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Raj A, Thomas RK, Vidya L, Neelima S, Aparna VM, Sudarsanakumar C. A Minor Groove Binder with Significant Cytotoxicity on Human Lung Cancer Cells: The Potential of Hesperetin Functionalised Silver Nanoparticles. J Fluoresc 2024; 34:2179-2196. [PMID: 37721707 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-023-03409-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Natural drug functionalised silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs) have gained significant interest in pharmacology related applications due to their therapeutic efficiency. We have synthesised silver nanoparticle using hesperetin as a reducing and capping agent. This work aims to discuss the relevance of the hesperetin functionalised silver nanoparticles (H-AgNPs) in the field of nano-medicine. The article primarily investigates the anticancer activity of H-AgNPs and then their interactions with calf thymus DNA (ctDNA) through spectroscopic and thermodynamic techniques. The green synthesised H-AgNPs are stable, spherical in shape and size of 10 ± 3 nm average diameter. The complex formation of H-AgNPs with ctDNA was established by UV-Visible absorption, fluorescent dye displacement assay, isothermal calorimetry and viscosity measurements. The binding constants obtained from these experiments were consistently in the order of 104 Mol-1. The melting temperature analysis and FTIR measurements confirmed that the structural alterations of ctDNA by the presence of H-AgNPs are minimal. All the thermodynamic variables and the endothermic binding nature were acquired from ITC experiments. All these experimental outcomes reveal the formation of H-AgNPs-ctDNA complex, and the results consistently verify the minor groove binding mode of H-AgNPs. The binding constant and limit of detection of 1.8 μM found from the interaction studies imply the DNA detection efficiency of H-AgNPs. The cytotoxicity of H-AgNPs against A549 and L929 cell lines were determined by in vitro MTT cell viability assay and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay. The cell viability and LDH enzyme release are confirmed that the H-AgNPs has high anticancer activity. Moreover, the calculated LD50 value for H-AgNPs against lung cancer cells is 118.49 µl/ml, which is a low value comparing with the value for fibroblast cells (269.35 µl/ml). In short, the results of in vitro cytotoxicity assays revealed that the synthesised nanoparticles can be considered in applications related to cancer treatments. Also, we have found that, H-AgNPs is a minor groove binder, and having high DNA detection efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Raj
- School of Pure & Applied Physics, Mahatma Gandhi University, P.D Hills (P.O), Kottayam, Kerala, 686 560, India
| | - Riju K Thomas
- School of Pure & Applied Physics, Mahatma Gandhi University, P.D Hills (P.O), Kottayam, Kerala, 686 560, India
- Bharata Mata College, Thrikkakara, Ernakulam, Kerala, 682032, India
| | - L Vidya
- School of Pure & Applied Physics, Mahatma Gandhi University, P.D Hills (P.O), Kottayam, Kerala, 686 560, India
| | - S Neelima
- School of Pure & Applied Physics, Mahatma Gandhi University, P.D Hills (P.O), Kottayam, Kerala, 686 560, India
| | - V M Aparna
- School of Pure & Applied Physics, Mahatma Gandhi University, P.D Hills (P.O), Kottayam, Kerala, 686 560, India
| | - C Sudarsanakumar
- School of Pure & Applied Physics, Mahatma Gandhi University, P.D Hills (P.O), Kottayam, Kerala, 686 560, India.
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Mehravanfar H, Farhadian N, Abnous K. Indocyanine green-loaded N-doped carbon quantum dot nanoparticles for effective photodynamic therapy and cell imaging of melanoma cancer: in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo study. J Drug Target 2024; 32:820-837. [PMID: 38779708 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2024.2358511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indocyanine Green (ICG) as an agent for photodynamic therapy (PDT) of melanoma cancer has low quantum yield, short circulation half-life, poor photo-stability, and tendency to aggregation. PURPOSE N-doped carbon quantum dot (CQD) nanoparticle was applied to encapsulate ICG and overcome ICG obstacle in PDT with simultaneous cell imaging property. METHODS CQD was prepared using hydrothermal method. Cell culture study and In vivo assessments on C57BL/6 mice containing melanoma cancer cells was performed. RESULTS Results showed that CQD size slightly enhanced from 24.55 nm to 42.67 nm after ICG loading. Detection of reactive oxygen species (ROS) demonstrated that CQD improved ICG photo-stability and ROS generation capacity upon laser irradiation. Cell culture study illustrated that ICG@CQD could decrease survival rate of melanoma cancer cells of B16F10 cell line from 48% for pure ICG to 28% for ICG@CQD. Confocal microscopy images approved more cellular uptake and more qualified cell imaging ability of ICG@CQD. In vivo assessments displayed obvious inhibitory effect of tumor growth for ICG@CQD in comparison to free ICG on the C57BL/6 mice. In vivo fluorescence images confirmed that ICG@CQD accumulates remarkably more than free ICG in tumor region. Finally, ICG@CQD was proposed as an innovative nanocarrier for PDT and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadiseh Mehravanfar
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Nafiseh Farhadian
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Khalil Abnous
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Gupta J, Vaid PK, Priyadarshini E, Rajamani P. Nano-bio convergence unveiled: Systematic review on quantum dots-protein interaction, their implications, and applications. Biophys Chem 2024; 310:107238. [PMID: 38733645 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2024.107238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) are semiconductor nanocrystals (2-10 nm) with unique optical and electronic properties due to quantum confinement effects. They offer high photostability, narrow emission spectra, broad absorption spectrum, and high quantum yields, making them versatile in various applications. Due to their highly reactive surfaces, QDs can conjugate with biomolecules while being used, produced, or unintentionally released into the environment. This systematic review delves into intricate relationship between QDs and proteins, examining their interactions that influence their physicochemical properties, enzymatic activity, ligand binding affinity, and stability. The research utilized electronic databases like PubMed, WOS, and Proquest, along with manual reviews from 2013 to 2023 using relevant keywords, to identify suitable literature. After screening titles and abstracts, only articles meeting inclusion criteria were selected for full text readings. This systematic review of 395 articles identifies 125 articles meeting the inclusion criteria, categorized into five overarching themes, encompassing various mechanisms of QDs and proteins interactions, including adsorption to covalent binding, contingent on physicochemical properties of QDs. Through a meticulous analysis of existing literature, it unravels intricate nature of interaction, significant influence on nanomaterials and biological entities, and potential for synergistic applications harnessing both specific and nonspecific interactions across various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagriti Gupta
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar Vaid
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Eepsita Priyadarshini
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Paulraj Rajamani
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
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Yang X, Porcel E, Marichal L, Gonzalez-Vargas C, Khitous A, Salado-Leza D, Li X, Renault JP, Pin S, Remita H, Wien F, Lacombe S. Human Serum Albumin in the Presence of Small Platinum Nanoparticles. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:1645-1652. [PMID: 38336007 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Noble metal materials, especially platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs), have immense potential in nanomedicine as therapeutic agents on account of their high electron density and their high surface area. Intravenous injection is proposed as the best mode to deliver the product to patients. However, our understanding of the reaction of nanoparticles with blood components, especially proteins, is far behind the explosive development of these agents. Using synchrotron radiation circular dichroism (SRCD), we investigated the structural and stability changes of human serum albumin (HSA) upon interaction with PEG-OH coated Pt NPs at nanomolar concentrations, conditions potentially encountered for intravenous injection. There is no strong complexation found between HSA and Pt NPs. However, for the highest molar ratio of NP:HSA of 1:1, an increase of 18 °C in the thermal unfolding of HSA was observed, which is attributed to increased thermal stability of HSA generated by preferential hydration. This work proposes a new and fast method to probe the potential toxicity of nanoparticles intended for clinical use with intravenous injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Yang
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Erika Porcel
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Laurent Marichal
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Cesar Gonzalez-Vargas
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Amine Khitous
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay, 91405 Orsay, France; Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Daniela Salado-Leza
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay, 91405 Orsay, France; CONAHCYT, Institute of Physics, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi, 78295 San Luis Potosi, Mexico
| | - Xue Li
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | | | - Serge Pin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hynd Remita
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Physique, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Frank Wien
- Synchrotron Soleil, 91190 Saint-Aubin, France.
| | - Sandrine Lacombe
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay, 91405 Orsay, France.
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Lukáčová Bujňáková Z, Dutková E, Jakubíková J, Cholujová D, Varhač R, Borysenko L, Melnyk I. Investigation of the Interaction between Mechanosynthesized ZnS Nanoparticles and Albumin Using Fluorescence Spectroscopy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1219. [PMID: 37765027 PMCID: PMC10536685 DOI: 10.3390/ph16091219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, ZnS nanoparticles were bioconjugated with bovine serum albumin and prepared in a form of nanosuspension using a wet circulation grinding. The stable nanosuspension with monomodal particle size distribution (d50 = 137 nm) and negative zeta potential (-18.3 mV) was obtained. The sorption kinetics and isotherm were determined. Interactions between ZnS and albumin were studied using the fluorescence techniques. The quenching mechanism, describing both static and dynamic interactions, was investigated. Various parameters were calculated, including the quenching rate constant, binding constant, stoichiometry of the binding process, and accessibility of fluorophore to the quencher. It has been found that tryptophan, in comparison to tyrosine, can be closer to the binding site established by analyzing the synchronous fluorescence spectra. The cellular mechanism in multiple myeloma cells treated with nanosuspension was evaluated by fluorescence assays for quantification of apoptosis, assessment of mitochondrial membrane potential and evaluation of cell cycle changes. The preliminary results confirm that the nontoxic nature of ZnS nanoparticles is potentially applicable in drug delivery systems. Additionally, slight changes in the secondary structure of albumin, accompanied by a decrease in α-helix content, were investigated using the FTIR method after analyzing the deconvoluted Amide I band spectra of ZnS nanoparticles conjugated with albumin. Thermogravimetric analysis and long-term stability studies were also performed to obtain a complete picture about the studied system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdenka Lukáčová Bujňáková
- Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 45, 04001 Košice, Slovakia; (E.D.); (I.M.)
| | - Erika Dutková
- Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 45, 04001 Košice, Slovakia; (E.D.); (I.M.)
| | - Jana Jakubíková
- Cancer Research Institute of Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia; (J.J.)
| | - Danka Cholujová
- Cancer Research Institute of Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia; (J.J.)
| | - Rastislav Varhač
- Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 04154 Košice, Slovakia;
| | - Larysa Borysenko
- Chuiko Institute of Surface Chemistry, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Generala Naumova 17, 03164 Kyiv, Ukraine;
| | - Inna Melnyk
- Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 45, 04001 Košice, Slovakia; (E.D.); (I.M.)
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Lukáčová Bujňáková Z, Melnyk I, Dutková E, Varhač R, Jakubíková J, Cholujová D, Tóthová E, Storozhuk L, Briančin J. Nano-bio Interface between As 4S 4 Nanoparticles and Albumin Influenced by Wet Stirred Media Milling. Int J Pharm 2023; 640:123046. [PMID: 37178791 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic sulfide (As4S4) nanoparticles have been intensively researched as a promising drug in a cancer treatment. For the first time, the interaction between As4S4 and bovine serum albumin has been studied in this paper. Initially, the sorption kinetics of albumin on the surface of nanoparticles was investigated. Subsequently, its structural changes influenced by interaction with the As4S4 nanoparticles during wet stirred media milling were studied in deep. Both the dynamic and static quenching were detected after analyzing the fluorescence quenching spectra. From the synchronous fluorescence spectra it was investigated, that the fluorescence intensity for tyrosine residues decreased by about 55%, and for tryptophan it was about 80%. It indicates the fluorescence from tryptophan is more intense and gets more efficiently quenched than those from tyrosine residues in presence of As4S4, implying that the tryptophan can be closer to the binding site. From the circular dichroisms and FTIR spectra it was observed that conformation of the protein remains almost unchanged. The content of appropriate secondary structures was determined by deconvolution of the absorption peak attributed to the amide I band in FTIR spectra. The preliminary anti-tumor cytotoxic effect of prepared albumin-As4S4 system was also tested on multiple myeloma cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Inna Melnyk
- Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 45, 04001 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Erika Dutková
- Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 45, 04001 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Rastislav Varhač
- Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 04154 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Jana Jakubíková
- Cancer Research Institute BMC, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Danka Cholujová
- Cancer Research Institute BMC, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Erika Tóthová
- Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 45, 04001 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Liudmyla Storozhuk
- Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 45, 04001 Košice, Slovakia; Healthcare Biomagnetic and Nanomaterials Laboratory, University College London, 21 Albemarle Street, London W1S 4BS, United Kingdom
| | - Jaroslav Briančin
- Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 45, 04001 Košice, Slovakia
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Khan SM, Bhatkalkar S, Kumar D, Ali A, Sharma S, Sachar S. Surfactant influences the interaction of copper sulfide nanoparticles with biomolecules. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Stahorský M, Lukáčová Bujňáková Z, Dutková E, Kello M, Mahlovanyi B, Shpotyuk Y, Daneu N, Trajić J, Baláž M. Mechanochemical Preparation, Characterization and Biological Activity of Stable CuS Nanosuspension Capped by Bovine Serum Albumin. Front Chem 2022; 10:836795. [PMID: 35242741 PMCID: PMC8886246 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.836795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The biocompatible nanosuspension of CuS nanoparticles (NPs) using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a capping agent was prepared using a two-stage mechanochemical approach. CuS NPs were firstly synthetized by a high-energy planetary ball milling in 15 min by milling elemental precursors. The stability of nanoparticles in the simulated body fluids was studied, revealing zero copper concentration in the leachates, except simulated lung fluid (SLF, 0.015%) and simulated gastric fluid (SGF, 0.078%). Albumin sorption on CuS NPs was studied in static and dynamic modes showing a higher kinetic rate for the dynamic mode. The equilibrium state of adsorption was reached after 90 min with an adsorption capacity of 86 mg/g compared to the static mode when the capacity 59 mg/g was reached after 2 h. Then, a wet stirred media milling in a solution of BSA was introduced to yield the CuS-BSA nanosuspension, being stable for more than 10 months, as confirmed by photon cross-correlation spectroscopy. The fluorescent properties of the nanosuspension were confirmed by photoluminescence spectroscopy, which also showed that tryptophan present in the BSA could be closer to the binding site of CuS than the tyrosine residue. The biological activity was determined by in vitro tests on selected cancer and non-tumor cell lines. The results have shown that the CuS-BSA nanosuspension inhibits the metabolic activity of the cells as well as decreases their viability upon photothermal ablation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Stahorský
- Department of Mechanochemistry, Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia.,Faculty of Materials, Metallurgy and Recycling, Technical University of Košice, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Zdenka Lukáčová Bujňáková
- Department of Mechanochemistry, Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Erika Dutková
- Department of Mechanochemistry, Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Martin Kello
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, P. J. Safarik University, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Bohdan Mahlovanyi
- Institute of Physics, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszów, Poland.,Department of Sensor and Semiconductor Electronics, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Yaroslav Shpotyuk
- Institute of Physics, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszów, Poland.,Department of Sensor and Semiconductor Electronics, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Nina Daneu
- Advanced Materials Department, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jelena Trajić
- Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Matej Baláž
- Department of Mechanochemistry, Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia
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Ciepluch K, Skrzyniarz K, Zdańska J, Barrios-Gumiel A, Sánchez-Nieves J, de la Mata FJ, Maciejewska B, Drulis-Kawa Z, Bryszewska M, Arabski M. PEGylation of dendronized silver nanoparticles increases the binding affinity of antimicrobial proteins. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Comparison of the antioxidant activity of catalase immobilized on gold nanoparticles via specific and non-specific adsorption. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 171:707-714. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Role of cationic carbosilane dendrons and metallic core of functionalized gold nanoparticles in their interaction with human serum albumin. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 118:1773-1780. [PMID: 29997045 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Functionalization of gold nanoparticles by different chemical groups is an important issue regarding the biomedical applications of such particles. Therefore we have analyzed the interaction between gold nanoparticles functionalized by carbosilane dendrons with human serum albumin at different pHs, and in the presence of the protein unfolding agent, guanidine hydrochloride, using circular dichroism, zeta-potential and fluorescence quenching. The effect of a nanoparticle dendronization and pure dendrons on the immunoreactivity of albumin was estimated using ELISA. In addition, the tool to estimate the binding capacity of dendronized gold nanoparticles using a hydrophobic fluorescent probe 1,8-ANS (1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonic acid) was chosen. We concluded that the effect of a nanoparticle on the structure, immunochemical properties and unfolding of albumin significantly decreased with second and third generations dendrons attached. Differences in pH dependence of the interaction between nanoparticles, their dendrons and albumin showed several effects of the "dendritic corona" and the metallic part of nanoparticle on the protein. These interactions indicate changes in the immunoreactivity of the protein, whereas dendron coating per se had no effect. Thus, dendronization of gold nanoparticles helps to shield them from interactions with plasma proteins.
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