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Bölke S, Keller T, Trilling F, Forster M, Scherf U, Chassé T, Peisert H. The Influence of the Side Chain Structure on the Photostability of Low Band Gap Polymers. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093858. [PMID: 37175268 PMCID: PMC10180311 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Side chains play an important role in the photo-oxidation process of low band gap (LBG) polymers. For example, it has been shown that their photostability can be increased by the introduction of aromatic-oxy-alkyl links. We studied the photostability of prototypical LBG polymers with alkyl and oxyalkyl side chains during irradiation with white light (AM 1.5 conditions) in dry air using UV/vis and IR spectroscopy. Though its degradation kinetics were distinctly affected by the presence or absence of oxygen in the structure of the side chains, in particular cases, the stability was more affected by the presence of linear or branched side chains. Moreover, we showed that the exact position of the alkyl/oxyalkyl side chain at the polymer backbone could be crucial. Although minor effects of chemical modifications on the electronic parameters (ionization potential and gap) were observed, the molecular orientation, determined by polarization modulation-infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (PMIRRAS), could be affected. The aggregation and crystallinity of these polymers may distinctly affect their stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Bölke
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tina Keller
- Makromolekulare Chemie (buwMakro) und Wuppertal Center for Smart Materials and Systems (CM@S), Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaussstrasse 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Florian Trilling
- Makromolekulare Chemie (buwMakro) und Wuppertal Center for Smart Materials and Systems (CM@S), Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaussstrasse 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Michael Forster
- Makromolekulare Chemie (buwMakro) und Wuppertal Center for Smart Materials and Systems (CM@S), Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaussstrasse 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Ullrich Scherf
- Makromolekulare Chemie (buwMakro) und Wuppertal Center for Smart Materials and Systems (CM@S), Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaussstrasse 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Thomas Chassé
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Heiko Peisert
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Tian R, Li K, Lin Y, Lu C, Duan X. Characterization Techniques of Polymer Aging: From Beginning to End. Chem Rev 2023; 123:3007-3088. [PMID: 36802560 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Polymers have been widely applied in various fields in the daily routines and the manufacturing. Despite the awareness of the aggressive and inevitable aging for the polymers, it still remains a challenge to choose an appropriate characterization strategy for evaluating the aging behaviors. The difficulties lie in the fact that the polymer features from the different aging stages require different characterization methods. In this review, we present an overview of the characterization strategies preferable for the initial, accelerated, and late stages during polymer aging. The optimum strategies have been discussed to characterize the generation of radicals, variation of functional groups, substantial chain scission, formation of low-molecular products, and deterioration in the polymers' macro-performances. In view of the advantages and the limitations of these characterization techniques, their utilization in a strategic approach is considered. In addition, we highlight the structure-property relationship for the aged polymers and provide available guidance for lifetime prediction. This review could allow the readers to be knowledgeable of the features for the polymers in the different aging stages and provide access to choose the optimum characterization techniques. We believe that this review will attract the communities dedicated to materials science and chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Kaitao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yanjun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Chao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xue Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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3
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Manfredi G, Colombo E, Barsotti J, Benfenati F, Lanzani G. Photochemistry of Organic Retinal Prostheses. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2019; 70:99-121. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-042018-052445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Organic devices are attracting considerable attention as prostheses for the recovery of retinal light sensitivity lost to retinal degenerative disease. The biotic/abiotic interface created when light-sensitive polymers and living tissues are placed in contact allows excitation of a response in blind laboratory rats exposed to visual stimuli. Although polymer retinal prostheses have proved to be efficient, their working mechanism is far from being fully understood. In this review article, we discuss the results of the studies conducted on these kinds of polymer devices and compare them with the data found in the literature for inorganic retinal prostheses, where the working mechanisms are better comprehended. This comparison, which tries to set some reference values and figures of merit, is intended for use as a starting point to determine the direction for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Manfredi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 20133 Milan, Italy;,
| | - Elisabetta Colombo
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16132 Genoa, Italy;,
| | - Jonathan Barsotti
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 20133 Milan, Italy;,
| | - Fabio Benfenati
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16132 Genoa, Italy;,
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Lanzani
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 20133 Milan, Italy;,
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
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4
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Shang Q, Zeng T, Gao K, Liu N, Cheng Q, Liao G, Pan Z, Zhou H. A novel nitrogen heterocyclic ligand-based MOF: synthesis, characterization and photocatalytic properties. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj04371c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of novel coordination polymers that are highly efficient, stable and reusable photocatalysts for the degradation of MB dye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qigao Shang
- Wuhan Institute of Technology
- Wuhan 430073
- P. R. China
| | - Tianyu Zeng
- Wuhan Institute of Technology
- Wuhan 430073
- P. R. China
| | - Ke Gao
- Wuhan Institute of Technology
- Wuhan 430073
- P. R. China
| | - Nannan Liu
- Wuhan Institute of Technology
- Wuhan 430073
- P. R. China
| | | | | | - Zhiquan Pan
- Wuhan Institute of Technology
- Wuhan 430073
- P. R. China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Wuhan Institute of Technology
- Wuhan 430073
- P. R. China
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5
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Zhang J, Guo J, Wu Y, Lan Y, Li Y. Efficient activation of ozone by zero-valent copper for the degradation of aniline in aqueous solution. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2017.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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6
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Ohta H, Koizumi H. Mechanisms of photo-induced degradation of polythiophene derivatives: re-examination of the role of singlet oxygen. Polym Bull (Berl) 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-016-1837-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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7
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Zhang J, Wu Y, Qin C, Liu L, Lan Y. Rapid degradation of aniline in aqueous solution by ozone in the presence of zero-valent zinc. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 141:258-264. [PMID: 26291911 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.07.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The effects of Zn(0) dosage from 0.1 to 1.3gL(-1), pH from 2 to 12 and temperature from 288 to 318K on the degradation of aniline in aqueous solution by ozone in the presence of Zn(0) were investigated through batch experiments. The results demonstrated that Zn(0) had a significantly synergistic role in the degradation of aniline by ozone. A complete decomposition of the initial aniline (10mgL(-1)) was achieved by ozone together with Zn(0) within 25min, and meanwhile nearly 70% of the total organic carbon in the solution was removed. The decomposition efficiency of aniline markedly increased with an increase of Zn(0) dosage. However, temperature exerted a slight impact on the degradation of aniline and the optimum removal efficiency of aniline was realized at 298K. Aniline was efficiently degraded at all the tested pHs except for 12. Free radicals were investigated by electron paramagnetic resonance technique and free radical scavengers. H2O2 concentration generated during the reactions was analyzed using a photometric method. Based on the results obtained in this study, it is proposed that O2(-) instead of OH is the dominant active species responsible for the degradation of aniline. It is concluded that ozone combined with Zn(0) is an effective and promising approach to the degradation of organic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yao Wu
- College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Chao Qin
- College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Liping Liu
- College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yeqing Lan
- College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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Mizukado J, Sato H, Chen L, Suzuki Y, Yamane S, Aoyama Y, Suda H. High-resolution MALDI-TOF MS study on analysis of low-molecular-weight products from photo-oxidation of poly(3-hexylthiophene). JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2015; 50:1006-1012. [PMID: 28338270 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF MS) was used for the analysis of the low-molecular-weight products from the photo-oxidation of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) in solution and thin film. Eight new peak series were observed in the low-mass range of the mass spectra of the products degraded in solution, and the formulas of the eight components were determined from the accurate mass. From SEC/MALDI-TOF MS, two components were identified as the degraded products, and the other six components were derived from the fragmentation of the degraded products during the MALDI process. A mechanism for the formation of these components was proposed on the basis of the results of MALDI-TOF MS. For the thin film degradation, a part of products in the solution degradation were observed, which supports that the oxidation of P3HT in solution and thin film proceeded in the same mechanism. This study shows that high-resolution MALDI-TOF MS is effective for the analysis of the low-molecular-weight products from P3HT photo-oxidation and expected to be feasible for the degradation analyses of other polymers. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junji Mizukado
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Research Institute for Innovation in Sustainable Chemistry, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Sato
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Research Institute for Environmental Management Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8569, Japan
| | - Liang Chen
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Research Institute for Innovation in Sustainable Chemistry, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Suzuki
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Research Institute for Innovation in Sustainable Chemistry, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Shogo Yamane
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Research Institute for Innovation in Sustainable Chemistry, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Aoyama
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Research Center for Photovoltaic Technologies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
- Tokyo Institute of Technology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Suda
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Research Institute for Innovation in Sustainable Chemistry, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
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Chen L, Yamane S, Mizukado J, Suzuki Y, Kutsuna S, Uchimaru T, Suda H. ESR study of singlet oxygen generation and its behavior during the photo-oxidation of P3HT in solution. Chem Phys Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2015.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Frolova LA, Piven NP, Susarova DK, Akkuratov AV, Babenko SD, Troshin PA. ESR spectroscopy for monitoring the photochemical and thermal degradation of conjugated polymers used as electron donor materials in organic bulk heterojunction solar cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:2242-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc08146c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
ESR spectroscopy was applied for monitoring the degradation of conjugated polymers used in organic solar cells and comparing their stability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalia P. Piven
- Institute of Energy Problems for Chemical Physics (Branch) RAS
- Chernogolovka
- Russia
| | | | | | - Sergey D. Babenko
- Institute of Energy Problems for Chemical Physics (Branch) RAS
- Chernogolovka
- Russia
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Aoyama Y, Yamanari T, Murakami TN, Nagamori T, Marumoto K, Tachikawa H, Mizukado J, Suda H, Yoshida Y. Initial photooxidation mechanism leading to reactive radical formation of polythiophene derivatives. Polym J 2014. [DOI: 10.1038/pj.2014.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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