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Riffe EJ, Bernal F, Kamal C, Mizuno H, Lindsey RK, Hamel S, Raj SL, Hull CJ, Kwon S, Park SH, Cooper JK, Yang F, Liu YS, Guo J, Nordlund D, Drisdell WS, Zuerch MW, Whitley HD, Odelius M, Schwartz CP, J Saykally R. Time-Resolved X-ray Emission Spectroscopy and Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering Spectroscopy of Laser Irradiated Carbon. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:6422-6433. [PMID: 38906826 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c02862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
The existence of liquid carbon as an intermediate phase preceding the formation of novel carbon materials has been a point of contention for several decades. Experimental observation of such a liquid state requires nonthermal melting of solid carbon materials at various laser fluences and pulse properties. Reflectivity experiments performed in the mid-1980s reached opposing conclusions regarding the metallic or insulating properties of the purported liquid state. Time-resolved X-ray absorption studies showed shortening of C-C bonds and increasing diffraction densities, thought to evidence a liquid or glassy carbon state, respectively. Nevertheless, none of these experiments provided information on the electronic structure of the proposed liquid state. Herein, we report the results of time-resolved resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) and time-resolved X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) studies on amorphous carbon (a-C) and ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) as a function of delay time between the irradiating pulse and X-ray probe. For both a-C and UNCD, we attribute decreases in RIXS or XES signals to transition blocking, relaxation, and finally, ablation. Increased signal at 20 ps following the irradiation of the UNCD is attributed to the probable formation of nanoscale structures in the ablation plume. Differences in the amount of signal observed between a-C and UNCD are explained by the difference in sample thickness and, specifically, incomplete melting of the UNCD film. Comparisons to spectral simulations based on MD trajectories at extreme conditions indicate that the carbon state in our experiments is crystalline. Normal mode analysis confirmed that symmetrical bending or stretching of the C-C bonds in the diamond lattice results in XES spectra with small intensity differences. Overall, we observed no evidence of melting to a liquid state, as determined by the lack of changes in the spectral properties for up to 100 ps delays following the melting pulses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika J Riffe
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Franky Bernal
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Chinnathambi Kamal
- Theory and Simulations Laboratory, Theoretical and Computational Physics Section, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore 452013, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400094, India
| | - Hikaru Mizuno
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Rebecca K Lindsey
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Sebastien Hamel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Sumana L Raj
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Christopher J Hull
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Soonnam Kwon
- PAL-XFEL, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Sang Han Park
- PAL-XFEL, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Jason K Cooper
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Liquid Sunlight Alliance, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Feipeng Yang
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yi-Sheng Liu
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jinghua Guo
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Dennis Nordlund
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Walter S Drisdell
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Liquid Sunlight Alliance, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Michael W Zuerch
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Science Division, Lawerence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Heather D Whitley
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Michael Odelius
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Craig P Schwartz
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Nevada Extreme Conditions Laboratory, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, United States
| | - Richard J Saykally
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Sierra-Trillo MI, Thomann R, Krossing I, Hanselmann R, Mülhaupt R, Thomann Y. Laser Ablation on Isostatic Graphite-A New Way to Create Exfoliated Graphite. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:5474. [PMID: 36013620 PMCID: PMC9410218 DOI: 10.3390/ma15165474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In search of a new way to fabricate graphene-like materials, isostatic graphite targets were ablated using high peak power with a nanosecond-pulsed infrared laser. We conducted dry ablations in an argon atmosphere and liquid-phase ablations in the presence of a liquid medium (water or toluene). After the dry ablation, the SEM images of the target showed carbon in the form of a volcano-like grain structure, which seemed to be the result of liquid carbon ejected from the ablation center. No graphite exfoliation could be achieved using dry ablation. When using liquid phase ablation with water or toluene as a liquid medium, no traces of the formation of liquid carbon were found, but cleaner and deeper craters were observed. In particular, when using toluene as a liquid medium, typical graphite exfoliation was found. We believe that due to the extremely high pressure and high temperature induced by the laser pulses, toluene was able to intercalate into the graphite layers. Between the laser pulses, the intercalated toluene was able to flash evaporate and blow-up the graphite, which resulted in exfoliated graphite. Exfoliated graphite was found on the ablated graphite surface, as well as in the toluene medium. The ablation experiments with toluene undertaken in this study demonstrated an effective method of producing micrometer-sized graphene material. When using water as a liquid medium, no massive graphite exfoliation was observed. This meant that under the used laser conditions, toluene was a better intercalant for graphite exfoliation than water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Isabel Sierra-Trillo
- Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum, Stefan-Meier-Straße 21, D-79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Albert Straße 21, D-79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Ralf Thomann
- Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum, Stefan-Meier-Straße 21, D-79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Institut für Makromolekulare Chemie, Stefan-Meier-Straße 31, D-79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum, Stefan-Meier-Straße 21, D-79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Albert Straße 21, D-79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Ralf Hanselmann
- Institut für Makromolekulare Chemie, Stefan-Meier-Straße 31, D-79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Rolf Mülhaupt
- Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum, Stefan-Meier-Straße 21, D-79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Institut für Makromolekulare Chemie, Stefan-Meier-Straße 31, D-79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Yi Thomann
- Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum, Stefan-Meier-Straße 21, D-79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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Kondrin MV, Lebed YB, Brazhkin VV. Extended Defects in Graphene and Their Contribution to the Excess Specific Heat at High Temperatures. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:165501. [PMID: 33961452 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.165501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The recent experiments on fast (microsecond) pulse heating of graphite suggest the existence of sharp maximum (6500 K at 1-2 GPa) on its melting curve. To check the validity of these findings, we propose to investigate the accumulation of extended in-plane defects in graphene. Such defects would contribute to thermodynamic properties of graphene and impose the upper limit on its melting temperature. We propose a type of extended defect of graphene, consisting of pentagonal and heptagonal rings with record low formation energy, whose accumulation leads to the loss of shear rigidity of graphene at temperatures above 6400 K, thus setting the upper limit on its melting temperature. We found that this model satisfactorily explains the increase of specific heat observed in the premelting region of graphite in slow (millisecond) pulse heating experiments. However, in fast (microsecond) pulse heating experiments such an increase of specific heat was not observed, which is a strong indication of overheating that takes place in these experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Kondrin
- Institute for High Pressure Physics RAS, 108840 Troitsk, Moscow, Russia
| | - Y B Lebed
- Institute for Nuclear Research RAS, 117312 Moscow, Russia
| | - V V Brazhkin
- Institute for High Pressure Physics RAS, 108840 Troitsk, Moscow, Russia
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