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Rust D, Vollmer MK, Henne S, Bühlmann T, Frumau A, van den Bulk P, Emmenegger L, Zenobi R, Reimann S. First Atmospheric Measurements and Emission Estimates of HFO-1336mzz( Z). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:11903-11912. [PMID: 37506302 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c01826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
For the past few years, short-lived unsaturated halocarbons have been marketed as environmentally friendly replacements for long-lived halogenated greenhouse gases and ozone-depleting substances. The phase-in of unsaturated halocarbons for various applications, such as refrigeration and foam blowing, can be tracked by their emergence and increase in the atmosphere. We present the first atmospheric measurements of the hydrofluoroolefin (HFO) HFO-1336mzz(Z) ((Z)-1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene, cis-CF3CH═CHCF3), a newly used unsaturated hydrofluorocarbon. HFO-1336mzz(Z) has been detected in >90% of all measurements since 2018 during multi-month campaigns at three Swiss and one Dutch location. Since 2019, it is found in ∼30% of all measurements that run continuously at the Swiss high-altitude Jungfraujoch station. During pollution events, mole fractions of up to ∼10 ppt were observed. Based on our measurements, Swiss and Dutch emissions were estimated at 2-7 Mg yr-1 (2019-2021) and 30 Mg yr-1 (2022), respectively. Modeled spatial emission distributions only partly conform to population density in both countries. Monitoring the presence of new unsaturated halocarbons in the atmosphere is crucial since long-term effects of their degradation products are still debated. Furthermore, the production of HFOs involves climate-active substances, which may leak to the atmosphere─in the case of HFO-1336mzz(Z), for example, the ozone-depleting CFC-113a (CF3CCl3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Rust
- Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental Technology, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin K Vollmer
- Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental Technology, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Henne
- Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental Technology, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Bühlmann
- Laboratory for Gas Analysis, METAS, Federal Institute of Metrology, Lindenweg 50, 3003 Bern-Wabern, Switzerland
| | - Arnoud Frumau
- Department of Environmental Modelling, Sensing & Analysis, TNO, Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, Westerduinweg 3, 1755LE Petten, The Netherlands
| | - Pim van den Bulk
- Department of Environmental Modelling, Sensing & Analysis, TNO, Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, Westerduinweg 3, 1755LE Petten, The Netherlands
| | - Lukas Emmenegger
- Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental Technology, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Reimann
- Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental Technology, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Rivela CB, Gibilisco RG, Tovar CM, Barnes I, Wiesen P, Blanco MB, Teruel MA. FTIR product study of the Cl-initiated oxidation products of CFC replacements: ( E/ Z)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropene and hexafluoroisobutylene. RSC Adv 2021; 11:12739-12747. [PMID: 35423798 PMCID: PMC8696996 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00283j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A product study of the reactions of (E/Z)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropene ((E/Z)-CF3CF[double bond, length as m-dash]CHF) and hexafluoroisobutylene ((CF3)2C[double bond, length as m-dash]CH2) initiated by Cl atoms were developed at 298 ± 2 K and atmospheric pressure. The experiments were carried out in a 1080 L quartz-glass environmental chamber coupled via in situ FTIR spectroscopy to monitor the reactants and products. The main products observed and their yields were as follows: CF3C(O)F (106 ± 9)% with HC(O)F (100 ± 8)% as a co-product for (E/Z)-CF3CF[double bond, length as m-dash]CHF, and CF3C(O)CF3 (94 ± 5)% with HC(O)Cl (90 ± 7)% as a co-product for (CF3)2C[double bond, length as m-dash]CH2. Atmospheric implications of the end-product degradation are assessed in terms of their impact on ecosystems to help environmental policymakers consider HFOs as acceptable replacements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia B Rivela
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica de Córdoba (INFIQC), CONICET, Dpto. de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Ciudad Universitaria 5000 Córdoba Argentina
| | - Rodrigo G Gibilisco
- Physikalische Chemie/FBC, Bergische Universitaet Wuppertal Wuppertal Germany
| | - Carmen M Tovar
- Physikalische Chemie/FBC, Bergische Universitaet Wuppertal Wuppertal Germany
| | - Ian Barnes
- Physikalische Chemie/FBC, Bergische Universitaet Wuppertal Wuppertal Germany
| | - Peter Wiesen
- Physikalische Chemie/FBC, Bergische Universitaet Wuppertal Wuppertal Germany
| | - María B Blanco
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica de Córdoba (INFIQC), CONICET, Dpto. de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Ciudad Universitaria 5000 Córdoba Argentina
| | - Mariano A Teruel
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica de Córdoba (INFIQC), CONICET, Dpto. de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Ciudad Universitaria 5000 Córdoba Argentina
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