizing antibody against DENV and, to evaluate assay specificity, WNV in serum samples that tested positive for serum anti-DENV IgG by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Of 830 anti-DENV IgG-positive samples that were tested for neutralizing activity, 488 (58.8%) neutralized DENV and 94 (11.3%) neutralized WNV. Of children ≤ 10 years of age, 23% and 17% had serum neutralizing antibody to DENV and WNV, respectively, indicating that DENV and WNV transmission has occurred in this region within the past decade. The results suggest that ongoing DENV and WNV transmission continues on the coast of Kenya and supports a need for routine arboviral surveillance in the area to detect and respond to future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Vu
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
| | - Tamara Banda
- Center for Immunobiology and Vaccine Development, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California
| | - Crystal Y Teng
- Center for Immunobiology and Vaccine Development, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California
| | - Chelsea Heimbaugh
- Center for Immunobiology and Vaccine Development, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California
| | - Eric M Muchiri
- Division of Vector Borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | | | - Julie Brichard
- Center for Immunobiology and Vaccine Development, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California
| | - Ginny Gildengorin
- Center for Immunobiology and Vaccine Development, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California
| | - Erin M Borland
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Ann M Powers
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | | | | | - A Desiree LaBeaud
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M. Borland
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Jeremy P. Ledermann
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Ann M. Powers
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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15
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Ledermann JP, Zeidner N, Borland EM, Mutebi JP, Lanciotti RS, Miller BR, Lutwama JJ, Tendo JM, Andama V, Powers AM. Sunguru virus: a novel virus in the family Rhabdoviridae isolated from a chicken in north-western Uganda. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:1436-1443. [PMID: 24718834 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.060764-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sunguru virus (SUNV), a novel virus belonging to the highly diverse Rhabdoviridae family, was isolated from a domestic chicken in the district of Arua, Uganda, in 2011. This is the first documented isolation of a rhabdovirus from a chicken. SUNV is related to, but distinct from, Boteke virus and other members of the unclassified Sandjimba group. The genome is 11056 nt in length and contains the five core rhabdovirus genes plus an additional C gene (within the ORF of a phosphoprotein gene) and a small hydrophobic protein (between the matrix and glycoprotein genes). Inoculation of vertebrate cells with SUNV resulted in significant viral growth, with a peak titre of 7.8 log10 p.f.u. ml(-1) observed in baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells. Little to no growth was observed in invertebrate cells and in live mosquitoes, with Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes having a 47.4% infection rate in the body but no dissemination of the virus to the salivary glands; this suggests that this novel virus is not arthropod borne as some other members of the family Rhabdoviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy P Ledermann
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3156 Rampart Rd, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Nord Zeidner
- International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh, 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Erin M Borland
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3156 Rampart Rd, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - John-Paul Mutebi
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3156 Rampart Rd, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Robert S Lanciotti
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3156 Rampart Rd, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Barry R Miller
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3156 Rampart Rd, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Julius J Lutwama
- Department of Arbovirology, Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI), PO Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Joseph M Tendo
- CDC Uganda Plaque Laboratory, Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI), Arua, Uganda
| | | | - Ann M Powers
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3156 Rampart Rd, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
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16
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Mossel EC, Ledermann JP, Phillips AT, Borland EM, Powers AM, Olson KE. Molecular determinants of mouse neurovirulence and mosquito infection for Western equine encephalitis virus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60427. [PMID: 23544138 PMCID: PMC3609757 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV) is a naturally occurring recombinant virus derived from ancestral Sindbis and Eastern equine encephalitis viruses. We previously showed that infection by WEEV isolates McMillan (McM) and IMP-181 (IMP) results in high (∼90–100%) and low (0%) mortality, respectively, in outbred CD-1 mice when virus is delivered by either subcutaneous or aerosol routes. However, relatively little is known about specific virulence determinants of WEEV. We previously observed that IMP infected Culex tarsalis mosquitoes at a high rate (app. 80%) following ingestion of an infected bloodmeal but these mosquitoes were infected by McM at a much lower rate (10%). To understand the viral role in these phenotypic differences, we characterized the pathogenic phenotypes of McM/IMP chimeras. Chimeras encoding the E2 of McM on an IMP backbone (or the reciprocal) had the most significant effect on infection phenotypes in mice or mosquitoes. Furthermore, exchanging the arginine, present on IMP E2 glycoprotein at position 214, for the glutamine present at the same position on McM, ablated mouse mortality. Curiously, the reciprocal exchange did not confer mouse virulence to the IMP virus. Mosquito infectivity was also determined and significantly, one of the important loci was the same as the mouse virulence determinant identified above. Replacing either IMP E2 amino acid 181 or 214 with the corresponding McM amino acid lowered mosquito infection rates to McM-like levels. As with the mouse neurovirulence, reciprocal exchange of amino acids did not confer mosquito infectivity. The identification of WEEV E2 amino acid 214 as necessary for both IMP mosquito infectivity and McM mouse virulence indicates that they are mutually exclusive phenotypes and suggests an explanation for the lack of human or equine WEE cases even in the presence of active transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C. Mossel
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jeremy P. Ledermann
- Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Aaron T. Phillips
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Erin M. Borland
- Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Ann M. Powers
- Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Ken E. Olson
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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17
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Saxton-Shaw KD, Ledermann JP, Borland EM, Stovall JL, Mossel EC, Singh AJ, Wilusz J, Powers AM. O'nyong nyong virus molecular determinants of unique vector specificity reside in non-structural protein 3. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e1931. [PMID: 23359824 PMCID: PMC3554527 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
O'nyong nyong virus (ONNV) and Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) are two closely related alphaviruses with very different infection patterns in the mosquito, Anopheles gambiae. ONNV is the only alphavirus transmitted by anopheline mosquitoes, but specific molecular determinants of infection of this unique vector specificity remain unidentified. Fifteen distinct chimeric viruses were constructed to evaluate both structural and non-structural regions of the genome and infection patterns were determined through artificial infectious feeds in An. gambiae with each of these chimeras. Only one region, non-structural protein 3 (nsP3), was sufficient to up-regulate infection to rates similar to those seen with parental ONNV. When ONNV non-structural protein 3 (nsP3) replaced nsP3 from CHIKV virus in one of the chimeric viruses, infection rates in An. gambiae went from 0% to 63.5%. No other single gene or viral region addition was able to restore infection rates. Thus, we have shown that a non-structural genome element involved in viral replication is a major element involved in ONNV's unique vector specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kali D. Saxton-Shaw
- Division of Vector Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jeremy P. Ledermann
- Division of Vector Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Erin M. Borland
- Division of Vector Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Janae L. Stovall
- Division of Vector Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Eric C. Mossel
- Division of Vector Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Amber J. Singh
- Division of Vector Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Wilusz
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Ann M. Powers
- Division of Vector Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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18
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Adams AP, Navarro-Lopez R, Ramirez-Aguilar FJ, Lopez-Gonzalez I, Leal G, Flores-Mayorga JM, Travassos da Rosa APA, Saxton-Shaw KD, Singh AJ, Borland EM, Powers AM, Tesh RB, Weaver SC, Estrada-Franco JG. Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus activity in the Gulf Coast region of Mexico, 2003-2010. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1875. [PMID: 23133685 PMCID: PMC3486887 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) has been the causative agent for sporadic epidemics and equine epizootics throughout the Americas since the 1930s. In 1969, an outbreak of Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) spread rapidly from Guatemala and through the Gulf Coast region of Mexico, reaching Texas in 1971. Since this outbreak, there have been very few studies to determine the northward extent of endemic VEEV in this region. This study reports the findings of serologic surveillance in the Gulf Coast region of Mexico from 2003–2010. Phylogenetic analysis was also performed on viral isolates from this region to determine whether there have been substantial genetic changes in VEEV since the 1960s. Based on the findings of this study, the Gulf Coast lineage of subtype IE VEEV continues to actively circulate in this region of Mexico and appears to be responsible for infection of humans and animals throughout this region, including the northern State of Tamaulipas, which borders Texas. Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) has been responsible for hundreds of thousands of human and equine cases of severe disease in the Americas. In 1969, an outbreak of Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) spread rapidly from Guatemala and through the Gulf Coast region of Mexico, reaching Texas in 1971. Since this outbreak, there has been very little done to understand the ecology of VEEV in this region. Here, we present that the results of recent field studies that focus on confirming the continued existence of enzootic VEEV in the Gulf Coast region of Mexico. We performed serological analyses of sera collected between 2003 and 2010 from humans, cattle, horses, and dogs in various regions along the Gulf Coast of Mexico, and these data were complemented by wildcaught rodent serosurveys. Additionally, phylogenetic analyses were performed on VEEV isolates from this region to determine whether there have been substantial genetic changes in these viruses since the 1960s.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Paige Adams
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Tropical Diseases, and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America.
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19
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Plante K, Wang E, Partidos CD, Weger J, Gorchakov R, Tsetsarkin K, Borland EM, Powers AM, Seymour R, Stinchcomb DT, Osorio JE, Frolov I, Weaver SC. Novel chikungunya vaccine candidate with an IRES-based attenuation and host range alteration mechanism. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002142. [PMID: 21829348 PMCID: PMC3145802 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a reemerging mosquito-borne pathogen that has recently caused devastating urban epidemics of severe and sometimes chronic arthralgia. As with most other mosquito-borne viral diseases, control relies on reducing mosquito populations and their contact with people, which has been ineffective in most locations. Therefore, vaccines remain the best strategy to prevent most vector-borne diseases. Ideally, vaccines for diseases of resource-limited countries should combine low cost and single dose efficacy, yet induce rapid and long-lived immunity with negligible risk of serious adverse reactions. To develop such a vaccine to protect against chikungunya fever, we employed a rational attenuation mechanism that also prevents the infection of mosquito vectors. The internal ribosome entry site (IRES) from encephalomyocarditis virus replaced the subgenomic promoter in a cDNA CHIKV clone, thus altering the levels and host-specific mechanism of structural protein gene expression. Testing in both normal outbred and interferon response-defective mice indicated that the new vaccine candidate is highly attenuated, immunogenic and efficacious after a single dose. Furthermore, it is incapable of replicating in mosquito cells or infecting mosquitoes in vivo. This IRES-based attenuation platform technology may be useful for the predictable attenuation of any alphavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Plante
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Eryu Wang
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | | | - James Weger
- Inviragen Inc, Madison, Wisconsin and Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Rodion Gorchakov
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Konstantin Tsetsarkin
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Erin M. Borland
- Division of Vector Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Ann M. Powers
- Division of Vector Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Robert Seymour
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Dan T. Stinchcomb
- Inviragen Inc, Madison, Wisconsin and Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jorge E. Osorio
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ilya Frolov
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Scott C. Weaver
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Partidos CD, Weger J, Brewoo J, Seymour R, Borland EM, Ledermann JP, Powers AM, Weaver SC, Stinchcomb DT, Osorio JE. Probing the attenuation and protective efficacy of a candidate chikungunya virus vaccine in mice with compromised interferon (IFN) signaling. Vaccine 2011; 29:3067-73. [PMID: 21300099 PMCID: PMC3081687 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.01.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-borne alphavirus that causes explosive outbreaks of febrile illness associated with rash, and painful arthralgia. The CHIK vaccine strain 181/clone25 (181/25) developed by the United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID) was shown to be well-tolerated and highly immunogenic in phase I and II clinical trials although it induced transient arthralgia in some healthy adult volunteers. In an attempt to better understand the host factors that are involved in the attenuating phenotype of CHIK 181/25 vaccine virus we conducted studies in interferon (IFN)-compromised mice and also evaluated its immunogenic potential and protective capacity. Infection of AG129 mice (defective in IFN-α/β and IFN-γ receptor signaling) with CHIK 181/25 resulted in rapid mortality within 3-4 days. In contrast, all infected A129 mice (defective in IFN-α/β receptor signaling) survived with temporary morbidity characterized by ruffled appearance and body weight loss. A129 heterozygote mice that retain partial IFN-α/β receptor signaling activity remained healthy. Infection of A129 mice with CHIK 181/25 induced significant levels of IFN-γ and IL-12 while the inflammatory cytokines, TNFα and IL-6 remained low. A single administration of the CHIK 181/25 vaccine provided both short-term and long-term protection (38 days and 247 days post-prime, respectively) against challenge with wt CHIKV-La Reunion (CHIKV-LR). This protection was at least partially mediated by antibodies since passively transferred immune serum protected both A129 and AG129 mice from wt CHIKV-LR and 181/25 virus challenge. Overall, these data highlight the importance of IFNs in controlling CHIK 181/25 vaccine and demonstrate the ability of this vaccine to elicit neutralizing antibody responses that confer short-and long-term protection against wt CHIKV-LR challenge.
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