1
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Picher M, Sinha SK, LaGrange T, Banhart F. Analytics at the nanometer and nanosecond scales by short electron pulses in an electron microscope. CHEMTEXTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40828-022-00169-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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2
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Du DX, Flannigan DJ. Imaging phonon dynamics with ultrafast electron microscopy: Kinematical and dynamical simulations. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2020; 7:024103. [PMID: 32341940 PMCID: PMC7166119 DOI: 10.1063/1.5144682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafast x-ray and electron scattering techniques have proven to be useful for probing the transient elastic lattice deformations associated with photoexcited coherent acoustic phonons. Indeed, femtosecond electron imaging using an ultrafast electron microscope (UEM) has been used to directly image the influence of nanoscale structural and morphological discontinuities on the emergence, propagation, dispersion, and decay behaviors in a variety of materials. Here, we describe our progress toward the development of methods ultimately aimed at quantifying acoustic-phonon properties from real-space UEM images via conventional image simulation methods extended to the associated strain-wave lattice deformation symmetries and extents. Using a model system consisting of pristine single-crystal Ge and a single, symmetric Lamb-type guided-wave mode, we calculate the transient strain profiles excited in a wedge specimen and then apply both kinematical- and dynamical-scattering methods to simulate the resulting UEM bright-field images. While measurable contrast strengths arising from the phonon wavetrains are found for optimally oriented specimens using both approaches, incorporation of dynamical scattering effects via a multi-slice method returns better qualitative agreement with experimental observations. Contrast strengths arising solely from phonon-induced local lattice deformations are increased by nearly an order of magnitude when incorporating multiple electron scattering effects. We also explicitly demonstrate the effects of changes in global specimen orientation on the observed contrast strength, and we discuss the implications for increasing the sophistication of the model with respect to quantification of phonon properties from UEM images.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David J. Flannigan
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:. Tel.: +1 612-625-3867
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3
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Solà-Garcia M, Meuret S, Coenen T, Polman A. Electron-Induced State Conversion in Diamond NV Centers Measured with Pump-Probe Cathodoluminescence Spectroscopy. ACS PHOTONICS 2020; 7:232-240. [PMID: 31976357 PMCID: PMC6967233 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.9b01463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond are reliable single-photon emitters, with applications in quantum technologies and metrology. Two charge states are known for NV centers, NV0 and NV-, with the latter being mostly studied due to its long electron spin coherence time. Therefore, control over the charge state of the NV centers is essential. However, an understanding of the dynamics between the different states still remains challenging. Here, conversion from NV- to NV0 due to electron-induced carrier generation is shown. Ultrafast pump-probe cathodoluminescence spectroscopy is presented for the first time, with electron pulses as pump and laser pulses as probe, to prepare and read out the NV states. The experimental data are explained with a model considering carrier dynamics (0.8 ns), NV0 spontaneous emission (20 ns), and NV0 → NV- back transfer (500 ms). The results provide new insights into the NV- → NV0 conversion dynamics and into the use of pump-probe cathodoluminescence as a nanoscale NV characterization tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Solà-Garcia
- Center
for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- E-mail:
| | - Sophie Meuret
- Center
for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Toon Coenen
- Center
for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Delmic
BV, Kanaalweg 4, 2628 EB, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Polman
- Center
for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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4
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Zhu C, Zheng D, Wang H, Zhang M, Li Z, Sun S, Xu P, Tian H, Li Z, Yang H, Li J. Development of analytical ultrafast transmission electron microscopy based on laser-driven Schottky field emission. Ultramicroscopy 2019; 209:112887. [PMID: 31739190 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2019.112887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A new design scheme for ultrafast transmission electron microscopy (UTEM) has been developed based on a Schottky-type field emission gun (FEG) at the Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IOP CAS). In this UTEM setup, electron pulse emission is achieved by integrating a laser port between the electron gun and the column and the resulting microscope can operate in either continuous or pulsed mode. In pulsed mode, the optimized electron beam properties are an energy width of ~0.65 eV, micrometer-scale coherence lengths and sub-picosecond pulse durations. The potential applications of this UTEM, which include electron diffraction, high-resolution imaging, electron energy loss spectroscopy, and photon-induced near-field electron microscopy, are demonstrated using ultrafast electron pulses. Furthermore, we use a nanosecond laser (~10 ns) to show that the laser-driven FEG can support high-quality TEM imaging and electron holography when using a stroboscopic configuration. Our results also indicate that FEG-based ultrafast electron sources may enable high-performance analytical UTEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
| | - Dingguo Zheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Zhongwen Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Shuaishuai Sun
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Huanfang Tian
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Zian Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Huaixin Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; Yangtze River Delta Physics Research Center Co., Ltd., Liyang, Jiangsu, 213300, China; Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China
| | - Jianqi Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China.
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5
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Verhoeven W, van Rens JFM, Kemper AH, Rietman EH, van Doorn HA, Koole I, Kieft ER, Mutsaers PHA, Luiten OJ. Design and characterization of dielectric filled TM 110 microwave cavities for ultrafast electron microscopy. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:083703. [PMID: 31472630 DOI: 10.1063/1.5080003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microwave cavities oscillating in the TM110 mode can be used as dynamic electron-optical elements inside an electron microscope. By filling the cavity with a dielectric material, it becomes more compact and power efficient, facilitating the implementation in an electron microscope. However, the incorporation of the dielectric material makes the manufacturing process more difficult. Presented here are the steps taken to characterize the dielectric material and to reproducibly fabricate dielectric filled cavities. Also presented are two versions with improved capabilities. The first, called a dual-mode cavity, is designed to support two modes simultaneously. The second has been optimized for low power consumption. With this optimized cavity, a magnetic field strength of 2.84 ± 0.07 mT was generated at an input power of 14.2 ± 0.2 W. Due to the low input powers and small dimensions, these dielectric cavities are ideal as electron-optical elements for electron microscopy setups.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Verhoeven
- Department of Applied Physics, Coherence and Quantum Technology Group, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - J F M van Rens
- Department of Applied Physics, Coherence and Quantum Technology Group, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - A H Kemper
- Department of Applied Physics, Coherence and Quantum Technology Group, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - E H Rietman
- Department of Applied Physics, Coherence and Quantum Technology Group, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - H A van Doorn
- Department of Applied Physics, Coherence and Quantum Technology Group, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - I Koole
- Department of Applied Physics, Coherence and Quantum Technology Group, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - E R Kieft
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Achtseweg Noord 5, 5651 GG Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - P H A Mutsaers
- Department of Applied Physics, Coherence and Quantum Technology Group, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - O J Luiten
- Department of Applied Physics, Coherence and Quantum Technology Group, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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6
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Meuret S, Solà Garcia M, Coenen T, Kieft E, Zeijlemaker H, Lätzel M, Christiansen S, Woo SY, Ra YH, Mi Z, Polman A. Complementary cathodoluminescence lifetime imaging configurations in a scanning electron microscope. Ultramicroscopy 2018; 197:28-38. [PMID: 30476703 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cathodoluminescence (CL) spectroscopy provides a powerful way to characterize optical properties of materials with deep-subwavelength spatial resolution. While CL imaging to obtain optical spectra is a well-developed technology, imaging CL lifetimes with nanoscale resolution has only been explored in a few studies. In this paper we compare three different time-resolved CL techniques and compare their characteristics. Two configurations are based on the acquisition of CL decay traces using a pulsed electron beam that is generated either with an ultra-fast beam blanker, which is placed in the electron column, or by photoemission from a laser-driven electron cathode. The third configuration uses measurements of the autocorrelation function g(2) of the CL signal using either a continuous or a pulsed electron beam. The three techniques are compared in terms of complexity of implementation, spatial and temporal resolution, and measurement accuracy as a function of electron dose. A single sample of InGaN/GaN quantum wells is investigated to enable a direct comparison of lifetime measurement characteristics of the three techniques. The g(2)-based method provides decay measurements at the best spatial resolution, as it leaves the electron column configuration unaffected. The pulsed-beam methods provide better detail on the temporal excitation and decay dynamics. The ultra-fast blanker configuration delivers electron pulses as short as 30 ps at 5 keV and 250 ps at 30 keV. The repetition rate can be chosen arbitrarily up to 80 MHz and requires a conjugate plane geometry in the electron column that reduces the spatial resolution in our microscope. The photoemission configuration, pumped with 250 fs 257 nm pulses at a repetition rate from 10 kHz to 25 MHz, allows creation of electron pulses down to a few ps, with some loss in spatial resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Meuret
- Center for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - M Solà Garcia
- Center for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T Coenen
- Center for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Delmic BV, Kanaalweg 4, 2628 EB Delft, The Netherlands
| | - E Kieft
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Achtseweg Noord 5, 5651 GG Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - H Zeijlemaker
- Center for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Lätzel
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstrasse 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - S Christiansen
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstrasse 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - S Y Woo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Canadian Centre for Electron Microscopy, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Y H Ra
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, 3480 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0E9, Canada
| | - Z Mi
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - A Polman
- Center for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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7
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Verhoeven W, van Rens JFM, Toonen WF, Kieft ER, Mutsaers PHA, Luiten OJ. Time-of-flight electron energy loss spectroscopy by longitudinal phase space manipulation with microwave cavities. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2018; 5:051101. [PMID: 30363957 PMCID: PMC6185865 DOI: 10.1063/1.5052217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The possibility to perform high-resolution time-resolved electron energy loss spectroscopy has the potential to impact a broad range of research fields. Resolving small energy losses with ultrashort electron pulses, however, is an enormous challenge due to the low average brightness of a pulsed beam. In this paper, we propose to use time-of-flight measurements combined with longitudinal phase space manipulation using resonant microwave cavities. This allows for both an accurate detection of energy losses with a high current throughput and efficient monochromation. First, a proof-of-principle experiment is presented, showing that with the incorporation of a compression cavity the flight time resolution can be improved significantly. Then, it is shown through simulations that by adding a cavity-based monochromation technique, a full-width-at-half-maximum energy resolution of 22 meV can be achieved with 3.1 ps pulses at a beam energy of 30 keV with currently available technology. By combining state-of-the-art energy resolutions with a pulsed electron beam, the technique proposed here opens up the way to detecting short-lived excitations within the regime of highly collective physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Verhoeven
- Department of Applied Physics, Coherence and Quantum Technology Group, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - J F M van Rens
- Department of Applied Physics, Coherence and Quantum Technology Group, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - W F Toonen
- Department of Applied Physics, Coherence and Quantum Technology Group, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - E R Kieft
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Achtseweg Noord 5, 5651 GG Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - P H A Mutsaers
- Department of Applied Physics, Coherence and Quantum Technology Group, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - O J Luiten
- Department of Applied Physics, Coherence and Quantum Technology Group, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
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8
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Versteeg RB, Zhu J, Padmanabhan P, Boguschewski C, German R, Goedecke M, Becker P, van Loosdrecht PHM. A tunable time-resolved spontaneous Raman spectroscopy setup for probing ultrafast collective excitation and quasiparticle dynamics in quantum materials. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2018; 5:044301. [PMID: 30057929 PMCID: PMC6051769 DOI: 10.1063/1.5037784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We present a flexible and efficient ultrafast time-resolved spontaneous Raman spectroscopy setup to study collective excitation and quasi-particle dynamics in quantum materials. The setup has a broad energy tuning range extending from the visible to near infrared spectral regions for both the pump excitation and Raman probe pulses. Additionally, the balance between energy and time-resolution can be controlled. A high light collecting efficiency is realized by high numerical aperture collection optics and a high-throughput flexible spectrometer. We demonstrate the functionality of the setup with a study of the zone-center longitudinal optical phonon and hole continuum dynamics in silicon and discuss the role of the Raman tensor in time-resolved Raman scattering. In addition, we show an evidence for unequal phonon softening rates at different high symmetry points in the Brillouin zone of silicon by means of detecting pump-induced changes in the two-phonon overtone spectrum. Demagnetization dynamics in the helimagnet Cu2OSeO3 is studied by observing softening and broadening of a magnon after photo-excitation, underlining the unique power of measuring transient dynamics in the frequency domain, and the feasibility to study phase transitions in quantum materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. B. Versteeg
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Straße 77, D-50937 Köln, Germany
| | - J. Zhu
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Straße 77, D-50937 Köln, Germany
| | - P. Padmanabhan
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Straße 77, D-50937 Köln, Germany
| | - C. Boguschewski
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Straße 77, D-50937 Köln, Germany
| | - R. German
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Straße 77, D-50937 Köln, Germany
| | - M. Goedecke
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Straße 77, D-50937 Köln, Germany
| | - P. Becker
- Abteilung Kristallographie, Institut für Geologie und Mineralogie, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Straße 49b, D-50674 Köln, Germany
| | - P. H. M. van Loosdrecht
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Straße 77, D-50937 Köln, Germany
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9
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Ultrafast Transmission Electron Microscopy: Historical Development, Instrumentation, and Applications. ADVANCES IN IMAGING AND ELECTRON PHYSICS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aiep.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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10
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Chergui M, Thomas JM. From structure to structural dynamics: Ahmed Zewail's legacy. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2017; 4:043802. [PMID: 28868324 PMCID: PMC5562505 DOI: 10.1063/1.4998243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In this brief tribute to Ahmed Zewail, we highlight and place in the historical context, several of the major achievements that he and his colleagues have made in Femtochemistry (of which he was the principal instigator) and his introduction of ultrafast electron scattering, diffraction, microscopy and spectroscopy. By achieving a sub-picosecond temporal resolution, coupled with a picometer spatial resolution, he revolutionised our understanding of the corpus of chemical, physical, biological and materials science systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majed Chergui
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Laboratoire de Spectroscopie Ultrarapide and Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science (LACUS), ISIC, Faculté des Sciences de Base, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - John Meurig Thomas
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB30FS, United Kingdom
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11
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Adhikari A, Eliason JK, Sun J, Bose R, Flannigan DJ, Mohammed OF. Four-Dimensional Ultrafast Electron Microscopy: Insights into an Emerging Technique. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:3-16. [PMID: 27976852 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Four-dimensional ultrafast electron microscopy (4D-UEM) is a novel analytical technique that aims to fulfill the long-held dream of researchers to investigate materials at extremely short spatial and temporal resolutions by integrating the excellent spatial resolution of electron microscopes with the temporal resolution of ultrafast femtosecond laser-based spectroscopy. The ingenious use of pulsed photoelectrons to probe surfaces and volumes of materials enables time-resolved snapshots of the dynamics to be captured in a way hitherto impossible by other conventional techniques. The flexibility of 4D-UEM lies in the fact that it can be used in both the scanning (S-UEM) and transmission (UEM) modes depending upon the type of electron microscope involved. While UEM can be employed to monitor elementary structural changes and phase transitions in samples using real-space mapping, diffraction, electron energy-loss spectroscopy, and tomography, S-UEM is well suited to map ultrafast dynamical events on materials surfaces in space and time. This review provides an overview of the unique features that distinguish these techniques and also illustrates the applications of both S-UEM and UEM to a multitude of problems relevant to materials science and chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniruddha Adhikari
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology , KAUST Solar Center, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Jeffrey K Eliason
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota , 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Jingya Sun
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology , KAUST Solar Center, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Riya Bose
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology , KAUST Solar Center, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - David J Flannigan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota , 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Omar F Mohammed
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology , KAUST Solar Center, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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12
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Verhoeven W, van Rens JFM, van Ninhuijs MAW, Toonen WF, Kieft ER, Mutsaers PHA, Luiten OJ. Time-of-flight electron energy loss spectroscopy using TM 110 deflection cavities. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2016; 3:054303. [PMID: 27704035 PMCID: PMC5035313 DOI: 10.1063/1.4962698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the use of two TM110 resonant cavities to generate ultrashort electron pulses and subsequently measure electron energy losses in a time-of-flight type of setup. The method utilizes two synchronized microwave cavities separated by a drift space of 1.45 m. The setup has an energy resolution of 12 ± 2 eV FWHM at 30 keV, with an upper limit for the temporal resolution of 2.7 ± 0.4 ps. Both the time and energy resolution are currently limited by the brightness of the tungsten filament electron gun used. Through simulations, it is shown that an energy resolution of 0.95 eV and a temporal resolution of 110 fs can be achieved using an electron gun with a higher brightness. With this, a new method is provided for time-resolved electron spectroscopy without the need for elaborate laser setups or expensive magnetic spectrometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Verhoeven
- Department of Applied Physics, Coherence and Quantum Technology Group, Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - J F M van Rens
- Department of Applied Physics, Coherence and Quantum Technology Group, Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - M A W van Ninhuijs
- Department of Applied Physics, Coherence and Quantum Technology Group, Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - W F Toonen
- Department of Applied Physics, Coherence and Quantum Technology Group, Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - E R Kieft
- FEI Company , Achtseweg Noord 5, 5651 GG Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - P H A Mutsaers
- Department of Applied Physics, Coherence and Quantum Technology Group, Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - O J Luiten
- Department of Applied Physics, Coherence and Quantum Technology Group, Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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13
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Sun J, Adhikari A, Shaheen BS, Yang H, Mohammed OF. Mapping Carrier Dynamics on Material Surfaces in Space and Time using Scanning Ultrafast Electron Microscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:985-94. [PMID: 26911313 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b02908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Selectively capturing the ultrafast dynamics of charge carriers on materials surfaces and at interfaces is crucial to the design of solar cells and optoelectronic devices. Despite extensive research efforts over the past few decades, information and understanding about surface-dynamical processes, including carrier trapping and recombination remains extremely limited. A key challenge is to selectively map such dynamic processes, a capability that is hitherto impractical by time-resolved laser techniques, which are limited by the laser's relatively large penetration depth and consequently these techniques record mainly bulk information. Such surface dynamics can only be mapped in real space and time by applying four-dimensional (4D) scanning ultrafast electron microscopy (S-UEM), which records snapshots of materials surfaces with nanometer spatial and subpicosecond temporal resolutions. In this method, the secondary electron (SE) signal emitted from the sample's surface is extremely sensitive to the surface dynamics and is detected in real time. In several unique applications, we spatially and temporally visualize the SE energy gain and loss, the charge carrier dynamics on the surface of InGaN nanowires and CdSe single crystal and its powder film. We also discuss the mechanisms for the observed dynamics, which will be the foundation for future potential applications of S-UEM to a wide range of studies on material surfaces and device interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingya Sun
- Solar and Photovoltaics Engineering Research Center, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology , Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Aniruddha Adhikari
- Solar and Photovoltaics Engineering Research Center, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology , Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Basamat S Shaheen
- Solar and Photovoltaics Engineering Research Center, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology , Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Haoze Yang
- Solar and Photovoltaics Engineering Research Center, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology , Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar F Mohammed
- Solar and Photovoltaics Engineering Research Center, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology , Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Carbone F. Dynamics deep from the core. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2015; 2:020601. [PMID: 26798787 PMCID: PMC4711669 DOI: 10.1063/1.4918727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In van der Veen et al., [Struct. Dyn. 2, 024302 (2015)], femtosecond and nanosecond electron energy loss spectroscopy of deep core-levels are demonstrated. These results pave the way to the investigation of materials and molecules with combined energy, time, and spatial resolution in a transmission electron microscope. Furthermore, the authors elucidate the role of the electron phonon coupling in the band-gap renormalization that takes place in graphite upon photo-excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Carbone
- Laboratory for Ultrafast Microscopy and Electron Scattering (LUMES), Institute of Condensed Matter Physics (ICMP), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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15
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Vanacore GM, van der Veen RM, Zewail AH. Origin of axial and radial expansions in carbon nanotubes revealed by ultrafast diffraction and spectroscopy. ACS NANO 2015; 9:1721-9. [PMID: 25636018 DOI: 10.1021/nn506524c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The coupling between electronic and nuclear degrees of freedom in low-dimensional, nanoscale systems plays a fundamental role in shaping many of their properties. Here, we report the disentanglement of axial and radial expansions of carbon nanotubes, and the direct role of electronic and vibrational excitations in determining such expansions. With subpicosecond and subpicometer resolutions, structural dynamics were explored by monitoring changes of the electron diffraction following an ultrafast optical excitation, whereas the transient behavior of the charge distribution was probed by time-resolved, electron-energy-loss spectroscopy. Our experimental results, and supporting density functional theory calculations, indicate that a population of the excited carriers in the antibonding orbitals of the nanotube walls drives a transient axial deformation in ∼1 ps; this deformation relaxes on a much longer time scale, 17 ps, by nonradiative decay. The electron-driven expansion is distinct from the phonon-driven dynamics observed along the radial direction, using the characteristic Bragg reflections; it occurs in 5 ps. These findings reveal the nonequilibrium distortion of the unit cell at early times and the role of the electron(phonon)-induced stress in the lattice dynamics of one-dimensional nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni M Vanacore
- Physical Biology Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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16
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In-situ Characterization of Molecular Processes in Liquids by Ultrafast X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy. IN-SITU MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-45152-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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17
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Piazza L, Ma C, Yang HX, Mann A, Zhu Y, Li JQ, Carbone F. Ultrafast structural and electronic dynamics of the metallic phase in a layered manganite. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2014; 1:014501. [PMID: 26913564 PMCID: PMC4711593 DOI: 10.1063/1.4835116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The transition between different states in manganites can be driven by various external stimuli. Controlling these transitions with light opens the possibility to investigate the microscopic path through which they evolve. We performed femtosecond (fs) transmission electron microscopy on a bi-layered manganite to study its response to ultrafast photoexcitation. We show that a photoinduced temperature jump launches a pressure wave that provokes coherent oscillations of the lattice parameters, detected via ultrafast electron diffraction. Their impact on the electronic structure are monitored via ultrafast electron energy loss spectroscopy, revealing the dynamics of the different orbitals in response to specific structural distortions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Piazza
- Laboratory for Ultrafast Microscopy and Electron Scattering , ICMP, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - C Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - H X Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - A Mann
- Laboratory for Ultrafast Microscopy and Electron Scattering , ICMP, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Y Zhu
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - J Q Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - F Carbone
- Laboratory for Ultrafast Microscopy and Electron Scattering , ICMP, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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18
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Piazza L, Masiel D, LaGrange T, Reed B, Barwick B, Carbone F. Design and implementation of a fs-resolved transmission electron microscope based on thermionic gun technology. Chem Phys 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2013.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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LaGrange T, Reed BW, Santala MK, McKeown JT, Kulovits A, Wiezorek JMK, Nikolova L, Rosei F, Siwick BJ, Campbell GH. Approaches for ultrafast imaging of transient materials processes in the transmission electron microscope. Micron 2012; 43:1108-20. [PMID: 22595460 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2012.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 03/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The growing field of ultrafast materials science, aimed at exploring short-lived transient processes in materials on the microsecond to femtosecond timescales, has spawned the development of time-resolved, in situ techniques in electron microscopy capable of capturing these events. This article gives a brief overview of two principal approaches that have emerged in the past decade: the stroboscopic ultrafast electron microscope and the nanosecond-time-resolved single-shot instrument. The high time resolution is garnered through the use of advanced pulsed laser systems and a pump-probe experimental platforms using laser-driven photoemission processes to generate time-correlated electron probe pulses synchronized with laser-driven events in the specimen. Each technique has its advantages and limitations and thus is complementary in terms of the materials systems and processes that they can investigate. The stroboscopic approach can achieve atomic resolution and sub-picosecond time resolution for capturing transient events, though it is limited to highly repeatable (>10(6) cycles) materials processes, e.g., optically driven electronic phase transitions that must reset to the material's ground state within the repetition rate of the femtosecond laser. The single-shot approach can explore irreversible events in materials, but the spatial resolution is limited by electron source brightness and electron-electron interactions at nanosecond temporal resolutions and higher. The first part of the article will explain basic operating principles of the stroboscopic approach and briefly review recent applications of this technique. As the authors have pursued the development of the single-shot approach, the latter part of the review discusses its instrumentation design in detail and presents examples of materials science studies and the near-term instrumentation developments of this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas LaGrange
- Condensed Matter and Materials Division, Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, USA.
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Lassise A, Mutsaers PHA, Luiten OJ. Compact, low power radio frequency cavity for femtosecond electron microscopy. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2012; 83:043705. [PMID: 22559537 DOI: 10.1063/1.3703314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Reported here is the design, construction, and characterization of a small, power efficient, tunable dielectric filled cavity for the creation of femtosecond electron bunches in an existing electron microscope without the mandatory use of femtosecond lasers. A 3 GHz pillbox cavity operating in the TM(110) mode was specially designed for chopping the beam of a 30 keV scanning electron microscope. The dielectric material used is ZrTiO(4), chosen for the high relative permittivity (ε(r) = 37 at 10 GHz) and low loss tangent (tan δ = 2 × 10(-4)). This allows the cavity radius to be reduced by a factor of six, while the power consumption is reduced by an order of magnitude compared to a vacuum pillbox cavity. These features make this cavity ideal as a module for existing electron microscopes, and an alternative to femtosecond laser systems integrated with electron microscopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lassise
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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21
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Pagliara S, Galimberti G, Mor S, Montagnese M, Ferrini G, Grandi MS, Galinetto P, Parmigiani F. Photoinduced π−π* Band Gap Renormalization in Graphite. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:6318-22. [PMID: 21452870 DOI: 10.1021/ja1110738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Pagliara
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, I-25121 Brescia, Italy
| | - G. Galimberti
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, I-25121 Brescia, Italy
| | - S. Mor
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, I-25121 Brescia, Italy
| | - M. Montagnese
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, I-25121 Brescia, Italy
| | - G. Ferrini
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, I-25121 Brescia, Italy
| | - M. S. Grandi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pavia, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - P. Galinetto
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pavia, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - F. Parmigiani
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste and Sincrotrone Trieste, I-34012 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
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Carbone F, Aubock G, Cannizzo A, Van Mourik F, Nair R, Geim A, Novoselov K, Chergui M. Femtosecond carrier dynamics in bulk graphite and graphene paper. Chem Phys Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2011.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Acocella A, Carbone F, Zerbetto F. Quantum Study of Laser-Induced Initial Activation of Graphite-to-Diamond Conversion. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:12166-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja102497z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Acocella
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, Via F. Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy, and DPMC, University of Geneva, 24 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Fabrizio Carbone
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, Via F. Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy, and DPMC, University of Geneva, 24 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Zerbetto
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, Via F. Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy, and DPMC, University of Geneva, 24 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Abstract
Progress has been made in the development of four-dimensional ultrafast electron microscopy, which enables space-time imaging of structural dynamics in the condensed phase. In ultrafast electron microscopy, the electrons are accelerated, typically to 200 keV, and the microscope operates in the transmission mode. Here, we report the development of scanning ultrafast electron microscopy using a field-emission-source configuration. Scanning of pulses is made in the single-electron mode, for which the pulse contains at most one or a few electrons, thus achieving imaging without the space-charge effect between electrons, and still in ten(s) of seconds. For imaging, the secondary electrons from surface structures are detected, as demonstrated here for material surfaces and biological specimens. By recording backscattered electrons, diffraction patterns from single crystals were also obtained. Scanning pulsed-electron microscopy with the acquired spatiotemporal resolutions, and its efficient heat-dissipation feature, is now poised to provide in situ 4D imaging and with environmental capability.
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Thomas J, Midgley P. The Merits of Static and Dynamic High-Resolution Electron Microscopy (HREM) for the Study of Solid Catalysts. ChemCatChem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201000059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Park HS, Baskin JS, Barwick B, Kwon OH, Zewail AH. 4D ultrafast electron microscopy: Imaging of atomic motions, acoustic resonances, and moiré fringe dynamics. Ultramicroscopy 2009; 110:7-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2009.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2009] [Revised: 08/21/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Shorokhov D, Zewail AH. New Light on Molecular and Materials Complexity: 4D Electron Imaging. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:17998-8015. [DOI: 10.1021/ja907432p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Shorokhov
- Physical Biology Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory for Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Ahmed H. Zewail
- Physical Biology Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory for Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
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29
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Chuvilin A, Khlobystov A, Obergfell D, Haluska M, Yang S, Roth S, Kaiser U. Observations of Chemical Reactions at the Atomic Scale: Dynamics of Metal-Mediated Fullerene Coalescence and Nanotube Rupture. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 49:193-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200902243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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30
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Thomas SJ. The Renaissance and Promise of Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:8824-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200904052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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31
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Thomas SJ. Die Renaissance der Elektronenenergieverlust-Spektroskopie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200904052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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32
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Carbone F, Kwon OH, Zewail AH. Dynamics of Chemical Bonding Mapped by Energy-Resolved 4D Electron Microscopy. Science 2009; 325:181-4. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1175005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Carbone
- Physical Biology Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Oh-Hoon Kwon
- Physical Biology Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Ahmed H. Zewail
- Physical Biology Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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Hilbert SA, Uiterwaal C, Barwick B, Batelaan H, Zewail AH. Temporal lenses for attosecond and femtosecond electron pulses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:10558-63. [PMID: 19541639 PMCID: PMC2705614 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0904912106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we describe the "temporal lens" concept that can be used for the focus and magnification of ultrashort electron packets in the time domain. The temporal lenses are created by appropriately synthesizing optical pulses that interact with electrons through the ponderomotive force. With such an arrangement, a temporal lens equation with a form identical to that of conventional light optics is derived. The analog of ray diagrams, but for electrons, are constructed to help the visualization of the process of compressing electron packets. It is shown that such temporal lenses not only compensate for electron pulse broadening due to velocity dispersion but also allow compression of the packets to durations much shorter than their initial widths. With these capabilities, ultrafast electron diffraction and microscopy can be extended to new domains,and, just as importantly, electron pulses can be delivered directly on an ultrafast techniques target specimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn A. Hilbert
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 116 Brace Laboratory, PO Box 880111, Lincoln, NE 68588-0111; and
| | - Cornelis Uiterwaal
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 116 Brace Laboratory, PO Box 880111, Lincoln, NE 68588-0111; and
| | - Brett Barwick
- Physical Biology Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Herman Batelaan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 116 Brace Laboratory, PO Box 880111, Lincoln, NE 68588-0111; and
| | - Ahmed H. Zewail
- Physical Biology Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
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