1
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Yamazaki S, Banno K. Excited-State Intramolecular Proton Transfer toward Conical Intersections in Indigo, Epindolidione, and Indirubin. J Phys Chem A 2024. [PMID: 39052640 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c01804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Indigo exhibits a high degree of photostability, experimentally supported by observations such as quenching of fluorescence and an exceptionally short excited-state lifetime. Epindolidione, a structural isomer of indigo, is highly fluorescent in contrast to indigo, while indirubin, another structural isomer, exhibits weak fluorescence similar to that of indigo. To elucidate the origin of the difference in photophysical and photochemical behavior, potential energy profiles of the excited-state intramolecular proton transfer in indigo, epindolidione, and indirubin are computationally studied by quantum chemical calculations using the TDDFT and extended MS-CASPT2 (XMS-CASPT2) methods. As a result, it is found that indigo and indirubin exhibit little energy barrier for the single proton transfer (SPT) in the S1(ππ*) state from the diketo to keto-enol form and low energy of the S1/S0 conical intersection (CI) in the latter form with a planar molecular structure. Epindolidione, on the other hand, exhibits much higher barriers for SPT and access to CI. These results suggest that the excited-state SPT and subsequent nonradiative deactivation via CI are more likely to occur in indigo and indirubin than in epindolidione, which is consistent with the experimental observations described above. For indigo and epindolidione, the deactivation channels via the second SPT from the keto-enol to dienol form are also compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Yamazaki
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
| | - Kouta Banno
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
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2
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Zhu L, Zhou Q, Cao B, Li B, Wang Z, Zhang X, Yin H, Shi Y. Theoretical reconsideration of the mechanism of the excited state proton transfer of indigo carmine in water. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.118365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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3
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Volarić J, Szymanski W, Simeth NA, Feringa BL. Molecular photoswitches in aqueous environments. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:12377-12449. [PMID: 34590636 PMCID: PMC8591629 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00547a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Molecular photoswitches enable dynamic control of processes with high spatiotemporal precision, using light as external stimulus, and hence are ideal tools for different research areas spanning from chemical biology to smart materials. Photoswitches are typically organic molecules that feature extended aromatic systems to make them responsive to (visible) light. However, this renders them inherently lipophilic, while water-solubility is of crucial importance to apply photoswitchable organic molecules in biological systems, like in the rapidly emerging field of photopharmacology. Several strategies for solubilizing organic molecules in water are known, but there are not yet clear rules for applying them to photoswitchable molecules. Importantly, rendering photoswitches water-soluble has a serious impact on both their photophysical and biological properties, which must be taken into consideration when designing new systems. Altogether, these aspects pose considerable challenges for successfully applying molecular photoswitches in aqueous systems, and in particular in biologically relevant media. In this review, we focus on fully water-soluble photoswitches, such as those used in biological environments, in both in vitro and in vivo studies. We discuss the design principles and prospects for water-soluble photoswitches to inspire and enable their future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Volarić
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Wiktor Szymanski
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nadja A Simeth
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
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4
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Ikeda K, Yoo D, Nishikawa R, Kawamoto T, Mori T. Charge injected proton transfer in indigo derivatives. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:21972-21980. [PMID: 34569569 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03364f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In analogy with excited-state proton transfer, proton transfer is significantly facilitated in cationic and anionic molecules of indigo derivatives generated in field-effect transistors. We have prepared extended and truncated indigo derivatives and investigated their ambipolar transistor properties. Since the proton transfer reduces the energy gap from 2.2 to 0.4 eV, the proton transferred states are stabilized in the charge injected cationic and anionic states; the energy increase is as small as 0.5 eV, which is half of that in the neutral state. The intermolecular proton transfer enlarges the equilibrium N-H distance typically by 0.03 Å, and improves the donor and acceptor abilities by 0.2-0.4 eV, though the reorganization energy is practically unchanged. In addition, the transfer integrals along the hydrogen bonds are as large as one third of the columnar transfers, to facilitate the two-dimensional carrier conduction. The influence of proton transfer is most significant in indigo and truncated indigo derivatives, though isoindigo and quinacridone exhibit similar properties. Accordingly, indigo derivatives show much better donor and acceptor abilities than those expected from isolated molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuho Ikeda
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama 2-12-1, Meguro-ku, 152-8552, Japan.
| | - Dongho Yoo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama 2-12-1, Meguro-ku, 152-8552, Japan.
| | - Ryu Nishikawa
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama 2-12-1, Meguro-ku, 152-8552, Japan.
| | - Tadashi Kawamoto
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama 2-12-1, Meguro-ku, 152-8552, Japan.
| | - Takehiko Mori
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama 2-12-1, Meguro-ku, 152-8552, Japan.
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5
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Broløs L, Klaue K, Bendix J, Grubert L, Hecht S, Nielsen MB. Stabilizing Indigo
Z
‐Isomer through Intramolecular Associations of Redox‐Active Appendages. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Line Broløs
- Department of Chemistry University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Kristin Klaue
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor-Str. 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Jesper Bendix
- Department of Chemistry University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Lutz Grubert
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor-Str. 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Stefan Hecht
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor-Str. 2 12489 Berlin Germany
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Forckenbeckstr. 50 52074 Aachen Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Worringer Weg 2 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
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6
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Pinheiro D, Pineiro M, Galvão AM, Seixas de Melo JS. Deep in blue with green chemistry: influence of solvent and chain length on the behaviour of N- and N,N′- alkyl indigo derivatives. Chem Sci 2021; 12:303-313. [PMID: 34163598 PMCID: PMC8178810 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04958a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Using green chemistry procedures the synthesis of N-alkyl (NCnInd) and N,N′-dialkyl (N,N′CnInd) indigo derivatives, with n = 1–3, 6, 8, 12 and 18, was undertaken, leading to compounds with blueish to greenish colors in solution. The effect of the alkyl chain length on the spectral (including color) and photophysical properties of the compounds was explored. This was done with solvents of different viscosities and polarities (dielectric constants). From time-resolved fluorescence and femtosecond-transient absorption (fs-TA) for the NCnInd derivatives with n = 1 and 2, the decays are, in methylcyclohexane (MCH) and n-dodecane, single-exponential, while in 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2MeTHF) they are bi-exponential. The excited state proton transfer (ESPT) is ultrafast (<1 ps) for NC1,2Ind in MCH and n-dodecane, supported by time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations, thus showing that both the chain length and solvent influence the ESPT process. For N,N′CnInd, from time-resolved experiments, and with the exception of the shortest member of the series, N,N′C1Ind, two conformers are found to be present in the excited state. Using green chemistry procedures the synthesis of N- and N,N′-alkyl indigo derivatives was undertaken and the effect of the alkyl chain length on the spectral (including color) and photophysical properties of the compounds explored.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Pinheiro
- University of Coimbra
- CQC
- Department of Chemistry
- 3004-535 Coimbra
- Portugal
| | - Marta Pineiro
- University of Coimbra
- CQC
- Department of Chemistry
- 3004-535 Coimbra
- Portugal
| | - Adelino M. Galvão
- Centro de Química Estrutural
- Departamento de Engenharia Química
- Instituto Superior Técnico (IST)
- Universidade de Lisboa
- 1049-001 Lisboa
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7
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Roy PP, Shee J, Arsenault EA, Yoneda Y, Feuling K, Head-Gordon M, Fleming GR. Solvent Mediated Excited State Proton Transfer in Indigo Carmine. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:4156-4162. [PMID: 32370505 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c00946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Excited state proton transfer (ESPT) is thought to be responsible for the photostability of biological molecules, including DNA and proteins, and natural dyes such as indigo. However, the mechanistic role of the solvent interaction in driving ESPT is not well understood. Here, the electronic excited state deactivation dynamics of indigo carmine (InC) is mapped by visible pump-infrared probe and two-dimensional electronic-vibrational (2DEV) spectroscopy and complemented by electronic structure calculations. The observed dynamics reveal notable differences between InC in a protic solvent, D2O, and an aprotic solvent, deuterated dimethyl sulfoxide (dDMSO). Notably, an acceleration in the excited state decay is observed in D2O (<10 ps) compared to dDMSO (130 ps). Our data reveals clear evidence for ESPT in D2O accompanied by a significant change in dipole moment, which is found not to occur in dDMSO. We conclude that the ability of protic solvents to form intermolecular H-bonds with InC enables ESPT, which facilitates a rapid nonradiative S1 → S0 transition via the monoenol intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Pratim Roy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - James Shee
- Department of Chemistry, Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Eric A Arsenault
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yusuke Yoneda
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Katelyn Feuling
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Graham R Fleming
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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8
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He X, Yang F, Li S, He X, Yu A, Chen J, Xu J, Wang J. Ultrafast Excited-State Intermolecular Proton Transfer in Indigo Oligomer. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:6463-6471. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b06427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei He
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Fan Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Li
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxiao He
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Anchi Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, P. R. China
| | - Jinquan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Jianhua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Jianping Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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9
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10
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Huber LA, Mayer P, Dube H. Photoisomerization of Mono-Arylated Indigo and Water-Induced Acceleration of Thermal cis
-to-trans
Isomerization. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201700228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ludwig A. Huber
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Department für Chemie and Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science CIPSM; D-81377 Munich Germany
| | - Peter Mayer
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Department für Chemie and Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science CIPSM; D-81377 Munich Germany
| | - Henry Dube
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Department für Chemie and Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science CIPSM; D-81377 Munich Germany
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11
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He X, Yu P, Zhao J, Wang J. Efficient Vibrational Energy Transfer through Covalent Bond in Indigo Carmine Revealed by Nonlinear IR Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:9411-9421. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b06766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei He
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Molecular Reaction Dynamics
Laboratory, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular
Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Pengyun Yu
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Molecular Reaction Dynamics
Laboratory, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular
Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Juan Zhao
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Molecular Reaction Dynamics
Laboratory, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular
Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jianping Wang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Molecular Reaction Dynamics
Laboratory, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular
Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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12
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Pina J, Sarmento D, Accoto M, Gentili PL, Vaccaro L, Galvão A, Seixas de Melo JS. Excited-State Proton Transfer in Indigo. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:2308-2318. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b11020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Pina
- CQC,
Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Daniela Sarmento
- CQC,
Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Marco Accoto
- CQC,
Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Perugia, Via Elce
di Sotto, 8, 06123 Perugia, Italia
| | - Pier Luigi Gentili
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Perugia, Via Elce
di Sotto, 8, 06123 Perugia, Italia
| | - Luigi Vaccaro
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Perugia, Via Elce
di Sotto, 8, 06123 Perugia, Italia
| | - Adelino Galvão
- Centro
de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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13
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Costa AL, Gomes AC, Pillinger M, Gonçalves IS, de Melo JSS. An Indigo Carmine-Based Hybrid Nanocomposite with Supramolecular Control of Dye Aggregation and Photobehavior. Chemistry 2015. [PMID: 26216072 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Zn-Al layered double hydroxides (LDHs) containing solely indigo carmine (IC) or 1-hexanesulfonate (HS) anions, or a mixture of the two with different HS/IC molar ratios, were prepared by the direct synthesis method and characterized by various techniques. Hydrotalcite-type phases were obtained with basal spacings of 17.6 Å for the LDH intercalated by IC (IC-LDH) and 18.2-18.3 Å for the other materials containing HS. From the basal spacing for IC-LDH and UV/Vis spectroscopic data, it is proposed that the dye molecules assemble within the interlayer galleries to form a J-type stacking arrangement. A comprehensive electronic spectral and photophysical study was undertaken for IC in solution and all materials, aiming to obtain a detailed characterization of the host-guest and guest-guest interactions. In solution (the solvent surrounded "isolated" molecule), IC presents a fast excited state proton transfer with rate constants of ∼1.2-1.4×10(11) s(-1) , which is linked to the very efficient radiationless deactivation channel. In the solid state it is shown that incorporation of IC within the LDH decreases the level of aggregation, and that further addition of HS induces the appearance of isolated IC units within the LDH galleries. The indigo carmine-based nanocomposites reported constitute a step forward in the design of hybrid materials with tunable properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L Costa
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra (Portugal).,Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro (Portugal)
| | - Ana C Gomes
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro (Portugal)
| | - Martyn Pillinger
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro (Portugal).
| | - Isabel S Gonçalves
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro (Portugal)
| | - J Sérgio Seixas de Melo
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra (Portugal).
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14
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Chatterley AS, Horke DA, Verlet JRR. Effects of resonant excitation, pulse duration and intensity on photoelectron imaging of a dianion. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:489-96. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp53235f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Dittmann M, Graupner FF, Maerz B, Oesterling S, de Vivie-Riedle R, Zinth W, Engelhard M, Lüttke W. Photostabilität von 4,4′-Dihydroxythioindigo: ein Mimetikum des Indigo. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201307016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Dittmann M, Graupner FF, Maerz B, Oesterling S, de Vivie-Riedle R, Zinth W, Engelhard M, Lüttke W. Photostability of 4,4′-Dihydroxythioindigo, a Mimetic of Indigo. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 53:591-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201307016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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17
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Moreno M, Ortiz-Sánchez JM, Gelabert R, Lluch JM. A theoretical study of the photochemistry of indigo in its neutral and dianionic (leucoindigo) forms. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:20236-46. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp52763h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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18
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Cui G, Thiel W. Nonadiabatic dynamics of a truncated indigo model. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:12378-84. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp41867c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Chatterley AS, Horke DA, Verlet JRR. On the intrinsic photophysics of indigo: a time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy study of the indigo carmine dianion. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:16155-61. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp43275g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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20
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Iwakura I, Yabushita A, Kobayashi T. Transition State in a Prevented Proton Transfer Observed in Real Time. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2011. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20100269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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21
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Yamazaki S, Sobolewski AL, Domcke W. Molecular mechanisms of the photostability of indigo. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:1618-28. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp01901a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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22
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Iwakura I. The experimental visualisation of molecular structural changes during both photochemical and thermal reactions by real-time vibrational spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:5546-55. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp01588a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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23
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Rondão R, Seixas de Melo JS, Voss G. Characterization of the excited states of indigo derivatives in their reduced forms. Chemphyschem 2010; 11:1903-8. [PMID: 20401897 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201000082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive characterization of the electronic spectral and photophysical properties of the leuco (reduced) form of several indigo derivatives, including indigo and Tyrian Purple, with di-, tetra-, and hexa-substitution, was obtained in solution. The characterization involves absorption, fluorescence, and triplet-triplet absorption spectra, together with quantitative measurements of quantum yields of fluorescence, phi(F) (0.46-0.04), intersystem crossing, phi(Tau) (0.013-0.034), internal conversion, phi(IC), and the corresponding lifetimes. The position and degree of substitution promote differences in the spectral and photophysical properties displayed by the investigated leuco derivatives. The phi(F) values are about two orders of magnitude higher than those previously obtained for the corresponding keto forms. Also in contrast with the behavior found for the keto forms, the S(1) approximately approximately -->T(1) intersystem crossing is an efficient route for the excited-state deactivation channel. These findings strengthen the fact that, in contrast to keto indigo where the internal conversion dominates the deactivation of the excited-state, with leuco indigo (and derivatives), the excited state deactivation involves competition between internal conversion, triplet state formation, and fluorescence. A time-resolved investigation of one of the compounds in glycerol showed the presence of a photoisomerization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Rondão
- Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
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