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Kharlamova MV, Kramberger C. Metallocene-Filled Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Hybrids. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:774. [PMID: 36839142 PMCID: PMC9962040 DOI: 10.3390/nano13040774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the growth mechanism, structure, growth processes, growth kinetics, and optical, vibronic and electronic properties of metallocene-filled single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are considered. A description of the procedures used to fill the nanotubes is provided. An investigation of doping effects on metallicity-mixed SWCNTs filled with metallocenes by Raman spectroscopy, near edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy, photoemission spectroscopy, and optical absorption spectroscopy is described. The studies of doping effects on metallicity-sorted SWCNTs filled with metallocenes are discussed. Doping effects in metallicity-mixed and sorted SWCNTs upon the chemical transformation of encapsulated molecules are analyzed. A discussion of the modification of the electronic properties of filled SWCNTs is presented. Applications of metallocene-filled SWCNTs in electrochemistry, thermoelectric power generation, chemical sensors, and magnetic recording are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna V. Kharlamova
- Centre for Advanced Materials Application (CEMEA), Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 5807/9, 845 11 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Christian Kramberger
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Kharlamova MV, Kramberger C. Electrochemistry of Carbon Materials: Progress in Raman Spectroscopy, Optical Absorption Spectroscopy, and Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:640. [PMID: 36839009 PMCID: PMC9961505 DOI: 10.3390/nano13040640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This paper is dedicated to the discussion of applications of carbon material in electrochemistry. The paper starts with a general discussion on electrochemical doping. Then, investigations by spectroelectrochemistry are discussed. The Raman spectroscopy experiments in different electrolyte solutions are considered. This includes aqueous solutions and acetonitrile and ionic fluids. The investigation of carbon nanotubes on different substrates is considered. The optical absorption experiments in different electrolyte solutions and substrate materials are discussed. The chemical functionalization of carbon nanotubes is considered. Finally, the application of carbon materials and chemically functionalized carbon nanotubes in batteries, supercapacitors, sensors, and nanoelectronic devices is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna V. Kharlamova
- Centre for Advanced Materials Application (CEMEA) of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 5807/9, 845 11 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Kharlamova MV, Kramberger C. Phemenology of Filling, Investigation of Growth Kinetics and Electronic Properties for Applications of Filled Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13020314. [PMID: 36678067 PMCID: PMC9862314 DOI: 10.3390/nano13020314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses the phemenology of filling, the investigation of kinetics, and the electronic properties for applications of filled single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), and summarizes five main achievements that were obtained in processing the spectroscopic data of SWCNTs filled with metal halogenide, metal chalcogenide, metal and metallocenes. First, the methods of processing kinetic data were developed to reveal precise trends in growth rates and activation energies of the growth of SWCNTs. Second, the metal-dependence of kinetics was revealed. Third, metallicity-sorted (metallic and semiconducting) SWCNTs were filled with a range of substances and the electronic properties were investigated. Fourth, new approaches to processing the data of spectroscopic investigations of filled SWCNTs were developed, which allowed more reliable and precise analysis of the experimental results. Fifth, the correlation between the physical and chemical properties of encapsulated substances and the electronic properties of SWCNTs were elucidated. These points are highlighted in the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna V. Kharlamova
- Centre for Advanced Materials Application (CEMEA), Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 5807/9, 845 11 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Christian Kramberger
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Puente Santiago AR, Fernandez‐Delgado O, Gomez A, Ahsan MA, Echegoyen L. Fullerenes as Key Components for Low‐Dimensional (Photo)electrocatalytic Nanohybrid Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202009449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alain R. Puente Santiago
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Texas at El Paso 500 West University Avenue El Paso Texas 79968 USA
| | - Olivia Fernandez‐Delgado
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Texas at El Paso 500 West University Avenue El Paso Texas 79968 USA
| | - Ashley Gomez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Texas at El Paso 500 West University Avenue El Paso Texas 79968 USA
| | - Md Ariful Ahsan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Texas at El Paso 500 West University Avenue El Paso Texas 79968 USA
| | - Luis Echegoyen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Texas at El Paso 500 West University Avenue El Paso Texas 79968 USA
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Puente Santiago AR, Fernandez‐Delgado O, Gomez A, Ahsan MA, Echegoyen L. Fullerenes as Key Components for Low‐Dimensional (Photo)electrocatalytic Nanohybrid Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 60:122-141. [PMID: 33090642 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202009449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alain R. Puente Santiago
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Texas at El Paso 500 West University Avenue El Paso Texas 79968 USA
| | - Olivia Fernandez‐Delgado
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Texas at El Paso 500 West University Avenue El Paso Texas 79968 USA
| | - Ashley Gomez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Texas at El Paso 500 West University Avenue El Paso Texas 79968 USA
| | - Md Ariful Ahsan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Texas at El Paso 500 West University Avenue El Paso Texas 79968 USA
| | - Luis Echegoyen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Texas at El Paso 500 West University Avenue El Paso Texas 79968 USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A Popov
- Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW) Dresden , D-01171 Dresden, Germany
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Ran K, Zuo JM, Chen Q, Shi Z. Electron beam stimulated molecular motions. ACS NANO 2011; 5:3367-3372. [PMID: 21428451 DOI: 10.1021/nn2006909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Electron microscopy with advances in aberration correction has the power to resolve atoms in single molecules. However, its application is limited by electron irradiation induced molecular motions. A better understanding of damage mechanisms is required to achieve the full potential of electron imaging. Here, we report a direct observation of molecular motions stimulated by an electron beam, which allows us to study the breakdown and formation of molecular bonds using C(60)'s encapsulated inside single-walled carbon nanotubes as a model system. An activation energy of 100 s meV is estimated for the observed molecular motions based on van der Waals interactions. We demonstrate that the molecular confinement can significantly increase the electron energy threshold for breaking the vdW bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Ran
- Key Laboratory for Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
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Suenaga K, Sato Y, Liu Z, Kataura H, Okazaki T, Kimoto K, Sawada H, Sasaki T, Omoto K, Tomita T, Kaneyama T, Kondo Y. Visualizing and identifying single atoms using electron energy-loss spectroscopy with low accelerating voltage. Nat Chem 2009; 1:415-8. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Warner JH, Ito Y, Zaka M, Ge L, Akachi T, Okimoto H, Porfyrakis K, Watt AAR, Shinohara H, Briggs GAD. Rotating fullerene chains in carbon nanopeapods. NANO LETTERS 2008; 8:2328-2335. [PMID: 18593202 DOI: 10.1021/nl801149z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The rotation of fullerene chains in SWNT peapods is studied using low-voltage high resolution transmission electron microscopy. Anisotropic fullerene chain structures (i.e., C300) are formed in situ in carbon nanopeapods via electron beam induced coalescence of individual fullerenes (i.e., C60). A low electron accelerating voltage of 80 kV is used to prevent damage to the SWNT. The large asymmetric C300 fullerene structure exhibits translational motion inside the SWNT and unique corkscrew like rotation motion. Another asymmetric fullerene chain containing mixed fullerene species is prepared by fusing smaller C60 fullerenes to a larger Sc@C82 fullerene, and this also exhibits corkscrew rotational motion. Chains of Sc3C2@C80 in SWNT peapods adopt a zigzag packing structure, and the entire zigzag chain rotates inside the SWNT to induce structural modifications to the SWNT diameter and cross-sectional shape of the SWNT. The expansion and contraction of the diameter of the SWNT is measured as 17%, demonstrating nanoactuation behavior in carbon nanopeapods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie H Warner
- Department of Materials, Quantum Information Processing Interdisciplinary Research Center, University of Oxford, Parks Rd, Oxford, OX1 3PH, United Kingdom.
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Warner JH, Watt AAR, Ge L, Porfyrakis K, Akachi T, Okimoto H, Ito Y, Ardavan A, Montanari B, Jefferson JH, Harrison NM, Shinohara H, Briggs GAD. Dynamics of paramagnetic metallofullerenes in carbon nanotube peapods. NANO LETTERS 2008; 8:1005-1010. [PMID: 18311933 DOI: 10.1021/nl0726104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We filled SWNTs with the paramagnetic fullerene Sc@C82 to form peapods. The interfullerene 1D packing distance measured using TEM is d = 1.1 +/- 0.02 nm. The Sc@C82 in SWNT peapods continuously rotated during the 2 s TEM exposure time, and we did not see the Sc atoms. However, Sc@C82 metallofullerenes in MWNT peapods have periods of fixed orientation, indicated by the brief observation of Sc atoms. La@C82 peapods were also prepared and their rotational behavior examined. The interfullerene 1D packing of both La@C82 and Sc@C82 peapods is identical and thus independent of the charge transfer state for these paramagnetic fullerenes. The La@C82 metallofullerenes in the peapods have fixed orientations for extended periods of time, up to 50 s in some cases. The La@C82 spontaneously rotates rapidly between fixed orientations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie H Warner
- Department of Materials, Quantum Information Processing Interdisciplinary Research Center, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Tasis
- Department of Materials Science, University of Patras, 26504 Rio Patras, Greece.
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Matranga C, Bockrath B. Controlled Confinement and Release of Gases in Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Bundles. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:9209-15. [PMID: 16852100 DOI: 10.1021/jp044307m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A simple procedure is described that locks small quantities of SF6, CO2, and 13CO2 into opened single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) bundles and keeps the gas in the SWNTs above the desorption temperature of these molecules. The technique involves opening the SWNTs with ozonolysis at 300 K followed by vacuum-annealing at 700 K. Gases are then cryogenically adsorbed into the opened SWNTs and locked into the SWNT pores by functionalizing the sample with a low-temperature ozone treatment. The low-temperature ozone treatment functionalizes the entry ports into the SWNT pores, which in turn create a physical barrier for gases trying to desorb through these functionalized ports. The samples are stable under vacuum for periods of at least 24 h, and the trapped gases can be released by vacuum-heating to 700 K. Reduced quantities of the trapped gases remain in the SWNTs even after exposure to room air. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is used to monitor the functionalities resulting from the ozone treatment and to detect the trapped gas species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Matranga
- National Energy Technology Laboratory, United States Department of Energy, P.O. Box 10940, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15236-0940, USA.
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