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Han Z, Wang F, Sun J, Wang X, Tang Z. Recent Advances in Ultrathin Chiral Metasurfaces by Twisted Stacking. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2206141. [PMID: 36284479 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202206141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Artificial chiral nanostructures have been subjected to extensive research for their unique chiroptical activities. Planarized chiral films of ultrathin thicknesses are in particular demand for easy on-chip integration and improved energy efficiency as polarization-sensitive metadevices. Recently, controlled twisted stacking of two or more layers of nanomaterials, such as 2D van der Waals materials, ultrathin films, or traditional metasurfaces, at an angle has emerged as a general strategy to introduce optical chirality into achiral solid-state systems. This method endows new degrees of freedom, e.g., the interlayer twist angle, to flexibly engineer and tune the chiroptical responses without having to change the material or the design, thus greatly facilitating the development of multifunctional metamaterials. In this review, recent exciting progress in planar chiral metasurfaces are summarized and discussed from the viewpoints of building blocks, fabrication methods, as well as circular dichroism and modulation thereof in twisted stacked nanostructures. The review further highlights the ever-growing portfolio of applications of these chiral metasurfaces, including polarization conversion, information encryption, chiral sensing, and as an engineering platform for hybrid metadevices. Finally, forward-looking prospects are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexiang Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Fei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Juehan Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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2
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Popov I, Bügel P, Kozlowska M, Fink K, Studt F, Sharapa DI. Analytical Model of CVD Growth of Graphene on Cu(111) Surface. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12172963. [PMID: 36080001 PMCID: PMC9457873 DOI: 10.3390/nano12172963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Although the CVD synthesis of graphene on Cu(111) is an industrial process of outstanding importance, its theoretical description and modeling are hampered by its multiscale nature and the large number of elementary reactions involved. In this work, we propose an analytical model of graphene nucleation and growth on Cu(111) surfaces based on the combination of kinetic nucleation theory and the DFT simulations of elementary steps. In the framework of the proposed model, the mechanism of graphene nucleation is analyzed with particular emphasis on the roles played by the two main feeding species, C and C2. Our analysis reveals unexpected patterns of graphene growth, not typical for classical nucleation theories. In addition, we show that the proposed theory allows for the reproduction of the experimentally observed characteristics of polycrystalline graphene samples in the most computationally efficient way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Popov
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Patrick Bügel
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Mariana Kozlowska
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Karin Fink
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Felix Studt
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Dmitry I. Sharapa
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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3
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Huang M, Deng B, Dong F, Zhang L, Zhang Z, Chen P. Substrate Engineering for CVD Growth of Single Crystal Graphene. SMALL METHODS 2021; 5:e2001213. [PMID: 34928093 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202001213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Single crystal graphene (SCG) has attracted enormous attention for its unique potential for next-generation high-performance optoelectronics. In the absence of grain boundaries, the exceptional intrinsic properties of graphene are preserved by SCG. Currently, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) has been recognized as an effective method for the large-scale synthesis of graphene films. However, polycrystalline films are usually obtained and the present grain boundaries compromise the carrier mobility, thermal conductivity, optical properties, and mechanical properties. The scalable and controllable synthesis of SCG is challenging. Recently, much attention has been attracted by the engineering of large-size single-crystal substrates for the epitaxial CVD growth of large-area and high-quality SCG films. In this article, a comprehensive and comparative review is provided on the selection and preparation of various single-crystal substrates for CVD growth of SCG under different conditions. The growth mechanisms, current challenges, and future development and perspectives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Huang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637457, Singapore
| | - Bangwei Deng
- Research Center for Environmental Science & Technology, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Fan Dong
- Research Center for Environmental Science & Technology, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, A*STAR, 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore, 627833, Singapore
| | - Zheye Zhang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637457, Singapore
| | - Peng Chen
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637457, Singapore
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4
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Lee H, Baek J, Dae KS, Jeon S, Yuk JM. Hydrogen-Assisted Fast Growth of Large Graphene Grains by Recrystallization of Nanograins. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:31502-31507. [PMID: 33344801 PMCID: PMC7745212 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chemical vapor deposition has been highlighted as a promising tool for facile graphene growth in a large area. However, grain boundaries impose detrimental effects on the mechanical strength or electrical mobility of graphene. Here, we demonstrate that high-pressure hydrogen treatment in the preannealing step plays a key role in fast and large grain growth and leads to the successful synthesis of large grain graphene in 10 s. Large single grains with a maximum size of ∼160 μm grow by recrystallization of nanograins, but ∼1% areal coverage of nanograins remains with 28-30° misorientation angles. Our findings will provide insights into mass production of high-quality graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjong Lee
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute
of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwook Baek
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute
of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyun Seong Dae
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute
of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokwoo Jeon
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute
of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Min Yuk
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute
of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
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5
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Mustonen P, Mackenzie DMA, Lipsanen H. Review of fabrication methods of large-area transparent graphene electrodes for industry. FRONTIERS OF OPTOELECTRONICS 2020; 13:91-113. [PMID: 36641556 PMCID: PMC7362318 DOI: 10.1007/s12200-020-1011-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Graphene is a two-dimensional material showing excellent properties for utilization in transparent electrodes; it has low sheet resistance, high optical transmission and is flexible. Whereas the most common transparent electrode material, tin-doped indium-oxide (ITO) is brittle, less transparent and expensive, which limit its compatibility in flexible electronics as well as in low-cost devices. Here we review two large-area fabrication methods for graphene based transparent electrodes for industry: liquid exfoliation and low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (CVD). We discuss the basic methodologies behind the technologies with an emphasis on optical and electrical properties of recent results. State-of-the-art methods for liquid exfoliation have as a figure of merit an electrical and optical conductivity ratio of 43.5, slightly over the minimum required for industry of 35, while CVD reaches as high as 419.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petri Mustonen
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Aalto, FI-00076, Finland.
| | - David M A Mackenzie
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Aalto, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Harri Lipsanen
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Aalto, FI-00076, Finland
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6
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Lee T, Bui HT, Yoo J, Ra M, Han SH, Kim W, Kwon W. Formation of TiO 2@Carbon Core/Shell Nanocomposites from a Single Molecular Layer of Aromatic Compounds for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Peroxide Generation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:41196-41203. [PMID: 31617703 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b10015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we demonstrate that TiO2@carbon core/shell (TiO2@C) nanocomposite photocatalysts prepared by carbonizing a single molecular layer of aromatic compounds adsorbed on the surface of TiO2 nanoparticles selectively enhance the generation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Atomically thin carbon shells have been formed directly on the surface of TiO2 nanoparticles through pyrolytic decarboxylation of the adsorbed aromatic compounds, benzoic acid (BA), and 1-naphthoic acid (NA), which yields two types of TiO2@C nanocomposites, TiO2@C(BA) and TiO2@C(NA). Raman spectroscopy shows that the as-obtained nanocomposites have similar degrees of graphitization (D/G band ratio), regardless of the type of aromatic precursors, but TiO2@C(NA) contains more oxygenic species than TiO2@C(BA) (D*/G band ratio). Such oxygenic species predominantly exist in the form of epoxide groups, as determined by attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy. The sp2 carbon atoms near the epoxide groups in the carbon shell can act as active sites for the two-electron reduction of O2. Therefore, TiO2@C(NA) can generate H2O2 more efficiently than TiO2@C(BA). Furthermore, the carbon shells retard the reconsumption of the generated H2O2 by inhibiting the adsorption of H2O2 on the surface of TiO2 nanoparticles, thereby improving the photocatalytic efficiency of H2O2 generation. Finally, we have shown the durability and reproducibility of our TiO2@C-based photocatalytic systems. We believe that our research may offer a potentially improved strategy for H2O2 generation and other photocatalytic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taehyung Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , 77 Cheongam-ro , Nam-gu, Pohang 37673 , South Korea
| | | | - Jounghyun Yoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , 77 Cheongam-ro , Nam-gu, Pohang 37673 , South Korea
| | - Mirae Ra
- Center for Environment & Sustainable Resources , Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT) , 141 Gajeong-ro , Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114 , South Korea
- Department of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering , University of Science and Technology (UST) , 217 Gajeong-ro , Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113 , South Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Han
- LIG Nex1 Company, Limited , 207 Mabuk-ro , Giheung-gu, Yongin-si , Gyeonggi-do 13488 , South Korea
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7
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Zhang X, Wu T, Jiang Q, Wang H, Zhu H, Chen Z, Jiang R, Niu T, Li Z, Zhang Y, Qiu Z, Yu G, Li A, Qiao S, Wang H, Yu Q, Xie X. Epitaxial Growth of 6 in. Single-Crystalline Graphene on a Cu/Ni (111) Film at 750 °C via Chemical Vapor Deposition. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1805395. [PMID: 30942946 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201805395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The future electronic application of graphene highly relies on the production of large-area high-quality single-crystal graphene. However, the growth of single-crystal graphene on different substrates via either single nucleation or seamless stitching is carried out at a temperature of 1000 °C or higher. The usage of this high temperature generates a variety of problems, including complexity of operation, higher contamination, metal evaporation, and wrinkles owing to the mismatch of thermal expansion coefficients between the substrate and graphene. Here, a new approach for the fabrication of ultraflat single-crystal graphene using Cu/Ni (111)/sapphire wafers at lower temperature is reported. It is found that the temperature of epitaxial growth of graphene using Cu/Ni (111) can be reduced to 750 °C, much lower than that of earlier reports on catalytic surfaces. Devices made of graphene grown at 750 °C have a carrier mobility up to ≈9700 cm2 V-1 s-1 at room temperature. This work shines light on a way toward a much lower temperature growth of high-quality graphene in single crystallinity, which could benefit future electronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Center for Excellence in Superconducting Electronics (CENSE), 865 Chang Ning Road, Shanghai, 200050, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tianru Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Center for Excellence in Superconducting Electronics (CENSE), 865 Chang Ning Road, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Qi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Center for Excellence in Superconducting Electronics (CENSE), 865 Chang Ning Road, Shanghai, 200050, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Huishan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Center for Excellence in Superconducting Electronics (CENSE), 865 Chang Ning Road, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Hailong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Center for Excellence in Superconducting Electronics (CENSE), 865 Chang Ning Road, Shanghai, 200050, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhiying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Center for Excellence in Superconducting Electronics (CENSE), 865 Chang Ning Road, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Ren Jiang
- Department of Physics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Tianchao Niu
- Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Zhuojun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Center for Excellence in Superconducting Electronics (CENSE), 865 Chang Ning Road, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Youwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Zhijun Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Guanghui Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Center for Excellence in Superconducting Electronics (CENSE), 865 Chang Ning Road, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Ang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Center for Excellence in Superconducting Electronics (CENSE), 865 Chang Ning Road, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Shan Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Center for Excellence in Superconducting Electronics (CENSE), 865 Chang Ning Road, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Haomin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Center for Excellence in Superconducting Electronics (CENSE), 865 Chang Ning Road, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Qingkai Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Center for Excellence in Superconducting Electronics (CENSE), 865 Chang Ning Road, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Xiaoming Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Center for Excellence in Superconducting Electronics (CENSE), 865 Chang Ning Road, Shanghai, 200050, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, 200031, China
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Chaitoglou S, Giannakopoulou T, Speliotis T, Vavouliotis A, Trapalis C, Dimoulas A. Mo 2C/graphene heterostructures: low temperature chemical vapor deposition on liquid bimetallic Sn-Cu and hydrogen evolution reaction electrocatalytic properties. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:125401. [PMID: 30566921 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aaf9e8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Thin 2D Mo2C/graphene vertical heterostructures have attracted significant attention due to their potential application as electrodes in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and energy storage. A common drawback in the chemical vapor deposition synthesis of these structures is the demand for high temperature growth, which should be higher than the melting temperature of the metal catalyst. The most common metallic catalyst is Cu, which has a melting temperature of 1084 °C. Here, we report the growth of thin, ∼200 nm in thickness, semitransparent micrometer-sized Mo2C domains and Mo2C/graphene heterostructures at lower temperatures using liquid Sn-Cu alloys. No Sn-associated defects are observed, making the alloy an appealing growth substrate. Raman spectroscopy reveals the vertical interaction between graphene and Mo2C, as shown by the variation in the strain of the graphene film. The results demonstrate the capability to grow continuous nanometer-thin Mo2C films at temperatures as low as 880 °C, without sacrificing the growth rate. Mo2C films are proven to be efficient electrocatalysts for the HER. Moreover, we demonstrate the beneficial role of graphene overgrown on Mo2C in reducing the HER overpotential values, which is attributed to more efficient charge transfer kinetics, compared to pure Mo2C films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanos Chaitoglou
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research 'DEMOKRITOS', 15310, Athens, Greece
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Dong J, Zhang L, Ding F. Kinetics of Graphene and 2D Materials Growth. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1801583. [PMID: 30318816 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201801583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
During the last 10 years, remarkable achievements on the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) growth of 2D materials have been made, but the understanding of the underlying mechanisms is still relatively limited. Here, the current progress on the understanding of the growth kinetics of 2D materials, especially for their CVD synthesis, is reviewed. In order to present a complete picture of 2D materials' growth kinetics, the following factors are discussed: i) two types of growth modes, namely attachment-limited growth and diffusion-limited growth; ii) the etching of 2D materials, which offers an additional degree of freedom for growth control; iii) a number of experimental factors in graphene CVD synthesis, such as structure of the substrate, pressure of hydrogen or oxygen, temperature, etc., which are found to have profound effects on the growth kinetics; iv) double-layer and few-layer 2D materials' growth, which has distinct features different from the growth of single-layer 2D materials; and v) the growth of polycrystalline 2D materials by the coalescence of a few single crystalline domains. Finally, the current challenges and opportunities in future 2D materials' synthesis are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jichen Dong
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Leining Zhang
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Feng Ding
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
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10
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Ismail E, Fauzi FB, Mohamed MA, Mohd Yasin MF, Mohd Abid MAA, Yaacob II, Md Din MF, Ani MH. Kinetic studies of few-layer graphene grown by flame deposition from the perspective of gas composition and temperature. RSC Adv 2019; 9:21000-21008. [PMID: 35515528 PMCID: PMC9065698 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra01257e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth kinetics of few-layer graphene grown by flame deposition correlates to BIN20J species in a methane to soot mechanism model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edhuan Ismail
- Department of Manufacturing and Materials
- Kulliyyah of Engineering
- International Islamic University Malaysia
- 50728 Kuala Lumpur
- Malaysia
| | - Fatin Bazilah Fauzi
- Department of Manufacturing and Materials
- Kulliyyah of Engineering
- International Islamic University Malaysia
- 50728 Kuala Lumpur
- Malaysia
| | - Mohd Ambri Mohamed
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronic
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
- Malaysia
| | - Mohd Fairus Mohd Yasin
- High Speed Reacting Flow Laboratory (HiREF)
- Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
- 81310 Johor Bahru
- Malaysia
| | | | - Iskandar Idris Yaacob
- Department of Manufacturing and Materials
- Kulliyyah of Engineering
- International Islamic University Malaysia
- 50728 Kuala Lumpur
- Malaysia
| | - Muhamad Faiz Md Din
- Department of Electrical and Electronic
- Faculty of Engineering
- National Defence University of Malaysia
- Kuala Lumpur
- Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hanafi Ani
- Department of Manufacturing and Materials
- Kulliyyah of Engineering
- International Islamic University Malaysia
- 50728 Kuala Lumpur
- Malaysia
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11
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You J, Hossain MD, Luo Z. Synthesis of 2D transition metal dichalcogenides by chemical vapor deposition with controlled layer number and morphology. NANO CONVERGENCE 2018; 5:26. [PMID: 30467647 PMCID: PMC6160381 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-018-0158-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have stimulated the modern technology due to their unique and tunable electronic, optical, and chemical properties. Therefore, it is very important to study the control parameters for material preparation to achieve high quality thin films for modern electronics, as the performance of TMDs-based device largely depends on their layer number, grain size, orientation, and morphology. Among the synthesis methods, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is an excellent technique, vastly used to grow controlled layer of 2D materials in recent years. In this review, we discuss the different growth routes and mechanisms to synthesize high quality large size TMDs using CVD method. We highlight the recent advances in the controlled growth of mono- and few-layer TMDs materials by varying different growth parameters. Finally, different strategies to control the grain size, boundaries, orientation, morphology and their application for various field of are also thoroughly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen You
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Md Delowar Hossain
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Zhengtang Luo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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12
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Huang M, Biswal M, Park HJ, Jin S, Qu D, Hong S, Zhu Z, Qiu L, Luo D, Liu X, Yang Z, Liu Z, Huang Y, Lim H, Yoo WJ, Ding F, Wang Y, Lee Z, Ruoff RS. Highly Oriented Monolayer Graphene Grown on a Cu/Ni(111) Alloy Foil. ACS NANO 2018; 12:6117-6127. [PMID: 29790339 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b02444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fast-growth of single crystal monolayer graphene by CVD using methane and hydrogen has been achieved on "homemade" single crystal Cu/Ni(111) alloy foils over large area. Full coverage was achieved in 5 min or less for a particular range of composition (1.3 at.% to 8.6 at.% Ni), as compared to 60 min for a pure Cu(111) foil under identical growth conditions. These are the bulk atomic percentages of Ni, as a superstructure at the surface of these foils with stoichiometry Cu6Ni1 (for 1.3 to 7.8 bulk at.% Ni in the Cu/Ni(111) foil) was discovered by low energy electron diffraction (LEED). Complete large area monolayer graphene films are either single crystal or close to single crystal, and include folded regions that are essentially parallel and that were likely wrinkles that "fell over" to bind to the surface; these folds are separated by large, wrinkle-free regions. The folds occur due to the buildup of interfacial compressive stress (and its release) during cooling of the foils from 1075 °C to room temperature. The fold heights measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) prove them to all be 3 layers thick, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging shows them to be around 10 to 300 nm wide and separated by roughly 20 μm. These folds are always essentially perpendicular to the steps in this Cu/Ni(111) substrate. Joining of well-aligned graphene islands (in growths that were terminated prior to full film coverage) was investigated with high magnification SEM and aberration-corrected high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) as well as AFM, STM, and optical microscopy. These methods show that many of the "join regions" have folds, and these arise from interfacial adhesion mechanics (they are due to the buildup of compressive stress during cool-down, but these folds are different than for the continuous graphene films-they occur due to "weak links" in terms of the interface mechanics). Such Cu/Ni(111) alloy foils are promising substrates for the large-scale synthesis of single-crystal graphene film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Huang
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM) , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
| | - Mandakini Biswal
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM) , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Ju Park
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM) , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghwan Jin
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM) , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
| | - Deshun Qu
- Department of Nano Science and Technology, SKKU Advanced Institute of Nano-Technology (SAINT) , Sungkyunkwan University , 2066 Seobu-ro , Jangan-gu, Suwon , Gyeonggi-do 16419 , Republic of Korea
| | - Seokmo Hong
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM) , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
| | - Zhili Zhu
- Institute of Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Lu Qiu
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM) , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
| | - Da Luo
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM) , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
| | - Xiaochi Liu
- Department of Nano Science and Technology, SKKU Advanced Institute of Nano-Technology (SAINT) , Sungkyunkwan University , 2066 Seobu-ro , Jangan-gu, Suwon , Gyeonggi-do 16419 , Republic of Korea
| | - Zheng Yang
- Department of Nano Science and Technology, SKKU Advanced Institute of Nano-Technology (SAINT) , Sungkyunkwan University , 2066 Seobu-ro , Jangan-gu, Suwon , Gyeonggi-do 16419 , Republic of Korea
| | - Zhongliu Liu
- Institute of Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM) , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunseob Lim
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM) , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry , Chonnam National University , Gwangju 61186 , Republic of Korea
| | - Won Jong Yoo
- Department of Nano Science and Technology, SKKU Advanced Institute of Nano-Technology (SAINT) , Sungkyunkwan University , 2066 Seobu-ro , Jangan-gu, Suwon , Gyeonggi-do 16419 , Republic of Korea
| | - Feng Ding
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM) , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
| | - Yeliang Wang
- Institute of Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Zonghoon Lee
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM) , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
| | - Rodney S Ruoff
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM) , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
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13
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Ye H, Zhou J, Er D, Price CC, Yu Z, Liu Y, Lowengrub J, Lou J, Liu Z, Shenoy VB. Toward a Mechanistic Understanding of Vertical Growth of van der Waals Stacked 2D Materials: A Multiscale Model and Experiments. ACS NANO 2017; 11:12780-12788. [PMID: 29206441 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b07604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Vertical stacking of monolayers via van der Waals (vdW) interaction opens promising routes toward engineering physical properties of two-dimensional (2D) materials and designing atomically thin devices. However, due to the lack of mechanistic understanding, challenges remain in the controlled fabrication of these structures via scalable methods such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD) onto substrates. In this paper, we develop a general multiscale model to describe the size evolution of 2D layers and predict the necessary growth conditions for vertical (initial + subsequent layers) versus in-plane lateral (monolayer) growth. An analytic thermodynamic criterion is established for subsequent layer growth that depends on the sizes of both layers, the vdW interaction energies, and the edge energy of 2D layers. Considering the time-dependent growth process, we find that temperature and adatom flux from vapor are the primary criteria affecting the self-assembled growth. The proposed model clearly demonstrates the distinct roles of thermodynamic and kinetic mechanisms governing the final structure. Our model agrees with experimental observations of various monolayer and bilayer transition metal dichalcogenides grown by CVD and provides a predictive framework to guide the fabrication of vertically stacked 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications , Beijing 100876, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Jiadong Zhou
- Centre for Programmable Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Dequan Er
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Christopher C Price
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Zhongyuan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications , Beijing 100876, China
| | - Yumin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications , Beijing 100876, China
| | - John Lowengrub
- Departments of Mathematics and Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Jun Lou
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Zheng Liu
- Centre for Programmable Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Vivek B Shenoy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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14
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Shivayogimath A, Mackenzie D, Luo B, Hansen O, Bøggild P, Booth TJ. Probing the Gas-Phase Dynamics of Graphene Chemical Vapour Deposition using in-situ UV Absorption Spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6183. [PMID: 28733662 PMCID: PMC5522467 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06276-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The processes governing multilayer nucleation in the chemical vapour deposition (CVD) of graphene are important for obtaining high-quality monolayer sheets, but remain poorly understood. Here we show that higher-order carbon species in the gas-phase play a major role in multilayer nucleation, through the use of in-situ ultraviolet (UV) absorption spectroscopy. These species are the volatilized products of reactions between hydrogen and carbon contaminants that have backstreamed into the reaction chamber from downstream system components. Consequently, we observe a dramatic suppression of multilayer nucleation when backstreaming is suppressed. These results point to an important and previously undescribed mechanism for multilayer nucleation, wherein higher-order gas-phase carbon species play an integral role. Our work highlights the importance of gas-phase dynamics in understanding the overall mechanism of graphene growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhay Shivayogimath
- DTU Nanotech, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads, 345E, Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - David Mackenzie
- DTU Nanotech, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads, 345E, Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Birong Luo
- DTU Nanotech, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads, 345E, Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Ole Hansen
- DTU Nanotech, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads, 345E, Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Peter Bøggild
- DTU Nanotech, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads, 345E, Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark.,Centre for Nanostructured Graphene (CNG), Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads, 345C, Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Timothy J Booth
- DTU Nanotech, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads, 345E, Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark. .,Centre for Nanostructured Graphene (CNG), Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads, 345C, Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark.
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15
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Das S, Drucker J. Nucleation and growth of single layer graphene on electrodeposited Cu by cold wall chemical vapor deposition. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:105601. [PMID: 28084218 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa593b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The nucleation density and average size of graphene crystallites grown using cold wall chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on 4 μm thick Cu films electrodeposited on W substrates can be tuned by varying growth parameters. Growth at a fixed substrate temperature of 1000 °C and total pressure of 700 Torr using Ar, H2 and CH4 mixtures enabled the contribution of total flow rate, CH4:H2 ratio and dilution of the CH4/H2 mixture by Ar to be identified. The largest variation in nucleation density was obtained by varying the CH4:H2 ratio. The observed morphological changes are analogous to those that would be expected if the deposition rate were varied at fixed substrate temperature for physical deposition using thermal evaporation. The graphene crystallite boundary morphology progresses from irregular/jagged through convex hexagonal to regular hexagonal as the effective C deposition rate decreases. This observation suggests that edge diffusion of C atoms along the crystallite boundaries, in addition to H2 etching, may contribute to shape evolution of the graphene crystallites. These results demonstrate that graphene grown using cold wall CVD follows a nucleation and growth mechanism similar to hot wall CVD. As a consequence, the vast knowledge base relevant to hot wall CVD may be exploited for graphene synthesis by the industrially preferable cold wall method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu Das
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-6106, United States of America
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16
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Alnuaimi A, Almansouri I, Saadat I, Nayfeh A. Toward fast growth of large area high quality graphene using a cold-wall CVD reactor. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra10336k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work we provide a detailed analysis on graphene synthesis by Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) using a cold wall CVD reactor to achieve fast production of large area high quality graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaesha Alnuaimi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE)
- Masdar Institute
- Khalifa University of Science and Technology
- Abu Dhabi
- United Arab Emirates
| | - Ibraheem Almansouri
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE)
- Masdar Institute
- Khalifa University of Science and Technology
- Abu Dhabi
- United Arab Emirates
| | - Irfan Saadat
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE)
- Masdar Institute
- Khalifa University of Science and Technology
- Abu Dhabi
- United Arab Emirates
| | - Ammar Nayfeh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE)
- Masdar Institute
- Khalifa University of Science and Technology
- Abu Dhabi
- United Arab Emirates
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17
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Sosina S, Dasgupta T, Huang Q. A stochastic graphene growth kinetics model. J R Stat Soc Ser C Appl Stat 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/rssc.12149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Qiang Huang
- University of Southern California Los Angeles USA
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18
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Chen Y, Meng L, Zhao W, Liang Z, Wu X, Nan H, Wu Z, Huang S, Sun L, Wang J, Ni Z. Raman mapping investigation of chemical vapor deposition-fabricated twisted bilayer graphene with irregular grains. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:21682-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp03386h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Koós AA, Murdock AT, Nemes-Incze P, Nicholls RJ, Pollard AJ, Spencer SJ, Shard AG, Roy D, Biró LP, Grobert N. Effects of temperature and ammonia flow rate on the chemical vapour deposition growth of nitrogen-doped graphene. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:19446-52. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp02132k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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