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Quinn M, Zhang RYK, Bello I, Rye KA, Thomas SR. Myeloperoxidase as a Promising Therapeutic Target after Myocardial Infarction. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:788. [PMID: 39061857 PMCID: PMC11274265 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13070788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) and myocardial infarction (MI) remain leading causes of death and disability worldwide. CAD begins with the formation of atherosclerotic plaques within the intimal layer of the coronary arteries, a process driven by persistent arterial inflammation and oxidation. Myeloperoxidase (MPO), a mammalian haem peroxidase enzyme primarily expressed within neutrophils and monocytes, has been increasingly recognised as a key pro-inflammatory and oxidative enzyme promoting the development of vulnerable coronary atherosclerotic plaques that are prone to rupture, and can precipitate a MI. Mounting evidence also implicates a pathogenic role for MPO in the inflammatory process that follows a MI, which is characterised by the rapid infiltration of activated neutrophils into the damaged myocardium and the release of MPO. Excessive and persistent cardiac inflammation impairs normal cardiac healing post-MI, resulting in adverse cardiac outcomes and poorer long-term cardiac function, and eventually heart failure. This review summarises the evidence for MPO as a significant oxidative enzyme contributing to the inappropriate inflammatory responses driving the progression of CAD and poor cardiac healing after a MI. It also details the proposed mechanisms underlying MPO's pathogenic actions and explores MPO as a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of unstable CAD and cardiac damage post-MI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Shane R. Thomas
- Cardiometabolic Disease Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Giriyappagoudar M, Vastrad B, Horakeri R, Vastrad C. Study on Potential Differentially Expressed Genes in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis by Bioinformatics and Next-Generation Sequencing Data Analysis. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3109. [PMID: 38137330 PMCID: PMC10740779 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic progressive lung disease with reduced quality of life and earlier mortality, but its pathogenesis and key genes are still unclear. In this investigation, bioinformatics was used to deeply analyze the pathogenesis of IPF and related key genes, so as to investigate the potential molecular pathogenesis of IPF and provide guidance for clinical treatment. Next-generation sequencing dataset GSE213001 was obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between IPF and normal control group. The DEGs between IPF and normal control group were screened with the DESeq2 package of R language. The Gene Ontology (GO) and REACTOME pathway enrichment analyses of the DEGs were performed. Using the g:Profiler, the function and pathway enrichment analyses of DEGs were performed. Then, a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed via the Integrated Interactions Database (IID) database. Cytoscape with Network Analyzer was used to identify the hub genes. miRNet and NetworkAnalyst databaseswereused to construct the targeted microRNAs (miRNAs), transcription factors (TFs), and small drug molecules. Finally, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to validate the hub genes. A total of 958 DEGs were screened out in this study, including 479 up regulated genes and 479 down regulated genes. Most of the DEGs were significantly enriched in response to stimulus, GPCR ligand binding, microtubule-based process, and defective GALNT3 causes HFTC. In combination with the results of the PPI network, miRNA-hub gene regulatory network and TF-hub gene regulatory network, hub genes including LRRK2, BMI1, EBP, MNDA, KBTBD7, KRT15, OTX1, TEKT4, SPAG8, and EFHC2 were selected. Cyclothiazide and rotigotinethe are predicted small drug molecules for IPF treatment. Our findings will contribute to identification of potential biomarkers and novel strategies for the treatment of IPF, and provide a novel strategy for clinical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muttanagouda Giriyappagoudar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS), Hubballi 580022, Karnataka, India;
| | - Basavaraj Vastrad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, K.L.E. Socitey’s College of Pharmacy, Gadag 582101, Karnataka, India;
| | - Rajeshwari Horakeri
- Department of Computer Science, Govt First Grade College, Hubballi 580032, Karnataka, India;
| | - Chanabasayya Vastrad
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Chanabasava Nilaya, Bharthinagar, Dharwad 580001, Karnataka, India
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3
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Cristol JP, Thierry AR, Bargnoux AS, Morena-Carrere M, Canaud B. What is the role of the neutrophil extracellular traps in the cardiovascular disease burden associated with hemodialysis bioincompatibility? Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1268748. [PMID: 38034546 PMCID: PMC10684960 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1268748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite significant progress in dialysis modalities, intermittent renal replacement therapy remains an "unphysiological" treatment that imperfectly corrects uremic disorders and may lead to low-grade chronic inflammation, neutrophil activation, and oxidative stress due to repetitive blood/membrane interactions contributing to the "remaining uremic syndrome" and cardiovascular disease burden of hemodialysis patients. Understanding dialysis bioincompatibility pathways still remains a clinical and biochemical challenge. Indeed, surrogate biomarkers of inflammation including C-reactive protein could not discriminate between all components involved in these complex pathways. A few examples may serve to illustrate the case. Cytokine release during dialysis sessions may be underestimated due to their removal using high-flux dialysis or hemodiafiltration modalities. Complement activation is recognized as a key event of bioincompatibility. However, it appears as an early and transient event with anaphylatoxin level normalization at the end of the dialysis session. Complement activation is generally assumed to trigger leukocyte stimulation leading to proinflammatory mediators' secretion and oxidative burst. In addition to being part of the innate immune response involved in eliminating physically and enzymatically microbes, the formation of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs), known as NETosis, has been recently identified as a major harmful component in a wide range of pathologies associated with inflammatory processes. NETs result from the neutrophil degranulation induced by reactive oxygen species overproduction via NADPH oxidase and consist of modified chromatin decorated with serine proteases, elastase, bactericidal proteins, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) that produces hypochlorite anion. Currently, NETosis remains poorly investigated as a sensitive and integrated marker of bioincompatibility in dialysis. Only scarce data could be found in the literature. Oxidative burst and NADPH oxidase activation are well-known events in the bioincompatibility phenomenon. NET byproducts such as elastase, MPO, and circulating DNA have been reported to be increased in dialysis patients more specifically during dialysis sessions, and were identified as predictors of poor outcomes. As NETs and MPO could be taken up by endothelium, NETs could be considered as a vascular memory of intermittent bioincompatibility phenomenon. In this working hypothesis article, we summarized the puzzle pieces showing the involvement of NET formation during hemodialysis and postulated that NETosis may act as a disease modifier and may contribute to the comorbid burden associated with dialysis bioincompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Cristol
- PhyMedExp, University of Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, Department of Biochemistry and Hormonology, University Hospital Center of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Charles Mion Foundation, AIDER-Santé, Montpellier, France
| | - Alain R. Thierry
- Research Institute of Cancerology of Montpellier, INSERM, IRCM, ICM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Bargnoux
- PhyMedExp, University of Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, Department of Biochemistry and Hormonology, University Hospital Center of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Marion Morena-Carrere
- PhyMedExp, University of Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, Department of Biochemistry and Hormonology, University Hospital Center of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Bernard Canaud
- School of Medicine, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- MTX Consulting Int., Montpellier, France
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4
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Schiffer W, Pedersen LN, Lui M, Bergom C, Mitchell JD. Advances in Screening for Radiation-Associated Cardiotoxicity in Cancer Patients. Curr Cardiol Rep 2023; 25:1589-1600. [PMID: 37796395 PMCID: PMC10682284 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-023-01971-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Radiation is foundational to the treatment of cancer and improves overall survival. Yet, it is important to recognize the potential cardiovascular effects of radiation therapy and how to best minimize or manage them. Screening-both through imaging and with biomarkers-can potentially identify cardiovascular effects early, allowing for prompt initiation of treatment to mitigate late effects. RECENT FINDINGS Cardiac echocardiography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography, and measurements of troponin and natriuretic peptides serve as the initial screening tests of choice for RICD. Novel imaging applications, including positron emission tomography and specific MRI parameters, and biomarker testing, including myeloperoxidase, growth differentiation factor 15, galectin 3, micro-RNA, and metabolomics, hold promise for earlier detection and more specific characterization of RICD. Advances in imaging and novel applications of biomarkers have potential to identify subclinical RICD and may reveal opportunities for early intervention. Further research is needed to elucidate optimal imaging screening modalities, biomarkers, and surveillance strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Schiffer
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, CB 8086, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Cardio-Oncology Center of Excellence, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lauren N Pedersen
- Cardio-Oncology Center of Excellence, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Matthew Lui
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, CB 8086, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Carmen Bergom
- Cardio-Oncology Center of Excellence, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joshua D Mitchell
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, CB 8086, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Cardio-Oncology Center of Excellence, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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5
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Liu X, Cao S, Gao Y, Luo S, Zhu Y, Wang L. Subcellular localization of DNA nanodevices and their applications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:3957-3967. [PMID: 36883516 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc06017e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
The application of nanodevices based on DNA self-assembly in the field of cell biology has made significant progress in the past decade. In this study, the development of DNA nanotechnology is briefly reviewed. The subcellular localization of DNA nanodevices, and their new progress and applications in the fields of biological detection, subcellular and organ pathology, biological imaging, and other fields are reviewed. The future of subcellular localization and biological applications of DNA nanodevices is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Liu
- Division of Physical Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuting Cao
- Division of Physical Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yue Gao
- Division of Physical Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shihua Luo
- Department of Traumatology, Rui Jin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Division of Physical Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China. .,The Interdisciplinary Research Center, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Zhangjiang Laboratory, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lihua Wang
- Division of Physical Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China. .,The Interdisciplinary Research Center, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Zhangjiang Laboratory, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Joolharzadeh P, Rodriguez M, Zaghlol R, Pedersen LN, Jimenez J, Bergom C, Mitchell JD. Recent Advances in Serum Biomarkers for Risk Stratification and Patient Management in Cardio-Oncology. Curr Cardiol Rep 2023; 25:133-146. [PMID: 36790618 PMCID: PMC9930715 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-022-01834-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Following significant advancements in cancer therapeutics and survival, the risk of cancer therapy-related cardiotoxicity (CTRC) is increasingly recognized. With ongoing efforts to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in cancer patients and survivors, cardiac biomarkers have been studied for both risk stratification and monitoring during and after therapy to detect subclinical disease. This article will review the utility for biomarker use throughout the cancer care continuum. RECENT FINDINGS A recent meta-analysis shows utility for troponin in monitoring patients at risk for CTRC during cancer therapy. The role for natriuretic peptides is less clear but may be useful in patients receiving proteasome inhibitors. Early studies explore use of myeloperoxidase, growth differentiation factor 15, galectin 3, micro-RNA, and others as novel biomarkers in CTRC. Biomarkers have potential to identify subclinical CTRC and may reveal opportunities for early intervention. Further research is needed to elucidate optimal biomarkers and surveillance strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouya Joolharzadeh
- General Medical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mario Rodriguez
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Cardio-Oncology Center of Excellence, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Raja Zaghlol
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Cardio-Oncology Center of Excellence, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lauren N Pedersen
- Cardio-Oncology Center of Excellence, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jesus Jimenez
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Cardio-Oncology Center of Excellence, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Carmen Bergom
- Cardio-Oncology Center of Excellence, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joshua D Mitchell
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Cardio-Oncology Center of Excellence, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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7
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Guthoff H, Hof A, Klinke A, Maaß M, Konradi J, Mehrkens D, Geißen S, Nettersheim FS, Braumann S, Michaelsson E, Nies RJ, Lee S, Redzinski MC, Peters VBM, Nemade HN, von Stein P, Winkels H, Rudolph V, Baldus S, Adam M, Mollenhauer M. Protective Effects of Therapeutic Neutrophil Depletion and Myeloperoxidase Inhibition on Left Ventricular Function and Remodeling in Myocardial Infarction. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 12:antiox12010033. [PMID: 36670895 PMCID: PMC9854671 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Improved survival has led to an increasing incidence of ischemic cardiomyopathy, making it a major reason for hospitalization in the western world. The inflammatory response in the ischemic myocardium determines the extent of structural remodeling and functional deterioration, with neutrophils (PMN) being a key modulator of the propagation and resolution of inflammation. The heme enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO) is abundantly expressed in PMN and is an important mediator of their inflammatory capacities. Here, we examine the effects of PMN reduction, MPO deficiency and MPO inhibition in two murine models of MI. Reduction in PMN count resulted in less scar formation and improved cardiac function. Similar results were obtained in genetically MPO deficient mice, suggesting that MPO is a critical factor in PMN-mediated cardiac remodeling. To test our findings in a therapeutic approach, we orally administered the MPO inhibitor AZM198 in the context of MI and could demonstrate improved cardiac function and reduced structural remodeling. Therefore, MPO appears to be a favorable pharmacological target for the prevention of long-term morbidity after MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Guthoff
- Department for Experimental Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, and Clinic III for Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Alexander Hof
- Department for Experimental Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, and Clinic III for Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Anna Klinke
- Clinic for General and Interventional Cardiology/Angiology, Agnes Wittenborg Institute for Translational Cardiovascular Research, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum NRW, University Hospital of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Martina Maaß
- Division of Dry-Eye and Ocular GVHD, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jürgen Konradi
- Department for Experimental Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, and Clinic III for Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Dennis Mehrkens
- Department for Experimental Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, and Clinic III for Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Simon Geißen
- Department for Experimental Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, and Clinic III for Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Felix S. Nettersheim
- Department for Experimental Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, and Clinic III for Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Simon Braumann
- Department for Experimental Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, and Clinic III for Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Erik Michaelsson
- Early Clinical Development, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Z4-46798 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Richard J. Nies
- Department for Experimental Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, and Clinic III for Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Samuel Lee
- Department for Experimental Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, and Clinic III for Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Marie-Christin Redzinski
- Department for Experimental Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, and Clinic III for Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Vera B. M. Peters
- Department for Experimental Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, and Clinic III for Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Harshal N. Nemade
- Department for Experimental Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, and Clinic III for Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Philipp von Stein
- Department for Experimental Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, and Clinic III for Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Holger Winkels
- Department for Experimental Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, and Clinic III for Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Volker Rudolph
- Clinic for General and Interventional Cardiology/Angiology, Agnes Wittenborg Institute for Translational Cardiovascular Research, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum NRW, University Hospital of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Stephan Baldus
- Department for Experimental Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, and Clinic III for Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Matti Adam
- Department for Experimental Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, and Clinic III for Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin Mollenhauer
- Department for Experimental Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, and Clinic III for Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
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