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Xue Y, Hassan Q, Noroozifar M, Sullan RMA, Kerman K. Microfluidic flow injection analysis system for the electrochemical detection of dopamine using diazonium-grafted copper nanoparticles on multi-walled carbon nanotube-modified surfaces. Talanta 2024; 266:125030. [PMID: 37582331 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
In this proof-of-concept study, a microfluidic flow injection analysis (FIA) system was developed using multi-walled carbon nanotube-modified screen-printed carbon electrodes (CNTSPEs) that were modified with copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) following the electrodeposition of the diazonium salt of 4-aminothiophenol to form 4-thiophenol-conjugated CuNPs (CuNPs-CNTSPE). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) were used to characterize the size of CuNPs, morphology and elemental analysis of CuNPs-CNTSPE, respectively. Using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), the charge-transfer resistance (Rct) of CuNPs-CNTSPE was found to be 20-fold lower than that of CNTSPE. The CuNPs-CNTSPE displayed an oxidation peak for dopamine at -0.08 V which is ∼80 mV lower than the one detected using CNTSPE. The modified electrode was used in microfluidic flow injection analysis and offline systems for sensitive detection of dopamine (DA). The pH, flow rate, loop volume, concentration, and type of surfactant were all optimized for on-chip detection. Under the optimal conditions, using phosphate electrolyte solution (pH 6) containing 0.05% (w/v) Tween 20® as the carrier at a flow rate of 0.6 mL min-1 and a loop volume of 50 μL, the calibration curve was linear from 1.5 to 500 nM with a limit of detection of 0.33 nM. This technique was used for the successful detection of DA in real samples with recovery ranging from 96.5% to 103.8%. The microfluidic FIA system described here has the potential to be used as an electrochemical point-of-care device for rapid DA detection with high sensitivity and reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilei Xue
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Qusai Hassan
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Meissam Noroozifar
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Ruby May A Sullan
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Kagan Kerman
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada.
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Srinivas S, Senthil Kumar SM, Senthil Kumar A. Edge and Basal Plane Anisotropy of a Preanodized Pencil Graphite Electrode Surface Revealed Using Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy and Electrocatalytic Dopamine Oxidation as a Molecular Probe. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:12563-12575. [PMID: 37646227 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Pencil graphite (PGE), an ultralow-cost and ready-to-use disposable-type electrode, has been used for various electrochemical and electroanalytical applications after its surface anodization (PGE*, * means preanodized surface). Indeed, systematic studies on mechanistic and surface features of PGE* have not yet been explored. Herein, we report anodized pencil graphite as a model system to study molecular level insights into the surface using a scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) technique and dopamine (DA) electrocatalytic oxidation reaction as a molecular probe. The as-prepared PGE* showed an appreciable electronic conductivity similar to the edge-plane graphitic sites (EPPG) of the highly pyrolytic graphitic electrode (HOPG) but without any surface deterioration that occurs with HOPG due to the instability of the EPPG. Physicochemical characterizations by FESEM, FTIR, Raman, and XPS techniques revealed a flake-like exfoliated PGE* surface with higher contents of carbon-oxygen especially phenolic/alcoholic functional groups than the PGE surface. Based on the chronocoulometric experiment, the number of functional groups formed on the PGE* was calculated as 10.9 × 10-10 mol cm-2. An independent SECM technique using ferricyanide as a redox probe showed the existence of a heterogeneous surface and exhibited an improved electron transfer activity due to the flake-like graphitic island on the PGE* surface. Investigated DA electrochemical oxidation on PGE* yielded about three times enhancement in the peak current signal and about 200 mV reduction in the oxidation potential over the PGE without any serious surface fouling feature that is related to the intermediate polydopamine formation on the basal-plane graphitic surface of the underlying electrode. As an independent electroanalytical study, a prototype electrochemical sensor using PGE* as a working electrode for instant detection of DA-containing pharmaceutical samples in a 1 mL Eppendorf vial has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakthivel Srinivas
- Nano and Bioelectrochemistry Research Laboratory, Carbon Dioxide Research and Green Technology Centre, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632 014, India
| | - Sakkarapalayam Murugesan Senthil Kumar
- Electroorganic and Materials Electrochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630 003, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India
| | - Annamalai Senthil Kumar
- Nano and Bioelectrochemistry Research Laboratory, Carbon Dioxide Research and Green Technology Centre, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632 014, India
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore632 014, India
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Srinivas S, Senthil Kumar A. Surface-Activated Pencil Graphite Electrode for Dopamine Sensor Applications: A Critical Review. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:353. [PMID: 36979565 PMCID: PMC10046220 DOI: 10.3390/bios13030353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Pencil graphite electrode (PGE) is an alternative, commercially available, ready-to-use, screen-printed electrode for a wide range of electroanalytical applications. Due to the complex-matrix composition and unpredictable electro-inactive nature of PGE in its native form, a surface pre-treatment/activation procedure is highly preferred for using it as an electroactive working electrode for electroanalytical applications. In this article, we review various surface pre-treatment and modification procedures adopted in the literature with respect to the sensitive and selective detection of dopamine as a model system. Specific generation of the carbon-oxygen functional group, along with partial surface exfoliation of PGE, has been referred to as a key step for the activation. Based on the Scopus® index, the literature collection was searched with the keywords "pencil and dopamine". The obtained data were segregated into three main headings as: (i) electrochemically pre-treated PGE; (ii) polymer-modified PGEs; and (iii) metal and metal nanocomposite-modified PGE. This critical review covers various surface activation procedures adopted for the activation for PGE suitable for dopamine electroanalytical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakthivel Srinivas
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632 014, India
| | - Annamalai Senthil Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632 014, India
- Nano and Bioelectrochemistry Research Laboratory, Carbon Dioxide Research and Green Technology Centre, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632 014, India
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A Comparison of the Sensing Behavior for Pt-Mo/C-, Pt-Zr/C-, Pt-Fe-Ir/C-, and Pt/C-Modified Glassy Carbon Electrodes for the Oxidation of Ascorbic Acid and Dopamine. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13020337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study compares the sensing performance for platinum-molybdenum-, platinum-zirconium-, platinum-iron-iridium-, and platinum-modified electrodes in terms of the amperometric detection of ascorbic acid (AA) and dopamine (DA). The Pt, Pt-Mo, Pt-Zr, and Pt-Fe-Ir electrocatalysts are fabricated by chemical reduction on a carbon black support (XC-72) and are further modified on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) as sensing electrodes. The Pt-Mo/C/GCE exhibits better electrocatalytic activity toward AA and DA than the Pt/C/GCE, Pt-Zr/C/GCE, and Pt-Fe-Ir/C/GCE. The Pt-Mo/C/GCE exhibits a sensitivity of 31.29 µA mM−1 to AA at 0.3 V vs. Ag/AgCl and a sensitivity of 72.24 µA mM−1 to DA at 0.6 V vs. Ag/AgCl and is reproducible and stable. This electrode has a respective limit of detection of 7.69 and 6.14 µM for AA and DA. Sucrose, citric acid, tartaric acid, and uric acid do not interfere with AA and DA detection. The diffusion coefficient and kinetic parameters, such as the catalytic rate constant and the heterogeneous rate constant for AA and DA, are determined using electrochemical approaches.
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Ramu P, Vimal SP, Suresh P, Sanmugam A, Saravanakumar U, Kumar RS, Almansour AI, Arumugam N, Vikraman D. Investigation of the one-step electrochemical deposition of graphene oxide-doped poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-polyphenol oxidase as a dopamine sensor. RSC Adv 2022; 12:15575-15583. [PMID: 35685176 PMCID: PMC9125988 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra00791f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we fabricated poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)-graphene oxide-polyphenol oxidase (PEDOT-GO-PPO) as a dopamine sensor. The morphology of PEDOT-GO-PPO was observed using scanning electron microscopy. Cyclic voltammetry was conducted to study the oxidation-reduction characteristics of dopamine. To optimize the pH, potential and limit of detection of dopamine, the amperometric technique was employed. The found limit of detection was 8 × 10-9 M, and the linear range was from 5 × 10-8 to 8.5 × 10-5 M. The Michaelis-Menten constant (K m) was calculated to be 70.34 μM, and the activation energy of the prepared electrode was 32.75 kJ mol-1. The electrode shows no significant change in the interference study. The modified electrode retains up to 80% of its original activity after 2 months. In the future, the biosensor can be used for the quantification of dopamine in human urine samples. The present modified electrode constitutes a tool for the electrochemical analysis of dopamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ramu
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Jaya Institute of Technology Tamilnadu India
| | - S P Vimal
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Jaya Institute of Technology Tamilnadu India
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College Coimbatore India
| | - P Suresh
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr Sagunthala R & D Institute of Science and Technology Chennai Tamilnadu 600062 India
| | - Anandhavelu Sanmugam
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Sri Vanketeswara College of Engineering Pennalur, Sriperambudur 602117 Chennai India
| | - U Saravanakumar
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Muthayammal Engineering College Rasipuram Tamilnadu India
| | - Raju Suresh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Natarajan Arumugam
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Dhanasekaran Vikraman
- Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul Seoul 04620 Korea
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Li C, Yao Y. Synthesis of bimetallic core-shell silver-copper nanoparticles decorated on reduced graphene oxide with enhanced electrocatalytic performance. Chem Phys Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2020.137726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Khan SR, Jamil S, Bibi S, Ali S, Habib T, Janjua MRSA. A Versatile Material: Perovskite Bismuth Ferrite Microparticles as a Potential Catalyst for Enhancing Fuel Efficiency and Degradation of Various Organic Dyes. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-020-01520-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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